Transcript Document

What is Biotechnology ?
Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the
use of living things in engineering, technology, medicine, and
other useful applications.
This term includes genetic engineering as well as cell and
tissue culture technologies.
The concept includes a wide range of procedures for
modifying living organisms according to human purposes going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants,
and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that
employ artificial selection and hybridization.
What is Biotechnological Engineering ?
Biotechnological engineering or biological engineering is a
branch of engineering that focuses on biotechnologies and
biological science.
What is Genetic Engineering ?
 Biologists can cut, seperate, and splice together DNA
sequences in any order. This process allows biologist to
engineer a set of genetic changes directly into an organism’s
DNA. This form of DNA manipulation is called genetic
engineering.
Breeding Methods
 People have always tried to improve their crops and
domestic animals. Today, a knowledge of genetics is used to
produce organisms with desirable traits.
A breeder can choose from several methods such as;
Selection
Inbreeding
Hybridization
Mutations
Breeding Methods
Selection: The process of choosing organisms with the
most desirable traits for mating is called selection.
Ex: A dairy farmer might select and mate only the cows
that give the most milk. After mating occurs, the breeder
only the offspring with the desired characteristics.
They are called Belgian Blues
and are the product of
selective breeding. Farmers
choose only the bulls and
cows with the biggest muscle
mass to mate.
Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbages, Brussels sprouts and kale are all
varieties of a single species of wild mustard established by
selective breeding.
Domestic dogs were selectively bred from wolves, most likely to be a
warning system to danger, to help protect their food stocks, and other
purposes. When dog breeds are created that have a combination of
preferable traits, breeders want to will pure breed the pet for these traits.
Breeding Methods
Interbreeding: The mating of closely related individuals
(such as mother to son, father to daughter, brother to sister)
to obtain desired characteristics is called interbreeding.
The closest possible hereditary relationship is selfpollination by plants.
Interbreeding is used to
produce domestic animal,
such as fowl, sheep, cattle,
swine and pets.
However, interbreeding
can decrease variation in a
population and cause
unwanted effects.
Breeding Methods
Hybridization: When individuals who are not closely
related are mated to introduce new, beneficial traits into
the population, it is called hybridization.
Mules are produced by mating of
horse and donkey.
By crossing zebras with horses it
makes for a healthier hybrid. Such
hybrids are commonly called zorse.
The liger is a hybrid cross between a male lion and a tigress. A tiglon
or tigon is a hybrid cross between a male tiger and a lioness.
Breeding Methods
Mutations: Naturally occuring mutations are used by
plant breeders to improve their stock.
Many fruits, such as navel orange and seedless grape,
originated as natural mutations.
Once discovered, a plant mutation may be reproduced
by vegetative propagation.
Breeding Methods
Mutations: Sometimes, mutations take place during
meiosis. When a whole set of chromosomes fails to
separate during meiosis, gametes with extra sets of
chromosomes are produced.
Organisms with three or more sets of chromosomes are
called polyploids.
Methods of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is a multi step process;
1. DNA containing the desired gene is cut away from the
genes surrounding it.
2. A piece of DNA of the recipient organism, that is the
organism that will recieve the DNA, is combined with
these genes.
3. Combined DNA is inserted to new organism.
4. Finally, sequences of nucleotide bases in the gene are
analyzed to manipulate the gene.
Methods of Genetic Engineering
1. Isolating a Gene:
Genes can be cut at specific DNA sequences by proteins
known as restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes
make it possible to cut DNA into fragments that can be
isolated, separated and analyzed.
@
Methods of Genetic Engineering
2. Making Recombinant DNA:
DNA fragments can be combined with bacterial DNA so
that they can later be inserted into a bacterial cell.
Bacteria often contain small ring- shaped segments of
DNA known as plasmid.
The new plasmid that
contains a piece of
foreign DNA is called
recombinant DNA.
Methods of Genetic Engineering
3. DNA Insertion:
Recombinant DNA (plasmid with foreign DNA) is picked
up by bacterial cell and these bacteria are isolated and
grown into large colonies. This technique is called
cloning.
@
Methods of Genetic Engineering
4. DNA Sequencing:
The final step in genetic engineering is to sequence a
piece of DNA, or to read the sequence of bases.
Only one strand of DNA double helix is used in this
process. However, many copies of this strand is needed.
Multiple copies of DNA strands can be produced by the
process of DNA cloning.
Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) enables
researchers to produce
millions of copies of a
specific DNA sequence
in approximately two
hours. This automated
process bypasses the
need to use bacteria for
amplifying DNA.
@
Applying Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering provides a way of
producing large amounts of rare
substances like interferon, hormones like
growth hormone and insulin and clotting
factors.
Scientists insert the human genes for
interferon into bacteria. When these
bacteria are cloned, large amounts of
interferon can be produced. This
technique is used for production of
several other rare substances.
Applying Genetic Engineering
By genetic engineering
genetic defects are
corrected. The
replacement of defective
gene is called gene
therapy.
Severe combined
immunodeficiency (SCID)
a genetic disorder in
which the immune
system fails to develop
can be treated with gene
therapy.
@
Applying Genetic Engineering
@
Genetic engineers have inserted genes into plants to
make the plants resistant to disease, insects, weedkilling substances.
Applying Genetic Engineering
Growth promoting
hormones, produced by
genetic engineering are
used to increase the
amount of milk produced
by cows and to fatten
farm animals.
The modified cows produce
13% more protein in their
milk than normal cows
**In 1997, a Scottish scientist called
Dr. Wilmut has cloned a sheep.
In his technique, the nucleus of an
egg cell is removed. The cell is
fused with a donor cell taken from
an adult sheep. The fused cell
begins to divide and the embryo is
then placed into a foster mother
sheep, where it develops normally.
The offspring of this sheep is a
complete copy of the first sheep
from which the donor cell is taken.
Cloning will enable scientists to
save endangered species and
produce organs of human body for
transplantation.
Dolly the clone (and little Polly the clone, too)
Horticulturists use cloning to grow plants with specific qualities, like
height, flower colour and quality. They use a more complex method than
vegetative propagation called tissue culture. All the plants produced in
this way are genetically identical
WHEN CLONING GOES BAD!!!!!
**GE (genetically engineered)
organisms (mostly plants) - called
transgenic organisms are made
by taking genes from some other
organism like bacteria, viruses,
other plants or even animals and
transferring these genes to the
organism.
In that way, scientists can get the
plant to grow bigger or faster or
produce more crop for people to
eat. Some plants could be made to
grow in salty water or very little
water, which is good for very dry
countries. Others could be
programmed to resist disease.
Therefore starvation would be
prevented.
The luciferase gene, which
causes the transgenic
organism expressing it to
bioluminesce.
Glofish are produced by infusing
fluorescent proteins from different
species like jellyfish and corals to
zebrafish embryo and allowed to
incorporate into the zebrafish’s
genome.
Therapeutic cloning
produces stem cells
which can develop into
different types of body
cell, making them ideal
for research into
treatment of disease.
But, the stem cells
created also run the risk
of being rejected by the
body.
The new technology,
nuclear reprogramming,
creates stem-like cells
from the patient's own
cells, avoiding this
problem.
Human Genome Project
In order to prevent genetic
disorders we need to know whole
of the human genome. The
“Human Genome Project” started
in 1990 with the contribution of
many countries and today
scientists discovered the whole
map of the human genome.
Therefore they would be able to
find out the genes responsible for
genetic disorders or they would
be able to control the cell
activities.
@
Ethics and Human Genetics
Should researchers carry out experiments that
permanently change human DNA?
Should genetic engineering only be used to cure
certain disorders or should it used to make people
taller, stronger or more disease resistant?
How should we decide which genes should be
transplanted, altered or redesigned?
 Who should determine whether experiments with
genetic engineering should be done?
What is the proper way to use genetic information?
Does anyone own genetic information?
Do individuals have the right to keep genetic
information to themselves?