Transcript MLA Direct Quotes and Paraphrasing - BWSD

Direct Quotes and
Paraphrasing
MLA Format
1
What are Direct Quotes?
 Direct Quotes = use of the author’s exact
words, phrases or sentences
 These must be enclosed in double quotation
marks.
 The author’s last name (if not already
mentioned) and page number (if available)
should appear in parentheses directly after
the quote but before the period.
 What if there is no author? Cite the source
title.
2
Example
 Original text: (James D. Lester 46-47)
Students frequently overuse direct
quotations in taking notes, and as a result
they overuse quotations in the final
research paper. Probably only 10% of your
final paper should appear as directly
quoted material.
 Direct Quote: When writing a research paper
“only 10% of [the] final paper should appear
as directly quoted material” (Lester 46-47).
3
What is Paraphrasing?
 A paraphrase is a restatement of someone
else’s ideas, evidence or opinions using your
own words.
 A paraphrase is typically similar or longer in
length than the original passage.
 You must still cite a paraphrase.


Why? Credit must be given for intellectual
property. If you didn’t think of it in these terms
and someone else did, credit the source.
Exceptions: Widely available facts, like birth
and death dates, etc., need not be cited.
4
6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
1. Read and reread for understanding
2. Put source away
3. Write key points that you remember without
looking at the source. You do not want to
use the same sentence format.
4. Compare to the original to make sure you
did not miss any key information OR
unintentionally plagiarize.
5. Quote any exact borrowings.
6. Record the source.
5
Plagiarism or Acceptable Paraphrase?
Original from Lester’s book on pages 46-47:
Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and
as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper.
Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear
as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the
amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking
notes.
Paraphrase, or Plagiarism?
Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes,
resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact,
probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly
quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source
material copied while taking notes.
6
Acceptable Paraphrase
 When writing research papers, students often
quote excessively, failing to keep quoted
material to a desirable level. Since the
problem usually originates during note taking,
it is essential to minimize the material
recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).
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In-Text Citations: The Basics
Parenthetical citations depend on the source’s
entry on the Works Cited page
The citation in the parentheses or a signal
word in the text must be the first element in the
corresponding entry on the Works Cited page
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Signal Words
In-text Example:
Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a
"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative
process (263).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford
U.P., 1967. Print.
Signal Words
In-text Example:
Human beings have been described as "symbol-using
animals" (Burke 3).
Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as
"symbol-using animals" (3).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays
on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of
California P, 1966. Print.
Signal Words
with Unknown Author
In-text Example:
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America
likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic
data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study
environmental change . . .” (“Impact”).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
“Impact of Global Warming in North America.”
GLOBAL WARMING: Early Signs. 2009. Web. 23 Mar.
2012.
Other In-Text Citations 1
Authors with Same Last Names
In-text Example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning
will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others
note that the advantages for medical research
outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
Multiple Authors
In-Text Citations
In-text Examples:
Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun control is not
needed in the United States (76).
The authors state "Tighter gun control in the United States
erodes Second Amendment rights" (Smith, Yang, and Moore
76).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Smith, Ken, Jim Yang, and Micah Moore. Cold, Dead Fingers.
New York: Penguin, 2012. Print.
Multiple Works by the Same Author
In-text Examples:
Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for
small children ("Too Soon"), though he has acknowledged
elsewhere that early exposure to computer games does lead to
better small motor skill development in a child's second and
third year ("Hand-Eye Development" 71).
Corresponding Works Cited Entries:
Lightenor, Mel. “Hand-Eye Development Enhancements.” Time 20 Nov.
2011: 70-71. Print.
Lightenor, Mel. “Too Soon to Game.” A List Apart: For People Who Make
Websites. A List Apart Mag., 16 Aug. 2012. Web. 4 Sept. 2012.
Citing the Bible
The Bible
Give the name of the specific edition you are using, any editor(s)
associated with it, followed by the publication information. Remember
that your in-text (parenthetical citation) should include the name of the
specific edition of the Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book, the
chapter and verse(s).
In-text Example:
Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures" (New Jerusalem
Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10), each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle.
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
New Jerusalem Bible. Ed. Susan Jones. New York: Doubleday, 2005.
Print.
Other In-Text Citations
Citing Indirect Sources
In-text Example:
Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as
"social service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in
Weisman 259).
Same Information from More Than One Source
In-text Example:
. . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).
Other In-Text Citations
Sources from the Internet
In-text Example:
One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is "...a beautiful
and terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism" (Garcia).
Corresponding Works Cited Entry:
Garcia, Elizabeth. "Herzog: A Life." Online Film Critics
Corner. The Film School of New Hampshire, 2 May
2002. Web. 8 Jan. 2012.
Formatting Short Quotations
The citation goes directly after the quote, even in the
middle of a sentence. Punctuate as if the citation is
part of the quote (after the closing parenthesis).
In-text Examples:
According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of
personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree.
According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound
aspects of personality" (184).
Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of
personality" (Foulkes 184)?
Formatting Long Quotations
(Quotations of 4+ Lines)
No quotation marks are used; the entire 4+ section is indented.
The citation goes after the closing period (only time this happens).
In-text Example:
Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her
narration:
They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room,
and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping
it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing
his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on
quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was
obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and
inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)
Continue with your own analysis here. Rarely will a paragraph end with a
quote, especially a long quote.
Adding or Omitting Words:
Use Brackets or Ellipses
In-text example for Adding Words:
Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states:
"some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point
of learning every rumor or tale" (78).
In-text example for Omitting Words:
In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes
that "some individuals make a point of learning every
recent rumor or tale .
. . and in a short time a lively
exchange of details occurs" (78).
Works Cited =
Bibliography/List of Sources
Sample Works Cited page:
Works Cited: Books
Basic Format:
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication:
Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.
Examples:
Andrews, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York: St.
Martin's, 1997. Print.
Burns, Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems. Ed. Philip
Smith. New York: Dover, 1995. 26. Print.
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me." Critical Approaches to the Work of Toni
Morrison. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2000. 2434. Print.
Works Cited: Periodicals in Print
Article in a Magazine Format:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Periodical Day Month Year:
pages. Medium of publication.
Example:
Buchman, Dana. "A Special Education." Good Housekeeping
Mar. 2006: 143-8. Print.
Article in Scholarly Journal Format:
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume. Issue (Year):
pages. Medium of publication.
Example:
Duvall, John N. “Marketplace of Images: Television in DeLillo's White
Noise." Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (2004): 127- 53. Print.
Works Cited Page: Web
Web Source Format:
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). “Article
Name.” Name of Site. Version number. Name of
institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor
or publisher). Date of last update. Medium of publication.
Date of access.
Examples:
Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory.
Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2010. Web. 10 May 2011.
"How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. eHow,
n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2011.
n.d. = no date listed
Works Cited Page: Other
Film Example:
The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin
Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen
Baldwin, and Benecio del Toro. Polygram, 1995.
Film.
For More Information
Purdue OWL:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/