Transcript NATIONAL SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM

STATE PLANE COORDINATES
and
DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS
TEXAS SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL SURVEYORS
PADRE ISLAND
APRIL 12, 2002
Dave Doyle
National Geodetic Survey
Chief Geodetic Surveyor
[email protected], (301) 713-3178
ACRONYMS
US
NATIONAL GEODETIC SURVEY
INFORMATION CENTER
(301) 713-3242
[email protected]
WEB SITE
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov
NATIONAL SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM
The National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) is that
component of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure
(NSDI) - [http://www.fgdc.gov/nsdi/nsdi.html] which
contains all geodetic control contained in the National
Geodetic Survey (NGS) Data Base. This includes: A, B,
First, Second and Third-Order horizontal and vertical
control, Geoid models such as GEOID 99, precise GPS
orbits and Continuously Operating Reference Stations
(CORS), and the National Shoreline as observed by NGS
as well as data submitted by other Federal, State, and local
agencies, Academic Institutions and the private sector
NATIONAL SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM
ACCURATE -- cm accuracy on a global scale
MULTIPURPOSE -- Supports Geodesy, Geophysics, Land
Surveying, Navigation, Mapping, Charting and GIS activities
ACTIVE -- Accessible through Continuously Operating
Reference Stations (CORS) and derived products
INTEGRATED -- Related to International services and
standards (e.g. International Earth Rotation Service, International
GPS Service etc.)
METADATA
METADATA IS DATA ABOUT DATA
DATUMS
NAD 27, NAD 83(1986), NAD83 (199X), NGVD29, NAVD88
UNITS
Meters, U.S. Survey Feet, International Feet, Chains, Rods, Pole
ACCURACY
A, B, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 3cm, Scaled
METADATA??
Horizontal Datum??
Plane Coordinate Zone ??
Units of Measure ??
How Accurate ??
DATUMS
A set of constants specifying the coordinate
system used for geodetic control, i.e., for
calculating coordinates of points on the
Earth. Specific geodetic datums are usually
given distinctive names. (e.g., North
American Datum of 1983, European Datum
1950, National Geodetic Vertical Datum of
1929)
HORIZONTAL DATUMS
8 Constants
3 – specify the location of the origin of the coordinate
system.
3– specify the orientation of the coordinate system.
2 – specify the dimensions of the reference ellipsoid
VERTICAL DATUMS
A set of fundamental elevations to
which other elevations are referred.
THE ELLIPSOID
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE EARTH
N
b
a
S
a = Semi major axis
b = Semi minor axis
f = a-b = Flattening
a
ELLIPSOID - GEOID RELATIONSHIP
H = Orthometric Height (NAVD 88)
h = Ellipsoidal Height (NAD 83)
N = Geoid Height (GEOID 99)
H=h-N
H h
TOPOGRAPHIC SURFACE
N
Ellipsoid
GRS80
Geoid
PERPENDICULAR
TO GEOID (PLUMBLINE)
GEOID99
PERPENDICULAR
TO ELLIPSOID
DEFLECTION OF THE VERTICAL
DEFLEC99
UNITED STATES
ELLIPSOID DEFINITIONS
BESSEL 1841
a = 6,377,397.155 m 1/f = 299.1528128
CLARKE 1866
a = 6,378,206.4 m 1/f = 294.97869821
GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980 - (GRS 80)
a = 6,378,137 m
1/f = 298.257222101
WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 - (WGS 84)
a = 6,378,137 m
1/f = 298.257223563
HORIZONTAL DATUMS
BESSEL 1841 --------------
LOCAL ASTRO DATUMS (1816-1879)
NEW ENGLAND DATUM (1879-1901)
U.S. STANDARD DATUM (1901-1913)
NORTH AMERICAN DATUM (1913-1927)
NORTH AMERICAN DATUM OF 1927
OLD HAWAIIAN DATUM
CLARKE 1866
PUERTO RICO DATUM
ST. GEORGE ISLAND - ALASKA
ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND - ALASKA
ST. PAUL ISLAND - ALASKA
AMERICAN SAMOA 1962
GUAM 1963
GRS80 -----------
NORTH AMERICAN DATUM OF 1983
(As of June 14, 1989)
THE GEOID AND TWO ELLIPSOIDS
CLARKE 1866
GRS80-WGS84
Earth Mass
Center
Approximately
236 meters
GEOID
COMPARISON OF DATUM ELEMENTS
NAD 27
ELLIPSOID
DATUM POINT
ADJUSTMENT
BEST FITTING
CLARKE 1866
a = 6,378,206.4 m
1/f = 294.9786982
Triangulation Station
MEADES RANCH, KANSAS
25k STATIONS
Several Hundred Base Lines
Several Hundred Astro Azimuths
North America
NAD 83
GRS80
a = 6,378,137. M
1/f = 298.257222101
NONE
EARTH MASS CENTER
250k STATIONS
Appox. 30k EDMI Base Lines
5k Astro Azimuths
Doppler Point Positions
VLBI Vectors
World-Wide
NAD 27 and NAD 83
NAD 83 NETWORK PROBLEMS
NOT “GPSABLE”
POOR STATION ACCESSIBILITY
IRREGULARLY SPACED
POSITIONAL ACCURACY
HIGH ACCURACY REFERENCE NETWORKS
“GPSABLE”
Clear Horizons for Satellite Signal Acquisition
EASY ACCESSIBILITY
Few Special Vehicle or Property Entrance Requirements
REGULARLY SPACED
Always within 20-100 Km
HIGH HORIZONTAL ACCURACY
A-Order (5 mm + 1:10,000,000)
B-Order (8mm + 1:1,000,000)
HIGH ACCURACY REFERENCE
NETWORKS
WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984
TR8350.2 World Geodetic System 1984 - It’s Definition and
Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems
(http://www.nima.mil/GandG/pubs.html)
DATUM = WGS 84
RELEASED - SEPTEMBER 1987
BASED ON OBSERVATIONS AT MORE THAN
1900 DOPPLER STATIONS
DATUM = WGS 84(G730)
5 USAF GPS Tracking Stations
5 DMA Evaluation Stations
Datum redefined with respect to the International Terrestrial
Reference Frame of 1992 (ITRF92) +/- 20 cm in each component
(Proceedings of the ION GPS-94 pgs 285-292)
DATUM = WGS 84(G873)
5 USAF GPS Tracking Stations
7 NIMA Evaluation Stations
Datum redefined with respect to the International Terrestrial
Reference Frame of 1994 (ITRF94) +/- 10 cm in each component
(Proceedings of the ION GPS-97 pgs 841-850)
MY SOFTWARE SAYS I’M
WORKING IN WGS-84
Unless you doing autonomous positioning
(point positioning +/- 6-10 meters)
you’re probably NOT in WGS-84
Project tied to WGS-84 control points obtained
from the Defense Department -- Good Luck!
You’re really working in the same reference frame
as your control points -- NAD 83?
VERTICAL DATUMS
MEAN SEA LEVEL DATUM OF 1929
NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929
(As of July 2, 1973)
NORTH AMERICAN VERTICAL DATUM OF 1988
(As of June 24, 1993)
COMPARISON OF VERTICAL DATUM ELEMENTS
NGVD 29
DATUM DEFINITION
26 TIDE GAUGES
IN THE U.S. & CANADA
NAVD 88
FATHER’S POINT/RIMOUSKI
QUEBEC, CANADA
BENCH MARKS
100,000
450,000
LEVELING (Km)
102,724
1,001,500
GEOID FITTING
Distorted to Fit MSL Gauges
Best Continental Model
NGVD 29 and NAVD 88
INTERNATIONAL TERRESTRIAL
REFERENCE SYSTEM
DEVELOPED AND MAINTAINED BY THE
INTERNATIONAL EARTH ROTATION SERVICE
PARIS, FRANCE FROM:
(http://hpiers.obspm.fr/)
VERY LONG BASELINE INTERFEROMETRY - (VLBI)
SATELLITE LASER RANGING - (SLR)
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM - (GPS)
DOPPLER ORBITOGRAPHY AND RADIO POSITIONING
INTEGRATED BY SATELLITE - (DORIS)
INTERNATIONAL TERRESTRIAL
REFERENCE SYSTEM
GEOCENTRIC +/- 3 to 4 CM
MODELS FOR PLATE TECTONICS
STATION VELOCITIES
POSITIONAL STANDARD ERRORS
REALIZED AS THE INTERNATIONAL
TERRESTERIAL REFERENCE FRAME (ITRF)
TECTONIC MOTIONS
HORIZONTAL TECTONIC MOTIONS
VERTICAL TECTONIC MOTIONS
NAD 83 and ITRF
NAD 83
ITRF
Earth Mass
Center
2.2 m (3-D)
dX,dY,dZ
GEOID
GEODETIC CONTROL
NETWORK OF MONUMENTED POINTS
PRECISELY MEASURED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH STANDARD PROCEDURES
MEET ACCURACY SPECIFICATIONS
ADJUSTED TO TIE TOGETHER
DOCUMENTED FOR MULTIPLE USE
IMPROVING POSITIONAL ACCURACY
TIME
NETWORK SPAN
NETWORK
ACCURACY
LOCAL
ACCURACY
NAD 27
1927-1986
10 Meters
First-Order (1 part in 0.1 million)
NAD 83
1986-1990
1 Meter
First-Order(1 part in 0.1 million)
HARN
1987-1997
0.1 Meter
CORS
1994 -
B-Order(1 part in 1 million)
A-Order (1 part in 10 million)
0.02 Meter - Horizontal
0.04 Meter - Ellipsoid Height
GEODETIC CONTROL DATA SHEET
National Geodetic Survey,
Retrieval Date = MARCH 11, 2002
AO0192 ***********************************************************************
AO0192 FBN
- This is a Federal Base Network Control Station.
AO0192 DESIGNATION - DERBY
AO0192 PID
AO0192
157.62 = 133.09 - (-24.28)
AO0192 STATE/COUNTY- TX/FRIO
AO0192 USGS QUAD
- DERBY (1982)
157.62 = 157.37
AO0192
AO0192
*CURRENT SURVEY CONTROL
AO0192 ___________________________________________________________________
AO0192* NAD 83(1993)- 28 46 06.37633(N)
099 07 58.12014(W)
ADJUSTED
AO0192* NAVD 88
157.623 (meters)
517.13
(feet) ADJUSTED
AO0192 ___________________________________________________________________
AO0192 X
-888,113.844 (meters)
COMP
AO0192 Y
- -5,524,420.206 (meters)
COMP
AO0192 Z
3,051,493.122 (meters)
COMP
AO0192 LAPLACE CORR-1.74 (seconds)
DEFLEC99
AO0192 ELLIP HEIGHT133.09 (meters)
GPS OBS
AO0192 GEOID HEIGHT-24.28 (meters)
GEOID99
AO0192 DYNAMIC HT 157.392 (meters)
516.38 (feet) COMP
AO0192 MODELED GRAV979,174.2
(mgal)
NAVD 88
AO0192
AO0192 HORZ ORDER - B
AO0192 VERT ORDER - FIRST
CLASS II
AO0192 ELLP ORDER - THIRD
CLASS I
GEODETIC CONTROL DATA SHEET
AO0192.The horizontal coordinates were established by GPS observations
AO0192.and adjusted by the National Geodetic Survey in May 1994.
AO0192
AO0192.The orthometric height was determined by differential leveling
AO0192.and adjusted by the National Geodetic Survey in June 1991.
AO0192.WARNING-GPS observations at this control monument resulted in a GPS
AO0192.derived orthometric height which differed from the leveled height by
AO0192.more than one decimeter (0.1 meter).
AO0192
AO0192.The X, Y, and Z were computed from the position and the ellipsoidal ht.
AO0192
AO0192.The Laplace correction was computed from DEFLEC99 derived deflections.
AO0192
AO0192.The ellipsoidal height was determined by GPS observations
AO0192.and is referenced to NAD 83.
AO0192
AO0192.The geoid height was determined by GEOID99.
AO0192
AO0192.The dynamic height is computed by dividing the NAVD 88
AO0192.geopotential number by the normal gravity value computed on the
AO0192.Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (GRS 80) ellipsoid at 45
AO0192.degrees latitude (g = 980.6199 gals.).
AO0192
AO0192.The modeled gravity was interpolated from observed gravity values.
GEODETIC CONTROL DATA SHEET
AO0192;
North
East
Units
Scale
Converg.
AO0192;SPC TXSC
- 4,103,643.392
587,031.437
MT 0.99991176 -0 03 54.2
AO0192;UTM 14
- 3,182,338.189
487,035.472
MT 0.99960207 -0 03 50.1
AO0192
AO0192:
Primary Azimuth Mark
Grid Az
AO0192:SPC TXSC
- DERBY AZ MK 2
014 18 53.8
AO0192:UTM 14
- DERBY AZ MK 2
014 18 49.7
AO0192
AO0192|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
AO0192| PID
Reference Object
Distance
Geod. Az |
AO0192|
dddmmss.s |
AO0192|
DERBY AZ MK 2
0141459.6 |
AO0192|
DERBY RM 3
24.385 METERS 13853
|
AO0192| AO0194 PTS 32 LS TEX C 33
35.891 METERS 19308
|
AO0192| AO0670 DILLEY RAD MAST
APPROX.11.7 KM 2080517.1 |
AO0192|
DERBY RM 4
9.740 METERS 20949
|
AO0192| AO0193 DERBY RM 1
36.132 METERS 23658
|
AO0192|
DERBY AZ MK
2425548.6 |
AO0192| AO0530 DERBY RM 2
28.946 METERS 35648
|
AO0192|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
AO0192
AO0192
SUPERSEDED SURVEY CONTROL
AO0192
AO0192 ELLIP HT
133.22 (m)
GP(
) 4 2
AO0192 NAD 83(1986)- 28 46 06.37684(N)
099 07 58.09923(W) AD(
) 1
AO0192 NAD 27
- 28 46 05.46500(N)
099 07 56.98200(W) AD(
) 1
AO0192 NGVD 29
157.500 (m)
516.73
(f) ADJ UNCH
1 2
AO0192
AO0192.Superseded values are not recommended for survey control.
AO0192.NGS no longer adjusts projects to the NAD 27 or NGVD 29 datums.
GEODETIC CONTROL DATA SHEET
AO0192_MARKER: DS = TRIANGULATION STATION DISK
AO0192_SETTING: 7 = SET IN TOP OF CONCRETE MONUMENT
AO0192_STAMPING: DERBY 1935
AO0192_MARK LOGO: CGS
AO0192_MAGNETIC: O = OTHER; SEE DESCRIPTION
AO0192_STABILITY: C = MAY HOLD, BUT OF TYPE COMMONLY SUBJECT TO
AO0192+STABILITY: SURFACE MOTION
AO0192_SATELLITE: THE SITE LOCATION WAS REPORTED AS SUITABLE FOR
AO0192+SATELLITE: SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS - February 28, 1998
AO0192
AO0192 HISTORY
- Date
Condition
Report By
AO0192 HISTORY
- 1935
MONUMENTED
CGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 1939
GOOD
CGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 1952
GOOD
CGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 1956
GOOD
NGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 1957
GOOD
CGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 1971
GOOD
NGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 1971
GOOD
NGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 19860422 GOOD
USAF
AO0192 HISTORY
- 1988
GOOD
USPSQD
AO0192 HISTORY
- 19881128 GOOD
NGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 19890104 GOOD
AO0192 HISTORY
- 19930222 GOOD
NGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 19950425 GOOD
NGS
AO0192 HISTORY
- 19980228 GOOD
NGS
AO0192 AO0192
STATION DESCRIPTION
AO0192 AO0192'DESCRIBED BY COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY 1935 (CIA)
CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE
STATIONS (CORS)
Installed and Operated by various Federal-State-local Agencies
CHL1 - CAPE HENLOPEN, DE
NOAA/National Geodetic Survey
NOAA/OAR Forecast Systems Lab
U.S. Coast Guard - DGPS/NDGPS
Corps of Engineers - DGPS
FAA - WAAS/LAAS (Future)
State DOTs
County and City
Academia
Private Companies
CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE
STATIONS (CORS)
Variety of “Geodetic Quality” Dual-Frequency
Antennas and Receivers
CHL1 - CAPE HENLOPEN, DE
Allen-Osborne
(SNR 8000 & SNR 12 ACT)
Ashtech
(UZ-12, Z-XII3)
Leica
(SR9500 & CRS1000, LEIAT5, RS500)
Trimble
(4000SS, 4700, 5700)
CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE
STATIONS (CORS)
Some stations provide real-time code phase observations
5 - 15 - 30” post-process carrier phase observations
Free access via Internet (RINEX-2 Format)
More than 190 Station National Network
CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE
STATIONS (CORS)
NGS PROVIDES
Reference Site Survey Monumentation
Horizontal and Vertical NSRS Connections
NAD 83, ITRF94, ITRF96, ITRF97, ITRF00 Coordinates
Network Data Collection - Hourly & Daily
Daily 3D Network Integrity Adjustment
Public Data Distribution - Internet
(http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/CORS/cors-data.html)
7 Year On-Line Data Holding
CORS DATA SHEET
***ITRF 00***
ARANSAS PASS 3 (ARP3),
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TEXAS
____________________________________________________________________________
|
Antenna Reference Point(ARP): ARANSAS PASS 3 CORS ARP
|
----------------------------------------------------|
PID = AF9488
|
|
|
ITRF00 POSITION (EPOCH 1997.0)
|
Published by the IERS in Mar. 2001.
|
X =
-693605.970 m
latitude
= 27 50 18.06684 N
|
Y = -5601311.839 m
longitude
= 097 03 32.24537 W
|
Z =
2960668.966 m
ellipsoid height = -16.594
m
|
|
ITRF00 VELOCITY
|
Published by the IERS in Mar. 2001.
|
VX = -0.0173 m/yr
northward = -0.0055 m/yr
|
VY =
0.0022 m/yr
eastward = -0.0174 m/yr
|
VZ = -0.0063 m/yr
upward
= -0.0030 m/yr
|
CORS DATA SHEET
***NAD 83***
ARANSAS PASS 3 (ARP3),
TEXAS
|
|
| NAD_83 POSITION (EPOCH 1997.0)
|
| Transformed from ITRF96 (epoch 1997.00) position in Apr. 2000.
|
|
X =
-693605.430 m
latitude
= 27 50 18.04977 N
|
|
Y = -5601313.332 m
longitude
= 097 03 32.21909 W
|
|
Z =
2960669.119 m
ellipsoid height = -15.271
m
|
|
|
| NAD_83 VELOCITY
|
| Predicted with HTDP_2.0 in Apr., 1996.
|
|
VX =
0.0000 m/yr
northward =
0.0000 m/yr
|
|
VY =
0.0000 m/yr
eastward =
0.0000 m/yr
|
|
VZ =
0.0000 m/yr
upward
=
0.0000 m/yr
|
|____________________________________________________________________________|
CORS DATA QUALITY
OPUS – WHAT IS IT?
•On-line Positioning User Service
•Provide GPS users faster & easier access
to the National Spatial Reference System
(NSRS)
OPUS – HOW DOES IT WORK?
•Submit RINEX file through NGS web page
•Processed automatically with NGS computers &
software
•With respect to 3 suitable National CORS
•Solution via email in minutes
OPUS – HOW DO I USE IT?
•Go to OPUS web page www.ngs.noaa.gov/OPUS
•Enter your email address
•Use browse feature to select RINEX file on your computer
•Select antenna type from menu
•Enter antenna height in meters
•Option to select State Plane Zone
•Click UPLOAD
•Check your email in a few minutes
Note: Your solutions will be archived and be
publicly available. Your e-mail address will not
be retained once the solution is e-mailed to you.
PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS
STATE PLANE AND UNIVERSIAL TRANSVERSE
MERCATOR GRID COORDINATES ARE A DIRECT
MATHEMATICAL CONVERSION FROM LATITUDE
AND LONGITUDE TO A CARTESIAN NORTHING
AND EASTING (Y & X) COORDINATE SYSTEM,
AND MUST MAINTAIN THE SAME DATUM TAG
[e.g. NAD 83(1993)] AS THE LATITUDE AND
LONGITUDE
NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR (UTM)
http://www.nima.mil/GandG/pubs.html
The Universal Grids: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal
Polar Stereographic (UPS) - TM8358.2
Transverse Mercator Projection
Zones 6o Longitude World-Wide
Northing Origin (0 meters- Northern Hemisphere) at the Equator
Easting Origin (500,000 meters) at Central Meridian of Each Zone
NAD 27 and NAD 83 both defined in meters
NAD 27 to NAD 83 shift = 200-225 meters for U.S.
NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE
STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS
NOAA Manual NOS NGS - 5 “State Plane Coordinate System of 1983”
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/ManualNOSNGS5.pdf
Lambert Conformal Conic and Transverse Mercator Projections
International, State and County Boundaries
NAD 27 - Coordinates in U.S. Survey Feet
NAD 83 - Coordinates Metric w/State Defined Foot Conversion
1 Meter = 3.280833333 U.S. Survey Feet
1 Meter = 3.280839895 International Feet
NAD 27 to NAD 83 VERY large Positional Shifts
TANGENT PLANE COORDINATE
SYSTEM
Tangent Plane
Single Point of Contact
LAMBERT CONFROMAL CONIC
WITH 2 STANDARD PARALLELS
STANDARD PARALLELS
Nn
Approximately 158 miles
Ns
NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE
80
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
SCALE > 1
SCALE < 1
SCALE EXACT
TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
80
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
SCALE > 1
LAMBERT CONFROMAL CONIC
WITH 2 STANDARD PARALLELS
The Convention of the Sign of the Convergence Angle
is Always From Grid To Geodetic
Convergence angles (a)
always positive East
Convergence angles (a)
always negative West
80
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
LAMBERT CONFROMAL CONIC
WITH 2 STANDARD PARALLELS
Grid Scale Factor
SCALE > 1
SCALE EXACT Nn
STANDARD PARALLELS
SCALE < 1
SCALE EXACT
SCALE > 1
80
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
Ns
15,000
14,000
13,000
12,000
11,000
10,000
8,000
9,000
16,000
Northern Standard Parallel
Southern Standard Parallel
15,000
Convergence
Angle
4,000
11,000
Parallel of
Grid Origin
EASTING ( x )
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
-1,000
-2,000
-3,000
-4,000
0
FALSE NORTHING = 4,000,000
FALSE EASTING
= 600,000
10,000
5,000
1,000
12,000
4,000
2,000
14,000
13,000
Central Meridian
3,000
-5,000
NORTHING ( y )
5,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
Apex of Cone
6,000
COORDINATE CHANGES
(STATE PLANE)
STATION:
DERBY
TEXAS SOUTH CENTRAL ZONE (NAD 27/NAD 83)
Northing
Easting
Converg Angle Scale Factor
103,611.27 ft. 596,663.24 ft. -0o 03’ 53.7” 0.99991181
4,103,643.392 m. 587,031.437 m. -0o 03’ 54.2” 0.99991176
(13,463,370.03 ft)* (1,925,952.31 ft)*
(13,463,396.96 ft)# (1,925,956.16 ft)#
(26.93)
(3.85)
* Converted using U.S. Survey Foot, 1 M = 3.2808333333 Ft.
# Converted using International Foot, 1 M = 3.2808398501 Ft.
WHAT YOU NEED TO USE THE STATE PLANE
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
• N & E STATE PLANE COORDINATES FOR CONTROL POINTS
AZIMUTHS
- Conversion from Astronomic to Geodetic
- Conversion from Geodetic to Grid (Mapping Angle)
DISTANCES
- Reduction from Horizontal to Ellipsoidal
“Sea-Level Reduction Factor”
- Correction for Grid Scale Factor
- Combined Factor
STATE PLANE COORDINATE COMPUTATION
DERBY
N = 3,182,338.189 meters
E = 487,035.472 meters
Orthometric Height (H) = 157.623 meters
Geoid Height (N) = - 24.28 meters
Laplace Correction = - 1.74”
Grid Scale Factor (k) = 0.99991181
Meridian Convergence (g) = - 0o 03’ 53.7”
Observed Astro Azimuth (aA) = 253o 26’ 14.9”
Horizontal Distance (D) = 1010.387 meters
STATE PLANE COORDINATE COMPUTATION
N1 = N + (Sg x cos ag)
E1 = E + (Sg x sin ag)
Where:
N = Starting Northing Coordinate
E = Starting Easting Coordinates
Sg = Grid Distance
ag = Grid Azimuth
REDUCTION TO THE ELLIPSOID
D
h
S
H
N
R
Earth Radius
6,372,161 m
20,906,000 ft.
Earth Center
S=Dx
R
R+h
h=N+H
S=Dx
R
R+N+H
REDUCTION TO THE ELLIPSOID
R = _____________
N
1 - e’2 cos2 N
cos2 a
c
N = _____________
(1 - e’2 cos2
c = a2/b
N)1/2
REDUCTION TO ELLIPSOID
S = D x [R / (R + h)]
D = 1010.387 meters (Measured Horizontal Distance)
R = 6,372,162 meters (Mean Radius of the Earth)
h = H + N (H = 158 m, N = - 24 m)
= 134 meters (Ellipsoidal Height)
S = 1010.387 [6,372,162 / 6,372,162 + 134]
S = 1010.387 x 0.999978971
S = 1010.366 meters
REDUCTION TO GRID
Sg = S (Geodetic Distance) x k (Grid Scale Factor)
Sg = 1010.366 x 0.99991176
= 1010.277 meters
COMBINED FACTOR
CF = Ellipsoidal Reduction x Grid Scale Factor (k)
= 0. 0.999978971 x 0.99991176
= 0.999890733
CF x D = Sg
0.999890733 x 1010.387 = 1010.277 meters
GRID AZIMUTH COMPUTATION
ag = aA + Laplace Correction - g
= 253o 26’ 14.9” (Observed Astro Azimuth)
+ (- 1.7)” (Laplace Correction)
= 253o 26’ 13.2” (Geodetic Azimuth)
+ 0 03 54.2 (Convergence Angle)
= 253o 30’ 07.4”
The convention of the sign of the convergence angle is
always from Grid to Geodetic
STATE PLANE COORDINATE COMPUTATION
N1 = N + (Sg x cos ag)
E1 = E + (Sg x sin ag)
N1 = 4,103,643.392 + (1010.277 x Cos 253o 30’ 07.4”)
= 4,103,643.392 + (1010.277 x - 0.28398094570069)
= 4,103,643.392 + (- 286.899)
= 4,103,356.492 meters
E1 = 587,031.437 + (1010.277 x Sin 253o 30’ 07.4”)
= 587,031.437 + (1010.277 x - 0.95882992364597)
= 587,031.437 + (- 968.684)
= 586,062.753 meters
GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES
“I WANT STATE PLANE COORDINATES
RAISED TO GROUND LEVEL”
GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES ARE NOT
STATE PLANE COORDINATES!!!!!
GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES
PROBLEMS
RAPID DISTORTIONS
PROJECTS DIFFICULT TO TIE TOGETHER
CONFUSION OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS
LACK OF DOCUMENTATION
GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES
“IF YOU DO”
TRUNCATE COORDINATE VALUES
SUCH AS:
N = 13,750,260.07 ft becomes 50,260.07
E = 2,099,440.89 ft becomes 99,440.89
AND
STATUS OF NAD 27 AND NAD 83 STATE PLANE
COORDINATE LEGISLATION - APRIL, 2000
NO SPCS
EXISTING NAD 27
LEGISLATION
LEGISLATION
(4)
District of Columbia
Hawaii
Nebraska
Puerto Rico
I = International Feet and Meters
1 m = 3.280839895 feet
S = U.S. Survey Feet and Meters
1 m = 3.280833333 feet
ENACTED NAD 83 SPC
LEGISLATION
(3)
Alabama
Arkansas
Illinois
(45)
Alaska
Arizona (I)
California (S)
Colorado (S)
Connecticut (S)
Delaware(S)
Florida (S)
Georgia (S)
Idaho (S)
Indiana (S)
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky (S)
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland (S)
Massachusetts (S)
Michigan (I)
Minnesota
Mississippi (S)
Missouri
Montana (I)
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico (S)
New York (S)
North Carolina (S)
North Dakota (I)
Ohio
Oklahoma (S)
Oregon (I)
Pennsylvania (S)
Rhode Island
South Carolina (I)
South Dakota
Tennessee (S)
Texas (S)
Utah (I)
Vermont
Virginia (S)
Washington (S)
West Virginia
Wisconsin (S)
Wyoming
Autonomous Positioning: Before May 1, 2000
25-100 m
HORIZONTAL = 100 meters
VERTICAL = 156 meters
1996 Federal Radionavigation Plan
Section A2-1, Part B
http://www.navcen.uscg.mil/policy/frp1996
• C/A Code on L1
• Selective Availability
Standalone Positioning: Since May 1, 2000
6-11 m
• C/A Code on L1
• No Selective
Availability
Standalone Positioning: By 2011
Better resistance
to interference
1-3 m
• C/A Code on L1
• C/A Code on L2
• New Code on L5
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
GPS BLOCK III
Potential Future Developments
http://206.65.196.30/gps/issues/dotgpspressreleases.htm
30 - 32 satellites
Second and Third Civil Frequency
(1227.60 MHZ & 1176.45 MHZ)
More Robust Signal Transmissions
Real-Time Unaugmented 1 Meter Accuracy
Initial Launches ~ 2005
Complete Replacements ~ 2011
GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS
(GNSS)
POTENTIAL FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
(2005 - 2011)
GPS MODERNIZATION - BLOCK III
GLONASS ENHANCEMENTS (K & M)
EUROPEAN UNION - GALILEO
80+ Satellites
Second and Third Civil Frequency - GPS
No Signal Encryption - GLONASS & GALILEO
More Robust Signal Transmissions
Real-Time Unaugmented 1 Meter (or better!) Accuracy
NAD 83 READJUSTMENT
HARN COMPLETION - SEPTEMBER 1997
(Indiana)
GPS HEIGHT MODERNIZATION OBSERVATIONS
(1997 - 2003)
(Texas observed 1998 )
(http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/initiatives/height_modernization.shtml
COMPLETE GPS NAD 83 3-D ADJUSTMENT
(http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/initiatives/new_reference.shtml)
(2004-05)
REMOVAL OF SMALL REGIONAL DISTORTIONS
(3 - 6 CM)
UNIFORM COORDINATE TAG
NAD 83 (NSRS)
NAD 83 READJUSTMENT
NAD 83 READJUSTMENT
ONLY GPS DATA
CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATIONS
FEDERAL BASE NETWORK
COOPERATIVE BASE NETWORK
AIRPORT SURVEYS
USER DENSIFICATION NETWORK
SPECIAL SURVEYS
NEW STANDARDS FOR GEODETIC CONTROL
Two accuracy standards
(http://fgdc.er.usgs.gov/standards/status/swgstat.html)
local accuracy ------------- adjacent points
network accuracy ---------- relative to CORS
Numeric quantities, units in cm (or mm)
Both are relative accuracy measures
Do not use distance dependent expression
Horizontal accuracies are radius of 2-D 95% error circle
Ellipsoidal/Orthometric heights are 1-D (linear) 95% error
DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS
1. WHAT DATUM ARE THE EXISTING COORDINATES ON?
2. WHAT DATUM DO I WANT THE NEW COORDINATES ON?
3. HOW LARGE A GEOGRAPHICAL AREA DO I WANT TO CONVERT
AT ONE TIME?
4. HOW MANY POINTS ARE COMMON TO BOTH DATUMS?
5. WHAT IS THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE COMMON POINTS?
6. HOW ACCURATE ARE THE EXISTING COORDINATES?
0.1 Foot
1.0 Foot
10. Feet
7. HOW ACCURATE DO I WANT THE NEW COORDINATES?
DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS
MOLODENSKY
Converts latitude, longitude and ellipsoidal height to X,Y,Z
Earth-Centered Coordinates.
Applies a 3-dimensional change in the origin (dX, dY,dZ)
Applies a change in the size and shape of the reference ellipsoid
Converts new X,Y,Z Earth-Centered Coordinates back to
latitude, longitude and ellipsoidal height
DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS
MOLODENSKY
For continental regions accuracy can be +/- 8 to 10 meters
Does not model network distortions very well.
Assumes heights in both systems are ellipsoidal (NAD 27 did
not have ellipsoidal heights).
MOLODENSKY TRANSFORMATION
(http://www.nima.mil/GandG/pubs.html)
I NEED TO TRANSFORM
BETWEEN WGS 84 AND NAD 83
Federal Register Notice: Vol. 60, No. 157, August 15, 1995, pg. 42146
“Use of NAD 83/WGS 84 Datum Tag on Mapping Products”
DATUM TRANSFORMATION –IDEAL METHOD
•
•
•
•
•
SATISFIES ALL USERS’ REQUIREMENTS
CAPABLE OF TRANSFORMING LARGE HOLDINGS OF COORDINATE
DATA
NEAR-REAL TIME APPLICATIONS
SIMPLE - METHOD SHOULD NOT REQUIRE AN EXPERT OR
DECISIONS TO BE MADE
ACCURATE
NADCON
DESIGNED TO SATISFY THE MAJORITY OF THE “IDEAL METHOD”
DESIGN AND IS DEFINED AS THE NATIONAL STANDARD.
Federal Register Notice: Vol. 55, No. 155, August 10, 1990, pg. 32681
“Notice to Adopt Standard Method for Mathematical Horizontal Datum Transformation”
•
•
•
•
•
•
DESIGN CRITERIA:
Relies only on NGS archived data existing in both NAD 27 and NAD 83
Provides consistent results, both forward and inverse
Fast
Not tied to NGS Data Base
Small - Fit on PC
Accurate
15 cm (1 sigma) in Conterminous U.S. NAD 27 - NAD 83(1986)
5 cm (1 sigma) per State/Region NAD 83 (1986) - HARN
NADCON
N = +0.12344
8 = -1.87842
N = +0.12249
8 = -1.88963
N = +0.12354
8 = -1.8594
N = +0.12438
8 = -1.86547
N = +0.12423
8 = -1.81246
N = +0.12431
8 = -1.86291
N = +0.12568
8 = -1.83364
N = +0.12441
8 = -1.83879
N = +0.12449
8 = -1.88905
N = +0.12640
8 = -1.85407
N = +0.12499
8 = -1.86543
COORDINATE COMPARISON
NAD 27 to NAD 83(1993)
TR8350.2 “World Geodetic System 1984 - Its Definition and
Relationship with Local Geodetic Systems”
ADJUSTED vs. TRANSFORMED
Station: DERBY
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
28-46-06.37633 099-07-58.12014 - PUBLISHED
28-46-06.41739 099-07-58.20929 - MOLODENSKY
.04106”
.08915”
1.264 m
2.418 m
THIS CORRESPONDS TO A POSITIONAL
DIFFERENCE OF 2.728 m (8.95 ft)
COORDINATE COMPARISON
NAD 27 to NAD 83(1986)
NADCON
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/#NADCON
ADJUSTED vs. TRANSFORMED
Station: DERBY
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
28-46-06.37684 099-07-58.09923 - PUBLISHED
28-46-06.38020 099-07-58.10231 - NADCON
.00336”
.00308”
0.103 m
0.084 m
THIS CORRESPONDS TO A POSITIONAL
DIFFERENCE OF 0.133m (0.44 ft)
COORDINATE COMPARISON
NAD 83 (1986) to NAD 83(1993)
NADCON
ADJUSTED vs. TRANSFORMED
Station: DERBY
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
28-46-06.37633 099-07-58.12014 - PUBLISHED
28-46-06.37639 099-07-58.11981 - NADCON
.00006”
.00033”
0.002 m
0.009 m
THIS CORRESPONDS TO A POSITIONAL
DIFFERENCE OF 0.009 m (0.03 ft)
GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS
GPS SURVEY DATA
OBSERVE TO NATIONAL STANDARDS
TIES TO CORS, HARN and LOCAL BMs
QUALITY MONUMENTATION
GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS
“CLASSICAL”
Lots of control points spaced at regular intervals
(1-3 miles)
“CONTEMPORARHY”
CORS and Monumentation as needed
GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS
CLASSICAL
GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS
21st CENTURY
“CLASSICAL” GPS NETWORKS
PROS
• Monumentation usually established in only 1 or 2 GPS
survey campaigns
• Complete coverage
• No time lag for users access to control
CONS
• Large initial cost
• Continual network maintenance
• Monumentation destroyed or disturbed before they’re used
“CONTEMPORARHY” GPS NETWORKS
PROS
• Minimal “permanent” monumentation
• Project control established when and where needed
• Costs spread over time
CONS
• Qualified staff to coordinate user requirements
• Time lag to establish project control
GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS
GPS SURVEY DATA
“BLUE - BOOK” SUBMISSION OF DATA FOR
INCLUSION IN NSRS
OR
DATA MAINTAINED AT THE LOCAL LEVEL
GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS
“BLUE-BOOK”
PROS
DATA MAINTAINED IN NSRS IN PERPETUTITY
UNIVERSAL DATA ACCESS VIA NGS WEB SITE
“GOOD HOUSEKEEPING SEAL OF APPROVAL”
CONS
INCREASED INITIAL COST (15 - 20%)
SLIGHT INCREASE IN INITIAL DATA PROCESSING TIME
GPS NETWORKS TO SUPPORT GIS
LOCAL MAINTENANCE
PROS
DECREASED INITIAL SURVEY COSTS
LOCAL CONTROL OF ALL DATA
CONS
READJUSTMENTS TO FUTURE REFERENCE FRAME CHANGES
MUST BE DONE AT THE LOCAL LEVEL
DATA MAY BE DIFFICULT TO LOCATE FOR “NON-LOCALS”
GOOD COORDINATION BEGINS WITH
GOOD COORDINATES
GEOGRAPHY WITHOUT GEODESY IS A FELONY