Transcript Chapter 1:

Chapter 3:
Prenatal Development, Birth, and the
Newborn
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development,
Birth, and the Newborn
Chapter 3 has four modules:
Module 3.1 From Conception to Birth
Module 3.2 Influences on Prenatal
Development
Module 3.3 Happy Birthday!
Module 3.4 The Newborn
From Conception to Birth
Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1-2)
Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3-8)
Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9-38)
Module 3.1 From
Conception to
Birth
• What happens to
a fertilized egg in
the first 2 weeks
after conception?
• When do body
structures and
internal organs
emerge in
prenatal
development?
• When do body
systems begin to
function well
enough to support
life?
Module 3.2
Influences on
Prenatal
Development
Module 3.3
Happy
Birthday!
Module 3.4
The Newborn
Period of the Zygote
Key terms:
• Ovulation; fertilization, implantation, fallopian tube;
zygote, blastocyst; germ disc
Characteristics:
• 2 weeks duration; rapid division
Let’s look at the next slide to view this period
more closely.
Period of the Zygote
Period of the Embryo
Key terms:
• Embryo
• Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
• Amnion and amniotic fluid
• Umbilical cord
• Placenta
• Villi
Characteristics:
• Third to eighth weeks of prenatal development
• Differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs
Prenatal Structures
Period of the Fetus
Key Terms:
• Cerebral cortex
• Vernix
• Age of viability
Characteristics:
• From 9 weeks after conception to birth
• Increase in size
• Systems begin to function
Period of the Fetus
Fetal Behavior:
• Fetal movement
• Behavioral maturity of sense
• Changes during prenatal development
Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Regular check-ups
Healthy foods
No alcohol or caffeinated beverages
Exercise
Adequate diet
Influences on Prenatal
Development
General Risk Factors
Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs,
and Environmental Hazards
How Teratogens Influence
Prenatal Development
Prenatal Diagnosis and
Treatment
Module 3.2 Influences on
Prenatal Development
• How is prenatal
development influenced by
a pregnant woman’s
nutrition, the stress she
experiences while pregnant,
and her age?
Module 3.1
From
Conception to
Birth
• What is a teratogen, and
what specific diseases,
drugs, and environmental
hazards can be teratogens?
• How do teratogens affect
prenatal development?
• How can prenatal
development be monitored?
Can abnormal prenatal
development be corrected?
Module 3.3
Happy
Birthday!
Module 3.4
The
Newborn
General Risk Factors
•
Nutrition
•
Chronic stress
•
Mother’s age
Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs,
and Environmental Hazards
Teratogen: agent that causes abnormal
prenatal development
• Diseases passing through placenta directly or
attacking at birth (Table 3-1)
•
Potentially dangerous drugs (Table 3-2)
•
Environmental hazards (Table 3-3)
Did you hear that?
Is cell phone usage a potential
teratogen for pregnant women?
How Teratogens Influence
Prenatal Development
Impact of
teratogens
changes over
course of
prenatal
Impact of
development
teratogen
and depends
depends on
on dose
organism
genotype
Each
teratogen
affects a
specific
aspect (or
aspects) of
prenatal
development
Damage is
not always
evident at
birth
Let’s review the effects of teratogens
across prenatal development.
Prenatal Diagnosis and
Treatment
Diagnosis
• Ultrasound
• Amniocentesis
• Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Prenatal Diagnosis
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment
Treatment
• Fetal medicine
• Fetal surgery
Happy Birthday!
Labor and Delivery
Approaches to Childbirth
Adjusting to Parenthood
Birth Complications
Module 3.3 Happy
Birthday!
• What are the stages
in labor and
delivery?
Module 3.1
From
Conception
to Birth
Module 3.2
Influences on
Prenatal
Development
• What are “natural”
ways of coping with
the pain of
childbirth? Is
childbirth at home
safe?
• What are the effects
of postpartum
depression?
• What are some
complications that
can occur during
birth?
Module 3.4
The Newborn
Labor and Delivery
Labor is usually divided into three stages
Stage 1
• Starts
when
muscles
of uterus
contract
and
ends
when
cervix is
fully
enlarged
Stage 2
• Baby is
pushed
through
the birth
canal
Stage 3
• Placenta
is
expelled
Three Stages of Labor
Approaches to Childbirth
•
•
•
•
Prepared childbirth
Natural childbirth
Childbirth with doula
Choice of place of birth
Approaches to Childbirth
Childbirth classes
• Content
• Benefits
Adjusting to Parenthood
•
•
•
Reorganization of old routines
Physical and emotional reactions
Postpartum depression
Birth Complications
•
•
•
•
•
Hypoxia
Cephalopelvic disproportion
Irregular position
Preeclampsia
Prolapsed umbilical cord
Birth Complications
•
•
Prematurity
Low birth weight
True or False?
Infant mortality is relatively low in the United
States compared to other industrialized
countries.
Let’s look at these rates around the world.
Infant Mortality Rates
The Newborn
Assessing the Newborn
The Newborn’s Reflexes
Newborn States
Perception and Learning in
the Newborn
Module 3.4 The
Newborn
Module 3.1
From
Conception
to Birth
Module 3.2
Influences on
Prenatal
Development
Module 3.3
Happy
Birthday!
• How do we
determine if a baby is
healthy and adjusting
to life outside the
uterus?
• How do reflexes help
newborns interact
with the world?
• What behavioral
states are observable
in newborns?
• How well do
newborns experience
the world? Can they
learn from
experience?
Assessing the Newborn
•
•
Apgar score (Table 3-5)
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
(NBAS)
The Newborn’s Reflexes
Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact
with the world
• Survival reflexes
• Protective reflexes
• Foundational reflexes
Newborn States: Primary
Four primary states
•
•
•
•
Alert inactivity
Waking activity
Crying
Sleeping
Newborn States: Cries
Three distinctive types of cries
• Basic
• Mad
• Pain
Newborn States: Sleep
•
Developmental change in sleep-wake cycle
•
Types of sleep (REM/non-REM)
•
Co-sleeping
Back to Sleep Campaign
Perception and Learning in the
Newborn
All the basic perceptual processes
are operating at birth
Newborns can see, hear, taste,
smell, and feel
Newborns can also learn and
remember