Transcript 投影片 1 - HKEdCity
HISTORY PROJECT **
The attempts of the Nanjing government :
In diplomatically , it tried to obtain the equal status with the foreign powers .
- It regained some of foreign concessions eg ,the Belgian concession at Tianjin was recovered.
- It abolished the unequal treaties .
- It cancelled the extra-territorial rights In social ,it improved people’s living .
- It started the New Life Movement to revive national spirit .It promoted ‘manners ,justice,integrity and honour’ .
- It prohibited the drugs .
The attempts of the Nanjing government :
In economical, it improved the economy.
- It introduced the currency reform .It nationalized silver and introduced a new paper money .
- It built many Chinese-owned factories such as cotton weaving and flour production .
- It developed the agriculture .It carried out the land reforms and set up cooperatives .
- It improved the communication and transportation. The Ministry of Railways were established , the ferry system was developed and modern airlines were initiated .
- It developed the national construction .
- It set up some laws , eg .a civic code was passed in 1929 .
In political
,it established a republican government .
Sun reorganized GMD and expanded ‘Three People’ s Principles’.
- It ruled as the military rule and from military rule to political tutelage. - The Nanjing government divided its power into 5 ‘ yuans’ : The Executive Yuan, the Legislative Yuan,the Judical Yuan,the Control Yuan and the Examination Yuan .
In education and culture ,
- It promoted free education to the people .
- It set up a national system .A large number of universities and colleges were built .Then more people received education .
- It developed culture ,eg. set up a library in Beijing and introduced the first batch of simplified Chinese characters .
Why did the Qing initiate the Late Qing Reforms?
At that time ,most of the Chinese were peasants in villages. In 1900,China faced both the internal and external problems.The peasants were subject to heavy rents and taxation .They led a poor life,then lots of them rebelled and against the Qing. So they started the uprising, eg. the Taiping Uprising and the Boxer Uprising. Apart from this , the foreign invasion was also a main reason.China was defeated in thewars and she forced to pay a high indemnity and signed the unequal treaties.
The attempts of the Late Qing Reform :
In constitutional reforms__ -It sent the mission to the foreign countries to study the constitutional systems .
-It set up a cabinet to control the military authority .
In administrative reforms__ -It established new ministries to replace the old Six Boards .
In judical reforms In militay reforms provinces.
In social reforms smoking.
__ -It drafted a commercial law .
__ ___ -Itabolished the military examinations.
-It set up the military schools in each of the -The Beiyang army was established.
In education reforms __ -It abolished the eight-legged essay.
-It abolished the old civil service examination .
-It sent thousands of studentd to study aboard.
-It prohibited foot-binding, slavery and opium-
In economic reforms __ -It built a national network of railways .
-It encouraged to set up the industries.
The comparison of the Late Qing Reform and the reforms carried out by the Nanjing government
Both of them were very comprehensive and similar to each other .the difference is the Nanjing government had carried out the diplomatical reforms but Qing had not .Both of them had limitations and achievements .But Late Qing Reforms was to prolong the Qing rule and the reforms by Nanjing government was really to strengthen China .But both of them were failed at last .
conclusion
Both the Late Qing Reforms and the reforms by the Nanjing government had limitations and achievements .This means that they were not consummate .The limitations of the reforms lead to the failures and the effects on China .But some of achievements brought China some advantages ,eg ,the education reforms,a lot of Chinese increased the desire of learning .in economic reforms ,industries were developed in China ,etc.