WORK & MACHINES

Chapter 5

Section 1

WORK

 Work is the transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move

Doing Work

 2 conditions must be satisfied for work to be done on an object:  the applied force must make the object move  the movement must be in the same direction as the applied force

Is She Doing Work?

 Think about the 2 conditions. Think about the definition of a force.

Work and Energy

 How are they related?

 When work is done, a transfer of energy always occurs.

 Think about carrying a heavy box up the stairs…  When height of object above Earth’s surface increases, the PE of the object also increases  Transfer of energy from moving muscles to the box and increased its PE by increasing its height  ENERGY IS THE ABILITY TO DO WORK!

Calculating Work

 Equation  W= F x d  Remember!

 Work is equal to force times distance  Work is measured in joules (J)  Distance is in meters (m)  Force is in Newtons (N)

Calculating Work

 Example  You push a refrigerator with a force of 100 N. If you move the refrigerator a distance of 5 m, how much work do you do?

 W = F x d  W = 100N x 5m  W= 500Nm or 500 J

Now You Try…

 A force of 75 N is exerted on a 45-kg couch and the couch is moved 5 m. How much work is done in moving the couch?

 W= F x d  W= 75N x 5m  W= 375 Nm or 375J

Now You Try…

 A lawn mower is pushed with a force of 80N. If 12,000 J of work are done in mowing a lawn, what is the total distance the lawn mower was pushed?

 W= F x d  d = W/F  d= 12,000J/80N  d = 150 m

Now You Try…

 The brakes on a car do 240,000 J of work in stopping the car. If the car travels a distance of 50 m while the brakes are being applied, what is the total force the brakes exert on the car?

 W= F x d  F = W/d  F= 240,000J/50m  F= 4,800 N

POWER

 The amount of work done in one second  It is a rate – the rate at which work is done!

Let’s Say…

 You and Sally are pushing boxes of books up a ramp to load them onto a truck. To make the job more fun, you make a game of it, racing to see who can push a box up the ramp faster.

 The boxes weigh the same  Sally is able to push the box up the ramp in 30s  You are able to push the box up the ramp in 45s  You both do the same amount of work  Who has more power? You or Sally? Why?

Calculating Power

 Equation  P = W/t  Remember!

 Power is equal to work divided by time  Power is measured in watts  Watts are joules/second

Calculating Power

 Example:  You do 900 J of work in pushing a sofa. If it takes 5 s to move the sofa, what was your power?

 P (in watts) = W (in joules)/ t (in seconds)  P= 900 J/5 s  P = 180 J/s or 180W

Now You Try…

 To lift a baby from a crib, 50 J of work are done. How much power is needed if the baby is lifted in 0.5s?

 P = W/t  P = 50J / 0.5s

 P = 100 J/s or 100W

Now You Try…

 If a runner’s power is 130 W, how much work is done by the runner in 10 minutes?

 P = W/t  W = Pt  W = (130 J/s)(10 min)(60s/1min)  W = 78,000 J

Now You Try…

 The power produced by an electric motor is 500 W. How long will it take the motor to do 10,000 J of work?

 P = W/t  T = W/P  T = 10,000 J / 500 J/s  T = 20 s

Power and Energy

 Doing work is a way of transferring energy from one object to another  Power is the rate at which energy is being transferred (just as power is the rate at which work is done)

Calculating Energy Transfer

 Equation  Power (in watts) = energy transferred (joules) time (seconds) OR…  P = E t

Section 2

What is a machine?

 A machine is a device that makes doing work easier.

 Examples:  Knives  Scissors  Doorknobs  Can you think of some other machines?

Making Work Easier

 Machines can make work easier by  increasing the force that can be applied to an object  increasing the distance over which a force can be applied  changing the direction of an applied force

Making Work Easier (W = Fxd)

 Increasing force  A car jack is an example of a machine that increases an applied force  The upward force is greater than the downward force  The work done by the jack is not greater than the work you do on the jack  The jack increases the applied force, but it doesn’t increase the work done

Your force Distance you push Distance jack moves Force exerted by jack

Making Work Easier (W = Fxd)

 Force and distance  The work done in lifting an object depends on the change in height of the object  The same amount of work is done whether you push something up a long ramp or lift it straight up  If work stays the same and the distance is increased, then the less force will be needed to do work

Height Distance

Making Work Easier (W = Fxd)

 Changing direction  Some machines change the direction of the force that is applied to them in another way  The wedge-shaped blade of an ax is one example  The blade changes the downward force into a horizontal force

Applied force Resulting force

The Work Done by Machines

 The Flow of Work  Example: Try to pry the lid off a wooden crate  By moving handle downward, you do work on the crowbar  As the crowbar moves it does work on the lid, lifting it up  You are trying to move something that resists being moved  In this example, your working against the friction between the nails in the lid and the crate

The Work Done by Machines

 Input and Output Forces  Input force- the force that is applied to the machine ( )  Output force- the force applied by the machine ( )

The Work Done by Machines

 2 kinds of work need to be considered when you use a machine…  Input work- work done by you on a machine ( )  Output work- work done by the machine ( )

The Work Done by Machines

 Conserving energy  Energy cannot be created or destroyed  Energy transferred from machine to object  A machine cannot create energy, so is never greater than  Some of the energy is transferred into heat

The Work Done by Machines



Ideal Machines

 Perfect machine  energy lost so… no friction  no input work = output work

The Work Done by Machines

 Example: Suppose a hammer claw moves a distance of 1 cm to remove a nail. If an output force of 1,500 N is exerted by the claw of the hammer, and you move the handle of the hammer 5 cm. What is the input force?

= = (0.05 m) = (1,500 N)(0.01m) (0.05 m) = (15 Nm) Because the distance you move the hammer is longer than the distance the hammer moves the nail, the input force is less than the output force.

= 300 N

Mechanical Advantage

 The ratio of the output force to the input force  The MA of a machine can be calculated using this equation:  MA = _______  The mechanical advantage of a machine without friction is called the ideal mechanical advantage, or IMA

Efficiency

 Measure of how much of the work put into a machine is changed into useful output work by the machine  Efficiency (%) = output work (in joules) x 100% input work (in joules)  Machines can be made more efficient by reducing friction, i.e. adding lubricant