Transcript Document

Hello, Everyone!
Part I
Review
Review questions
1 . In what ways can
consonants be classified?
2. In what ways can
vowels be classified?
English
English
Part II
New Content
2.3
Phonology
2.3.1 Phonology and Phonetics
1. Phonetics: it is interested in all
the speech sounds used in all
human languages: phonetic
features they possess, how they
can be classified, etc.
2. Phonology: it aims to discover
how speech sounds in a language
form patterns and how these
sounds are used to convey
meaning in linguistic
communication.
2.3.2 Phone, Phoneme, and
Allophone
1. Phone: a phonetic unit or
segment, some distinguish
meaning, some don’t
2. Phoneme: an abstract
phonological unit of distinctive
value that is represented or
realized by a certain phone
3. Allophones: the different phones
which can represent a phoneme in
different phonetic environments
2.3.3 Phonemic contrast,
complementary distribution, and
minimal pair
1. Phonemic contrast: two phonetically
sounds that are distinctive phonemes
2. Complementary distribution: the
allophones of the same phoneme are
said to be in complementary
distribution because they do not
distinguish meaning, but complement
each other in distribution, I.e. they
occur in different phonetic
environments.
Minimal pair
Minimal pair: When two different forms
are identical in every way except for
one sound segment which occurs in the
same place in the string, the two sound
combinations are said to form a minimal
pair
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/;
dill/gill
/p, b, t, d, k, g/
Cut/but; big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal set
Minimal set: When more than two
different forms are identical in
every way except for one sound
segment which occurs in the same
place in the string, all the many
sound combinations are said to
form a minimal set
Beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait,
bite,boar
2.3.4 Some rules in phonology
1. Sequential rules
2. Assimilation rule
3. Deletion rule
2.3.5 Suprasegmental features
1. Stress
2. Tone
3. Intonation
Homework
1. Review.
1. Review
2. Prepare L 16
2. P31, Ex. 7-10 (oral)
3. Prepare Chapter 3