Transcript Using Graphs Powerpoint

Bar Chart
Used to show discrete, or discontinuous,
data e.g.
• percentage of the population using different types of
transport
• Frequency of a particular genotype in the population
• Number of hospitals using specific antibiotics
DDD is daily defined
dose of each type of
antibiotic.
Belgium (BE), Denmark (DK),
Greece (GR), Finland (FI),
France (FR), Luxembourg (LU),
Sweden (SE), Estonia (EE),
Hungary (HU), Malta (MT),
Poland (PL), Slovakia (SK),
Slovenia (SI), Croatia (HR) and
Norway (NO).
Vander Stichele et al, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (2006) 58, 159–167
(A–C) The following holistic
impressions about each site's
portrayal of the indications, risks,
benefits, and readiness of the
therapy offered were measured:
determinacy of indications (i.e., the
extent to which indications were
well bounded and specific, as
opposed to open-ended or vague),
relevance (i.e., the extent to which
the risk or benefit is likely in
frequency or dramatic in
magnitude), and readiness, (i.e.,
the extent to which the therapy is
ready for general clinical access,
as opposed to restricted access in
the context of a trial protocol only).
VC, very clear, bounded; SC,
somewhat clear, bounded; SI,
somewhat unclear, indeterminate;
VI, very unclear, indeterminate.
Figure 1.
Impressions Conveyed by Websites' Portrayals of Stem Cell
Therapies
Lau et al., Cell Stem Cell 3, Dec 4, 2008
Reported Road Casualties Great Britain 2009. ISBN 978 0 11553 162 0
Time-series graph
A line graph with time on the horizontal axis
and the variable being measured on the
vertical axis e.g.
•
•
•
Reduction in infection rates in a hospital over 5 years
Increase in use of biofuels each month
Change in the number of households with two cars
They can also be used to compare two
variables over time.
DeKosky et al., JAMA, Nov 19, 2008 – Vol 300, No.19
The National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register, 2006 Annual report
Figure 1. Food Supply, Intake and waste in America.
(A) The average adult body weight (Δ) as measured by the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey. (B). Per capita U.S. food availability unadjusted (○) and adjusted for
wastage (▪) according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The solid curve
represents the mathematical model prediction of average food intake change (dashed curves
indicate±95% confidence intervals).
Hall KD, Guo J, Dore M, Chow CC, 2009 The Progressive Increase of Food Waste in America and Its
Environmental Impact. PLoS ONE 4(11): e7940.
Forest plot
Used to show the relative effectiveness of different
treatments from different scientific studies. Often used
in meta-analysis of results of randomised controlled
trials, observational and other studies.
An odds ratio can be used to show the measure of the
effect.
They may use a logarithmic scale to show results more
clearly.
The area of each point is usually proportional to that
study’s weight in the analysis.
Fig 4 Forest plot of randomised controlled trials of peppermint oil versus placebo in irritable
bowel syndrome.
Ford A C et al. BMJ 2008;337:bmj.a2313
©2008 by British Medical Journal Publishing Group
Figure 1. Forest plot of smoking and multiple sclerosis risk (conservative model).
Handel AE, Williamson AJ, Disanto G, Dobson R, Giovannoni G, et al. 2011 Smoking
and Multiple Sclerosis: An Updated Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 6(1): e16149
Figure 1. 1 Forest Plot of the association between birth weight and total physical activity
ES – effect size, SES Socioeconomic status.
Ridgway CL, Brage S, Sharp SJ, Corder K, Westgate KL, et al. 2011 Does Birth Weight Influence Physical Activity in Youth? A
Combined Analysis of Four Studies Using Objectively Measured Physical Activity. PLoS ONE 6(1): e16125.
Pie Chart
• A circular chart divided into sections, with
each section representing proportion /
percentage.
Figure 4. Gut bacteria
composition.
The pie chart shows the distribution
of gut bacteria obtained by
searching RDP browser. Others
are: Spirochaetes, Fusobacteria,
Deferribacteres, Cyanobacteria,
Planctomycetes, Lentisphaerae,
TM7 and Tenericutes. Of the
thirteen phyla, the Firmicutes and
Bacteroidetes occupy 65% and
30% of the pie, respectively, while
the rest eleven phyla take up 5%.
Yang X, Xie L, Li Y, Wei C, 2009 More than 9,000,000 Unique Genes in Human Gut Bacterial
Community: Estimating Gene Numbers Inside a Human Body. PLoS ONE 4(6): e6074.
The National Down Syndrome Cytogenetic Register, 2006 Annual report
The 2010 UK Radioactive Waste Inventory. ISBN: 978-1-905985-21-0
Box and whisker plot
Used to display information about the data
including the range, the median and the
quartile points.
It can be very useful if the range of data is
not spread evenly around the mean.
Fig 5. Average scores of
the six-item xerostomia
questionnaire in twodimensional radiation
therapy (2DRT) and
intensity-modulated
radiation therapy (IMRT)
arms at various time point
post-treatment. Positive
score indicates
improvement and negative
score indicates
deterioration. Spread of
data denoted by box
whiskers plot: box limits
represent 25 and 75
percentiles, line within box
median, whisker ends 1
and 99 percentiles;
comparison of means
denoted in inserts.
Kim et al.,Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 25, No 31 (November 1), 2007: pp. 4873-4879
Figure 2. Protein levels in female
genital tract secretions collected
by swabs and cervicovaginal
lavages (CVL).
Female genital tract secretions
were collected by Dacron swabs
(DS) and flocked swabs (FS) from
the vagina and the endocervix
(cervix) and by CVL using
Normosol-R, saline, or water.
Protein levels were determined
using the Bradford assay. Data are
presented as box and whisker
plots where the median is the
horizontal line through the vertical
box which represents the 25–75th
percentiles. Values within the 10–
90th percentiles are represented
by the error bars. Outliers are
shown by filled circles.
Dezzutti CS, Hendrix CW, Marrazzo JM, Pan Z, Wang L, et al. 2011 Performance of Swabs, Lavage, and
Diluents to Quantify Biomarkers of Female Genital Tract Soluble Mucosal Mediators. PLoS ONE 6(8):
e23136.
Figure 3. Box-and-whisker plots showing the monthly variation in population density of
mosquito Ae. vigilax from 1991–2005.
Monthly values show the median, 10 and 90 percentiles, and the minimum and maximum observations.
Yang G-J, Brook BW, Bradshaw CJA, 2009 Predicting the Timing and Magnitude of Tropical Mosquito Population Peaks
for Maximizing Control Efficiency. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3(2): e385.
Scatterplot to show correlation
Used to display two variables for a set of
data. May be used to show a correlation
between the data e.g.
– lung capacity and number of cigarettes smoked
– Ground cover and species of invertebrates
Figure 3. Associations between ANS accuracy (total percent correct scores adjusted for display time
and age at testing) and either mathematics or language scores (each adjusted for age and grade at
testing). The blue line represents the line of best fit for the data.
Mazzocco MMM, Feigenson L, Halberda J, 2011 Preschoolers' Precision of the Approximate
Number System Predicts Later School Mathematics Performance. PLoS ONE 6(9): e23749.
Figure 3. Correlation between amygdala activation and associative memory performance.
A. shows the graph illustrates the inverse correlation between correct response rate of negative word - face pairs and the
contrast estimates during encoding of negative word - face pairs in the region of interest. B. shows the graph illustrates
the positive correlation between correct response rate of positive word - face pairs and the contrast estimates during
encoding of positive word - face pairs in the region of interest.
Okada G, Okamoto Y, Kunisato Y, Aoyama S, Nishiyama Y, et al. 2011 The Effect of Negative
and Positive Emotionality on Associative Memory: An fMRI Study. PLoS ONE 6(9): e24862.
Figure 1. Number of journals that have published different numbers of papers that have been among the
100 most-cited in a scientific field in the last decade.
The graph does not show outlying Science and Nature.
Ioannidis JPA, 2006 Concentration of the Most-Cited Papers in the Scientific Literature: Analysis of Journal
Ecosystems. PLoS ONE 1(1): e5.
Graphs to show relative risks/odds ratio
These data are calculations which researchers use to
compare two different conditions in their experiment.
They are calculated according to different formula.
Simplistically they are ratios of the probability of an event
occurring in the treatment (or exposed) group compared
with a non-treatment (or non-exposed) group.
Data are often presented showing confidence intervals,
error bars or statistical deviation.
Figure 1. Hazard ratios (95% confidence
intervals) for fatal ischaemic heart disease
associated with the combined influence of
leisure-time physical activity level and weekly
alcohol intake among 11914 men and women
(1242 cases). Adjusted for age, smoking
habits, body mass index, education, marital
status and pre-existing diabetes. The reference
group is those who are physically inactive and
non-drinkers.
Pederson et al., European Heart Journal (2008) 29, 1–9
This figure displays the
relative risk (odds ratio
estimate) as horizontal
rectangular bars for the
risk of children having
specific language
impairment (SLI) by
parent's level of
education (reference:
college graduate or
more, 16+ years).
http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/vsl/sli.htm 13.9.11
Fully adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of hypertension associated to a estimated 5
dB(A) increase in traffic noise by age, sex, country of birth, sleeping and resting problems due to
traffic noise, difficulties paying bills and number of years living in the same residence.
Bodin et al. Environmental Health 2009 8:38