Guide to APA ( 6th Edition )

Transcript Guide to APA ( 6th Edition )

Guide to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Special Education Program at SUNY New Paltz

APA Tutorial

 This Powerpoint presentation is designed to provide you with the basics of APA format and other general writing guidelines. It is not to be considered a comprehensive source. For complete APA requirements, refer to the APA publication manual (6 Writing Lab. th Edition). You also may want to consult the resources provided at the end of this tutorial, such as the Purdue Online

Finding Sources

Peer-reviewed Articles

“Peer-reviewed or refereed journals are publications that have their submitted articles evaluated by outside experts (peers) in the subject area (Bachand & Sawallis, 2003, p. 40).”

Locating Peer-reviewed Articles via Library Databases

1. Go to library databases on the New Paltz library website.

2. Search by subject and select education .

3. Select an education database such as Education Research Complete .

4. Perform a key word search: Use key words or phrases that relate to your topic.

Make sure to go to check the box marked “Scholarly (Peer-reviewed) Journals” on the search page

Now You Try

Go to library databases . Search by subject and select education .

Click on Education Research Complete .

Enter “positive behavioral support” and “elementary school” in two separate boxes for the key word search.

Check the box marked “Scholarly (Peer reviewed) Journals” on the search page.

Click search.

Sample Databases

Education



Education Research Complete



ERIC (EBSCO) Multi-subject



Academic Search Complete



Sage Premier



JSTOR

Locating Peer-reviewed Articles via Journals

If you already know the name of a journal 1.

Go to library journals on the library homepage.

Type the name of the journal in the search.

Then, you can search for an article by title or by a key word search.

Now You Try

Example

Go to library journals on the library homepage.

Search for the journal title “Exceptional Children” in the search bar. Now you can search for an article title . “Using Principles of Behavior Modification to Teach Behavior Modification”

Use the listed databases that contain the journal and do a key word search .

Example

“Behavior modification”

Locating Peer-reviewed Articles via Journals

If you do not know the name of a journal 1.

Go to library homepage.

Browse journals by subject .

Select “ Social sciences ” then Education general or Education special topics Then search within the journal of your choice.

Sample Scholarly Journals

           Evaluation & Research in Education Teacher Education & Special Education Exceptional Children Journal of Educational Research Journal of Special Education Journal of Learning Disabilities Learning Disability Quarterly Journal of Research and Practice in Special Education Teaching Exceptional Children Intervention in School and Clinic Disability Studies Quarterly

Database Generated Citations Caution: Database generated APA citations are NOT correct

◦

You must consult APA guidelines

◦

See example on next slide

Database Generated Citations Example

Database generated: Gresham, F. M. (1984). Social S kills and S elf E fficacy for E xceptional C hildren. Exceptional Children , 51 (3), 253-261. Retrieved from EBSCO host .

Correct citation: Gresham, F. M. (1984). Social s kills and s elf e fficacy for e xceptional c hildren. Exceptional Children , 51 (3), 253-261. doi:10.1108 Note: APA 6 th edition does not require listing the database source (APA, 2010, p. 192) Must list DOI if available (see slide no. 33)

Learning the Basics of APA Style

Basics

      Double space entire paper including headings Two spaces after end punctuation in sentences (recommended) Use 10 pt to 12 pt Times New Roman or similar font 1 inch margins all around Indent paragraphs ½ inch Number pages consecutively beginning with the title page (Angeli et al., 2010)

Voice and Point of View

Example

 Use an active voice not a passive voice The participant stated… not …The participants were asked

Example

 Use third person point of view instead of first person point of view.

The study supported ... not ….I found out …… ◦ However, this depends on the journal and/or the instructor. If in doubt, ask your instructor.

( American Psychological Association [APA], 2010, pg. 77)

Language

 Use clear and concise language: avoid interpretive language  Studies do not prove, they support ◦ Do not say, “This study proved that ...” ◦ Instead say, “The study showed ...”  Use simple, descriptive adjectives and plain language (APA, 2010, pg 65-67)

Avoiding Bias in Language

• • • • Describe at the appropriate level of specificity.

Not specific: over 15 years of age Specific: 15- to 20-year-olds Be sensitive to labels.

Refer to people in a culturally sensitive manner that reflects their cultural preferences.

Acknowledge participation.

State “The children completed the survey…” instead of “The survey was administered to the children…” (APA, 2010, p. 71-73)

Avoiding Bias: Disabilities

 Do not focus on disability unless it is crucial to a story.

 Put people first, not their disability.

Example

a child with a learning disability

not

a learning disabled child  Emphasize abilities, not limitations. Do not use negative language.

Example

not

write: Suffers from ______ Instead write: A child with _______ (APA, 2010, p. 73)

Subject/Pronoun Agreement

  The student (singular)….his/her (singular) Students (plural)……their (plural) To avoid gender bias use the plural form (students)  The teacher who ……. NOT…The teacher that (A teacher is a person, not an object. ) (Onwuegbuzie, Combs, Slate, & Frels, 2009)

Subject/Verb Agreement

 Your subject and verb must agree in number (singular and plural).

The words data and phenomena are plural.

Example

Correct: The data indicate that…..

Incorrect: The data indicates that….

Example

Correct: The phenomena occur….

Incorrect: The phenomena occurs….

(APA, 2010, p. 79)

Grammar: Since vs. Because

• Use “since” to refer only to time

Example

• Three years have passed

since

study.

the beginning of the

Example

• Use “because” right before an explanation of something • The student had difficulty with reading comprehension proficiency.

because

of his/her limited English (APA, 2010, p. 84)

Grammar: While vs. Although

• Use “while” for simultaneous events only!

Example

The participants completed the survey while at school. • Use “although” to show contrast of ideas

Example

Although these findings support _____, the results are not typical. (APA, 2010, p. 84)

Numbers Expressed in Numerals

Use numerals to express:  All numbers 10 and above Example 25 years old  Numbers preceding a unit of measurement Example a 5-mg dose  Fractions, decimals, percentages, ratios, percentiles & quartiles Examples a ratio of 16:1 the 5 th percentile  Time, dates, ages, scores and points on a scale Examples 1 hour 15 minutes scored 5 on a 8-point scale (APA, 2010, p. 111-112)

Numbers Expressed in Words

 Use words to express numbers below 10  Use words anytime a number begins a sentence, title, or heading  Common fractions

Example

one fifth of the class (APA, 2010, pg.112)

Formatting

Four Sections

  Ask instructor about assignment requirements.

An APA paper may include four major sections: Title Page Abstract Main Body References

Title Page Header

 The title page header includes: “Running Head” in a mixture of capital and lowercase letters followed by the title of the paper in all capital letters aligned to the left. At the far right of the page header is the page number (numbered consecutively).

Running Head: APA FORMAT 1 (Note: The title page header includes “Running Head” and is different than the other pages) (Angeli et al., 2010)

Page Header

Page header is noted on the top of every page

 Every page

after

the title page has a page header that includes the title of the paper in all capital letters aligned to the left and the page number (numbered consecutively) aligned to the right APA FORMAT 2 (Angeli et al., 2010)

Running head

Title Page

Running head: APA FORMAT 1 Page number Title of paper Author’s name Institutional Affiliation APA Format Kathleen Golly State University of New York at New Paltz

(APA, 2010, p. 41)

Abstract

 Page header: TITLE OF PAPER 2  “Abstract” (centered, at the top of the page)  Brief (between 150 and 250 words) summary of your paper  Accurate, concise, and specific language.

* Ask course instructor if abstract is required *

(APA, 2010, pg. 41)

Headings

  Different levels of headings Use consecutively Level 1 Format

Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings

Left-aligned, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Headings

Indented, boldface, lowercase heading with period.

Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase heading with period.

indented, italicized, lowercase heading with period.

(APA, 2010, p. 62)

Sample Headings

Methods

(Level 1)

Site of Study

(Level 2)

Participant Population

(Level 2)

Teachers.

(Level 3)

Students.

(Level 3)

Results

(Level 1)

Spatial Ability

(Level 2)

Test one.

(Level 3)

Teachers with training

(Level 4) (Angeli et al., 2010)

Citing Sources

Plagiarism

“Plagiarism is the representation, intentional or unintentional, of someone else's words or ideas as one's own” (State University of New York at New Paltz, n.d., para 4).

Penalties for Plagiarism

Plagiarizing is a form of larceny punishable by a fine and may result in academic disciplinary action. “The academic penalty may range, for instance, from a reprimand accompanied by guidance about how to avoid plagiarism in the future to failure for the course (State University of New York at New Paltz, n.d., para 5).”

How to Avoid Plagiarism

• • • • • You must correctly cite the use of another person’s words or ideas in your paper. You must cite all direct quotes, paraphrases, and the use of other people’s ideas in your paper. If you use only an author’s ideas and change the words, you must clearly identify the source of the ideas. For more information on the New Paltz Academic Integrity Policy, visit

http://www.newpaltz.edu/ugc/policies_integrity.html

For more information on types of plagiarism and how to avoid plagiarism, visit

http://library.newpaltz.edu/assistance/plag.html

(State University of New York at New Paltz, n.d.)

In-text Citations: Paraphrases

 You must cite anything that is not your original idea or words  Cite all paraphrases in the body of your paper (Author’s last name, year).

Example

The study supported the finding that children learn best through multisensory approaches (Smith, 2002). Punctuation mark outside parentheses (APA, 2010, p. 170-171)

In-text Citations: Direct Quotes

   You must cite anything that is not your original idea or words.

Cite all direct quotes in the body of your paper.

Write a lead-in phrase for direct quotes.

Lead in phrase “__________” (Last name, year, p. #). OR Lead in phrase Last name (year) “_________________” (p. #).

 Do not start a sentence with a direct quote.

Example

According to Smith (2000) “___________”(p. 15).

(APA, 2010, p. 171-172)

Direct Quote Formatting Examples

Include page number Smith (2002) stated “___________”(p. 11).

Children learn best by “______________” (Smith, 2002, p.11). Include page number

Citation right after quote Children learn best through “______” (Smith, 2002, p. 11) and hands-on learning experiences.

Direct Quotes: Forty Words or Less



Use quotation marks



Keep the quote within the paragraph

Example

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources" (p.199). (Angeli et al., 2010)

Direct Quotes: Forty Words or More

     No quotation marks Indent entire quote ½ inch from the left margin Do not indent the first line more than the rest of the quote Maintain double spacing Parenthetical citation comes after punctuation mark

Example

Jones' (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199) (Angeli et al., 2010)

In-text Citations

Type of citation First citation in text Subsequent citations in text Parenthetical format, first citation in text Parenthetical format, subsequent citations in text

One work by one author One work by two authors One work by three authors Walker (2007) Walker and Allen (2004) Gilsenan, Ramirez, and Smith (1999) Walker (2007) Walker and Allen (2004) Gilsenan et al. (1999) One work by four authors One work by five authors One work by six or more authors Groups (readily identified through abbreviation) as authors Groups (no abbreviation) as authors Gilsenan, Ramirez, Soo, and Smith (2008) Gilsenan, Ramirez, Hicks, Soo, and Smith (2003) Gilsenan et al. (2008) Gilsenan et al. (2003) Smith et al. (2005) Smith et al. (2005) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2003) NIMN (2003) University of Pittsburgh (2005) University of Pittsburgh (2005) (Angeli et al., 2010) (Walker, 2007) (Walker & Allen, 2004) (Gilsenan, Ramirez, & Smith, 1999) (Gilsenan, Ramirez, Soo, & Smith, 2008) (Gilsenan, Ramirez, Hicks, Soo, & Smith, 2003) (University of Pittsburgh, 2005) (Walker, 2007) (Walker & Allen, 2004) (Gilsenan et al., 1999) (Gilsenan et al., 2008) (Gilsenan et al., 2003) (Smith et al., 2005) (Smith et al., 2005) (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003) (NIMH, 2003) (University of Pittsburgh, 2005)

In-text Citations

• Remember to include page numbers for all direct quotes • For 1-2 authors: List both last names every time!

• • For 3-5 authors: List all last names the first time, then use the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” for subsequent entries For 6+ authors: List the first author’s last name and et al. (List all authors on the reference page)

In-text Citations: No Authors

Unknown author: Cite by the title. -Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined -Titles of articles , chapters , and web pages are in quotation marks. Example (“Behavior Management,” 2005).

Example

Organization as author: Write out the organization’s full name the first time with any abbreviation in brackets

Example

(National Education Association [NEA], 2011).

Subsequent citations: use abbreviation (NEA, 2011).

(Angeli et al., 2010)

Reference General Guidelines

 Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of an article or book title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.

Example

Social skills and self-efficacy for exceptional children Note: Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.

(Angeli et al., 2010)

Reference General Guidelines

 If multiple sources by the exact same author(s) list them by date (earliest first) on the reference page  Capitalize all major words in journal titles.

Example

Journal of Learning Disabilities

References

1. First: Decide what type of source it is 2. Next: Refer to Purdue Online Writing Lab or the APA manual (6 th Edition) 3. Locate sample citation and copy format exactly

1. Decide what type of source it is 2. Use the automatic citation feature of the database

AND

3. Adjust the citation based on the Purdue Online Writing Lab or the APA manual (6 th Edition)

Common Reference Examples

Basic Format for Books: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle . Location: Publisher .

Article from Database: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article. Journal Title, 8(3) , 120-125. doi: 000000001123 (Angeli et al., 2010)

Common Reference Examples

Newspaper Article Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper . Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ Nonperiodical Web Page Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document . Retrieved from http://Web address (See APA manual or Purdue OWL for more detailed explanations and additional reference types) (Angeli et al., 2010)

How to Cite DOIs

    DOI: Digital Object Identifier APA now requires that you cite DOIs when available. You do not need to cite the database from which the article was retrieved Some journal articles have DOIs and some do not

Example

Mosteller, F., Nave, B., & Miech, E. J. (2004). Why we need a structured abstract in education research.

Educational Researcher, 33

(1), 29-34. doi:10.1037/1054-5844.23.4

(APA, 2010, pg.188-192)

How to locate DOIs

 DOIs are usually located on the first page of an article often in the upper right hand corner near the copyright information.



Sage Premier

consistently lists DOIs on the title page of the journal article.

 If you cannot find the DOI, check the article title in the SAGE premier database and try to locate the DOI that way. (APA, 2010, pg. 189)

Now You Try

       Go to Sage Premier .

Browse journals by discipline . Click on education under social sciences.

Select The Journal of Special Education .

Search for “ CBM .” Locate the article The predictive validity of CBM writing indices for eighth-grade students. The DOI is located on the first page.

(see next slide)

The Journal of Special Education http://sed.sagepub.com/ ______________________________________________________

The Predictive Validity of CBM Writing Indices for Eighth-Grade Students

Janelle M. Amato and Marley W. Watkins

J Spec Educ

2011 44: 195 originally published online 27 March 2009 DOI: 10.1177/0022466909333516 The online version of this article can be found at: http://sed.sagepub.com/content/44/4/195 _____________________________________________________________ Published by: Hammill Institute on Disabilities and http://www.sagepublications.com

No DOIs

 Some articles do not have DOIs  If you accessed the article from an online periodical or online journal that is only available online and not in print, you should provide the website for the homepage of the journal.

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.

Title of Online

Example

Periodical, volume number

(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/  If you accessed the article from a database, you do not need to provide the website for the database.

Example

Mosteller, F., Nave, B., & Miech, E. J. (2004). Why we need a structured abstract in education research.

Educational Researcher, 33

(1), 29-34.

(Angeli et al., 2010)

Reference Page

 The reference list must be double-spaced, and entries should have a hanging indent (see example on next page)  Entries must be listed in alphabetical order  The word “References” should be centered at the top of the page (APA, 2010, p. 178)

Reference Page Sample

APA FORMAT 23 References American Psychological Association (2010).

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 6th ed

. Washington, DC:

Hanging indent

American Psychological Association.

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010).

APA format and styling guide

. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01 (Angeli et al., 2010)

Advanced APA

Tables vs. Figures

 A table shows numerical values or textual information “arranged in an orderly display of columns and rows” (APA, 2010, p. 125).

 A figure can be a chart, a photograph, a graph, a scatter plot, a drawing or any other illustration. (APA, 2010, p. 125).

Example: Table 1

Tables

Double space

Word list: Summary of performance

     Use

only

horizontal lines when needed for clarity Do

not

use vertical lines Title of table in italics Number tables consecutively May include a “note” under table if information is needed to understand table . (APA, 2010, p. 129) Grade 1 2 3 Sight 19 16 12 Analysis 0 1 4 Total Level 19 Independent 17 Instructional 16 Instructional

Note:

Sight indicates the number of words read correctly on the first try. Analysis indicates the number of missed words that were corrected when reread a second time. Total indicates the total number of words read correctly.

Figures

Example: Double space

Figure 1

Graphic Similarity of Substitution Miscues

Graphic Similarity of Miscues

•

Title of figure in italics

•

Number figures consecutively

•

Include a note at the bottom if information is needed for clarity

(Angeli et al., 2010) 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Beginning Middle

Graphic Similarity

End

Note

. This figure shows the graphic similarity in the beginning, middle, and end of substitution miscues .

Additional Resources

1. APA Formatting and Style Guide. Provides detailed explanation and examples of all components of APA.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ 2. Free tutorial on APA. Includes specific examples. http://www.apastyle.org/learn/index.aspx

3. Specific examples of references. Explains DOIs.

http://www.library.uncc.edu/display/?dept=reference&for mat=open page=1094

References

American Psychological Association (2010).

Publication manual of the American Psychological Association 6th ed

. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. (2010).

APA format and styling guide

. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01 Bachand, R. G., & Sawallis, P. P. (2003). Accuracy in the identification of scholarly and peer reviewed journals and the peer-review process across disciplines.

Serials Librarian

(2), 39-59. Retrieved from http://serialslibrarian.us/ Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Combs, J. P., Slate, J. R., & Frels, R. K. (2009). Editorial: Evidence-based guidelines for avoiding the most common APA errors in journal article submissions.

Research in the Schools

(2), 1. Retrieved from http://www.msstate.edu/ State University of New York at New Paltz (n.d.). Academic integrity. In

Academic policies and procedures.

Retrieved from http://www.newpaltz.edu/advising/policies_integrity.html