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The Air Movement and Control Association International
(AMCA) has met the standards and requirements of the
Registered Continuing Education Providers Program.
Credit earned on completion of this program will be
reported to RCEPP. A certificate of completion will be
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What Green Means to
the Air Movement and
Control Industry
(A Call to Sustainable Action)
Terry Townsend, P.E., FASHRAE
ASHRAE Presidential Member
October 16, 2008
Learning Objectives
At the end of this presentation you will be able to:
1.
Describe how sustainability is impacting the air
movement and control industry
2.
Learn how to optimize air movement and control
for sustainable design
3.
Learn how to better incorporate IAQ strategies in
your designs
4.
Describe how air movement and control is
incorporated in ASHRAE design guidance and
LEED
Why is a Call to Action
Needed?
The Air Movement and Control Industry is the
primary reason that an ideal green building with
optimal conditions for both its inhabitants and
the environment can exist. However, the biggest
impact that the Air Movement and Control
Industry may have on this planet is in delaying –
Tipping Points for:
• World’s Energy Crises
• World’s Environmental Crises
World’s Energy
• Bal. = 1 trillion barrels; peak production met;
2007 annual consumption = 29 billion
barrels
• Natural gas peak in U.S. (1973) and
declining at 5 percent year
• Coal – plentiful fossil fuel resource but
heavily subsidized by governments; GWP is
exceptionally high
World’s Environment
(UN-IPCC Three Working Group’s Reports)
WG-1 = trends: past to present
Pre-industrial revolution = < 250 PPM CO2
• Current level = 385 PPM CO2; 2 PPM/year
average increase
• Average global temperature increase =
0.6°C (1901-2000)
0.2°C (2000-2006)
WG-2 = Measurements/Observations
• 25% of coral reefs damaged/irreparable
• Gulf Stream at 75% of full flow
• Ocean temperature increase (2 miles depth)
• Ocean pH decrease/year ~ 0.1 units
• Greenland glaciers melt > 1 cubic mile/year
• Amazon rain forest reduction = 25+%
WG-3 = Projections and Impacts
(21st Century)
• Global temperature increase = 1.4°C
(aggressive CO2 reductions) to 5.8°C
(business-as-usual) over 20th Century’s
temperature increase
• Greenland melts = 23’ sea level increase
• Antarctica melts = 230’ sea level increase
• Amazon reduction of 30% = Savannah and
re-generation initiated
Latest Data on Climate Change
Kiel Institute for World Economy
“…The world is already at or above the IPCC worst
case scenarios in terms of CO2 emissions….”
National Academy of Science
“…In 2006 over 8.4 gigatons of CO2 were put into
the atmosphere from fossil fuels which equaled
the IPCC worst case prediction….”
International Energy Agency
“…If current emissions policies are not changed,
the world could warm 6°C by 2030…”
CO2 Targets for
a Sustainable Future
• IPCC’s goal (1992) for CO2 stabilization = 1.3
Kg CO2/person/day
• CO2 baseline measurements (2000):
World emissions = 8.9 Kg CO2/person/day
U.S. emissions = 58.7 Kg CO2/person/day
Comparing International Emissions Data
CO2 Targets for
a Sustainable Future
• Required CO2 emissions’ reduction to meet
IPCC’s goal = 85%
• Target U.S. emissions = 8.8 Kg
CO2/person/day
• This would limit global warming to 2°C by 2050
(EU’s target)
•
Increased global temperature  Increased
“Carbon Cycle Feedbacks”
+2°C (EU’s Target)
• 4 billion people – water shortages; heat waves
greater than 2003
…....Carbon Cycle Feedbacks…….
• Greenland irreversible melting millions of
tons of CO2 release
• West Siberian peat melt = 70 billion tons of
methane release (73 years of manmade CO2)
+2°C (EU’s Target)
…….Carbon Cycle Feedbacks…….
• Arctic Circle permafrost warming and begins
release of methane
• 1/3 of plant and animal species become extinct
• 70% chance of 3°C increase
• 30% chance of 4°C increase
“We are on the precipice of climate system
tipping points beyond which there is no
redemption.”
James Hansen, Director, NASA Goddard Institute
for Space Studies
“In the past, if we got things wrong and
wrecked our environment, we could pack
up and move somewhere else. Migration
has always been one of our species’ great
survival strategies. Now we have nowhere
else to go. No new frontier. We have only
one atmosphere; only one planet.”
Fred Pearce, With Speed and Violence
Why Should We Care?
• Buildings consume:
• 40% of all energy
used and 70% of
electrical energy use
• 17% of all fresh water
• 25% of wood
produced
Why Should We Care?
• Buildings produce 33% of CO2 emissions
• Buildings generate 30% of all landfill waste
• Architects, engineers and AMCA members can
effectively reduce the effects of mankind on the
environment and climate change, and our
dependency on fossil fuels
Why Should AMCA Care?
• Fan Energy = 40% of HVAC Systems’ Energy
Use (5.22 Quads or 940 Million Tons CO2)
• Proper Air Distribution Saves 20% - 30% of
Annual Heating & Cooling Costs
• Economizers Reduce Energy Costs & Sick
Leave (8X Savings Over Energy Cost
Reductions)
• High Ventilation Rates = 35% Reduction in
Short-term Absence
Why Should AMCA Care?
• Demand-Controlled Ventilation  Min. 20%
Reduction In Electrical Energy
• HVAC Systems w/Energy Recovery = Lowest
Life-Cycle Costs
• Energy Recovery Savings = 21.5% Reduction
of Cooling Costs
• Energy Recovery for Indoor Swimming Pools =
70% Savings Over Standard A/C Systems
Why Should AMCA Care?
• ERV’s National Energy Savings Potential = 0.6
Quads for Commercial Buildings = 108 Million
Tons of CO2
• ERVs Can Reduce “Peak” Heating and Cooling
Loads by 1/3rd
• Demand-Controlled Ventilation Reduces
Ventilation, Heating & Cooling Loads by 10% 30%
Air Movement and Control
Industry’s Influence on Green
Buildings
• Energy Conservation
– ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1
– ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Standard 189.1P
– ASHRAE/AIA/IESNA/USGBC/DOE
Advanced Energy Design Guides (AEDGs)
• Indoor Air Quality
– ASHRAE Standard 62.1
– ASHRAE Standard 170
– Building Performance Metrics & Protocols
• Comfort and Occupant Performance
– ASHRAE Standard 55
– High Performance Buildings Database
– Building Performance Metrics & Protocols
Reference Points Today
• CBECS-2003 EUI = 91 kBTU/SF/yr
• 90.1-2004 EUI = 51 kBTU/SF/yr
• 90.1-2010 target EUI = 36 kBTU/SF/yr
• 189.1-2010 target EUI = 25 kBTU/SF/yr
Energy Conservation
ASHRAE Standard 90.1
HVAC&R systems
are responsible for ~
45% of all building's
energy consumption
Load Reduction Strategies
• Control of ventilation rates
• Night pre-cooling
• Air-side cooling economizer cycle
• Energy recovery strategies
• Right-sizing fan systems match building’s
actual flow requirements with right-sized, energyefficient motors and belts
• Improving control of fan systems
• Variable speed drives match actual operating
conditions
Standard 189.1P and Advanced Energy
Design Guides (AEDGs)
Prescriptive guidance
for achieving 30%,
50%, and 70% energy
savings over the Code
requirements of
ASHRAE Standard
90.1
AEDG Energy Goals and Strategies
(ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA, USGBC & DOE)
• Reduce loads on energy-using systems
• Size HVAC system equipment for reduced loads
• Use the most efficient systems – HVAC, O/A,
fans, controls and proper air distribution
• Refine integration of building systems
Typical AEDG & 189.1P
HVAC Equipment and Systems’
Recommendations
• Higher efficiency HVAC equipment – air
conditioners, furnaces and heat pumps
• Motorized O/A damper control
• Economizers – application varies with climate
zone
• Demand-controlled ventilation (CO2 sensors)
Typical AEDG & 189.1P
HVAC Equipment and Systems
Recommendations
• Lower duct friction rate (0.08” WC/100 ft)
• Reduce interior ductwork leakage
• Duct insulation: R-6
• Ductwork sealing: Class B
Net-Zero-Energy Buildings
Conceptually, a building that has no adverse
energy or environmental impact because of its
operation.
Net-Zero Site Energy
• Measured at building’s meter
• Encourages energy-efficient building
designs and operations
ASHRAE’s Building Code
Energy Use Index Targets
ASHRAE 90.1/189
2010 – 36 kbtuh/ft2/yr
2013 – 30
2016 – 25
2019 – 20
2022 – 15
2025 – 10
2028 – 5
2030 – Net 0
Architecture 2030
2010 – 36 kbtuh/ft2/yr
2015 – 27
2020 – 18
2025 – 9
2030 – Net 0
NZEB and NREL
Assessment of the Technical Potential for
Achieving Net-Zero-Energy Buildings in
Commercial Sector
December 2007
“With current technologies and design practices,
62% of all U.S. commercial buildings could be
Net-Nero-Energy.”
NZEB and Beyond….
Countdown to a Sustainable Energy
Future…Net-zero and Beyond
• March 29–31, 2009
• Hyatt-Regency at Fisherman’s Wharf
• San Francisco, CA
Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE Standard 62.1
ASHRAE Standard 62.1
IAQ Control Principles
• Source Control
– Reduction
– Elimination
• Ventilation
– Dilution
• Air Cleaning
– Removal of contaminants
IAQ Strategies Common Today
• Heat recovery ventilation
• Demand controlled ventilation
• Economizer operation
• Enhanced particle filtration
• Envelope tightness
• O&M
• Commissioning and Retro-commissioning
More Complex IAQ Strategies
• Natural and hybrid ventilation
• Displacement ventilation
• Decoupled ventilation (DOAS)
• Task ventilation/occupant control
• Local exhaust
• Air cleaning and lower O/A rates (Ventilation
Rate Procedure)
IAQ Strategies Optimization Functions
• O/A Ventilation
– Neutralize wind pressure @ intakes and
exhausts
– Dynamic control of fans per measurements
– Use of hermetic dampers @ intake and
exhaust points
• O/A Economizer Cycles
– Separate from non-economizer ventilation
– Location of intakes for low enthalpy air
IAQ Strategies Optimization Functions
• Exhaust Air Recovery
– Optimize heat recovery zoning
– Optimize sensible and latent recoveries
• O/A Dehumidification
– Improved efficiency of latent H/E
– Proper air pre-conditioned equipment
• O/A Contaminant Removal
– Optimize equipment effectiveness, reliability
and economy
• O/A Protection/Safety (terrorism concerns)
LEED NC and IAQ
• EQ Prerequisite
– All sections of Standard 62.1 must be
complied with
• EQ Credit 1
– CO2 ventilation monitor only for densely
occupied spaces
– Other spaces  outdoor air flow
measurement devices
• EQ Credit 2
– Increase ventilation rates 30% > 62.1-2004
Comfort & Occupant Performance
ASHRAE Standard 55, High Performance Buildings Database and Building
Performance Metrics & Protocols
Key Areas of Consideration
• Indoor air quality and ventilation
• Thermal comfort
• Acoustics and noise
• Lighting and day-lighting levels
• Visual perception
Occupant Performance
Considerations
• Offices
• Individual speed
• Accuracy
• Effectiveness
• Creativity
• Impairment and absenteeism
• Commercial/Retail
• Increased sales
• Increased street traffic
• Reduced vandalism & shop-lifting
Occupant Performance
Considerations
• Schools/Educational Facilities
• Increased test scores
• Increased student information retention
• Reduced absences
• Healthcare Facilities
• Shortened recovery periods
• Increased personnel performance
• Reduced personnel absences
Back to the Future
• Building
Performance Metrics and
Protocols
(Priorities)
• Energy consumption
• IEQ
• Lighting and daylighting
• Water consumption
• Acoustics/noise
Building Energy Labeling
Provide motivation for reducing energy use
in commercial buildings by expressing the
energy performance of buildings in a
tangible way
Example Building Label in Europe
Back to the Future
• Carbon
Footprint Design Tools
• Time-of-day utilities’ fuel sources
• Accurate for specific locations
• Interface with building load programs (design
options/choices)
• Web-based option
• Tool for use in ‘Carbon Trading’ activities
Back to the Future
• Performance-Based Energy Benchmarks
• Expansion of ASHRAE Standard 90.1
Appendix (G)
• 198 buildings for 22 different building types in
all U.S. climatic zones
• Web-based baseline tool for LEED building
rating calculations
• ASHRAE’s possible first step toward a
performance-based energy conservation
standard
Back to the Future
• International
High Performance Building
Database Information (New Buildings):
• Energy Utilization Indices (EUI)
• IEQ
• Lighting and daylighting
• Water consumption/conservation
• Occupant performance data
• R/E data
• Carbon emissions
Back to the Future
• International
High Performance Building
Database Information (Existing Buildings):
• Benchmarking Tool for Savings Potential
• Incorporate 30+ Years of ESCO
Databases
• Web-based, Global in Scope & Regional
Data for Different Building Profiles
• Provides Savings Potentials (As-Is and
Best-Case Scenarios per ECMs)
Back to the Future
• Integrated Design Process and Building
Information Modeling (BIM)/Interoperability
• Advanced Energy Guides for Existing
Buildings (ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA, USGBC, BOMA, GSA
& EPA)
(Target Audiences)
• Business owners and decision-makers
• Operation and maintenance personnel
• Technicians/designers
Advanced Energy Guides for
Existing Buildings
(4 Prescriptive Options)
• Achieve EUI of comparable facilities
• Achieve minimum 15% increase over
comparable facilities EUIs
• Achieve Code-level EUI for type of facility
• Achieve 30% increase in energy efficiency
over Code requirements
Global Energy
Conservation Initiatives
• Wal-Mart, Retail Energy Alliance (Costco,
Target, Big Box retailers and grocery chains)
and ASHRAE Collaboration
• Clinton Climate Initiative and Energy Efficiency
Building Retrofit Program
– C40 cities
– U.S. Conference of Mayors
– ACUPCC
– BOMA
Your Role, Your Duty and
Your Responsibility
• Your influence begins with you.....your
family….your community….your country
and….your world
• “What will you do today, tomorrow or
next week that will make a difference?”
(Floyd Lee & the Pegasus Chow Hall,
Baghdad)
Challenges to AMCA
1. Lead in Increasing Equipment Efficiencies vs Being
Led by Government Regulations/Mandates.
2. Implement “Cradle-to-Cradle” Concept in
Manufacturing/Recycling/Reuse of Materials
3. Become a Stake-holder in Net-Zero Energy
Buildings
Thank you for your time!
This concludes the educational content of this
activity
Provider: Terry E. Townsend, P.E., FASHRAE
Website: [email protected]