Transcript Overview of the New Zealand Civil Aviation Regulatory System

GNSS IFR Installations
&
Approvals
Ron Doggett
Aircraft Certification Unit
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Contents
 GNSS AC Development
 Installation Requirements and Issues
 Autopilots & Instrument Switching
 Other Requirements
 Flight Testing
 Future Requirements
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GNSS AC Development
 Part 19 Sub Part D out of date.
 GNSS AC is an interim solution until Part 91 Rules
are amended by PBN implementation.
 Exemptions are required to Part 19 to recognise
GNSS(GPS) maturity and enable AC provisions.
 CAA 2129 will have operational capability added
as Part B.
 Goal: draft for public comment by the end of the
year.
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Installation Requirements
 Equipment must be approved for Level 1 (TSO).
 Installation must comply with FAA AC 20-138A
Airworthiness Approval Of Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS) Equipment requirements.
 TSO C129a equipment requires a pressure altitude
input (from an approved source). Recommended for
TSO C129 equipment.
 Relevant airworthiness requirements must be met.
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Human Factors & System Safety
Perception …
Pilots are cool
dudes who can
hack anything…
- including dealing
with bad designs 5
Human Factors & System Safety
Reality …
Design engineers
must design for
the “inverse” of
the perception!
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Installation Human Factors
 System safety and human factors is not about how
easy it is on a good day, but how hard it is to get it
wrong on a bad day.
Remember The Domino Theory and Reason’s Swiss cheese are
extensions to Murphy’s law –
If it can happen, it will and at the
worst possible time.
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Installation Points
 System(s) must be integrated with flight
instruments.
 Two crew aircraft require integration with both
pilot’s flight instruments (FAR 23.1321).
 CDUs must be clearly visible under all lighting
conditions, and be easily reached.
 Dual antenna installations require lateral separation.
 Lit panels need to be properly modified.
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Autopilots & Instrument Switching
 Interface to flight instruments and autopilots has a
high human factors risk, particularly for switching
and pilot workload.
 Clever switching is behind the panel, not in front.
 Switching systems must be independently powered.
 Autopilots must maintain the aircraft within half the
CDI scale on straight segments.
 Adjusting CDI scaling from default values for
autopilot gain is not permitted.
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Poor Installation Examples
Pilot View
Actual Display
Control panels also need to
be modified.
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Other Requirements
 Steering interfaces need output to input compatibility
analysis, particularly for analogue systems.
 Electrical Load Analysis is required for the aircraft.
 GNSS installations are becoming essential systems.
 The complete installation must be considered in the
assessment, including interfaces to other systems.
 Flight Manual Supplements need to address autopilot
coupling, if applicable.
 ICAW are not optional!
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Flight Testing
 A formal flight test plan is required.
 A risk assessment must be carried out with any
identified risks being mitigated or minimised.
 Installations that change the instrument arrangement or
couple to the autopilot require flight test and pilot
workload assessment.
 Production installations require flight validation only.
 Pilots need to be experienced and rated on the aircraft
and the equipment (Refer AC 19-1).
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Flight Test Plans
 Preamble identifies:
 Changes made to the aircraft, prerequisites, personnel
requirements, flight profile, etc.
 Tests procedures state:
 Test objective and pass / fail criteria.
 Identifies each process step for the test.
 Identifies any data to be recorded by the crew.
 Short or generic test specifications are not acceptable.
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Operational Approvals
 TSO C129 systems require FAA Order 8110.60
approval for oceanic / remote continental use.
 For dual installations, the software configuration must
be the same.
 Operational approval for an aircraft is endorsed on the
CAA 2129.
 Foreign STC installations will be accepted per Part 21.
 Foreign and NZ modifications require CAA inspection
and flight test.
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Future Requirements
 NZ will transition to area navigation with high
reliance on GNSS.
 Requirements will be defined during PBN
implementation activity.
 Air transport IFR GNSS will require dual systems
fully integrated.
 TSO C129 systems will require retention of legacy
navigation systems; TSO C145/146 may not.
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Any questions?
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