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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL INTEGRATED
SYSTEM IN THE OLIVE OIL TUSCAN
G. Olivieri , F. Falconi , R. Pergreffi , P. Neri , A. Romani
COMPANY
Spinner c/o ENEA, [email protected]
*
*
*
**
***
*
ENEA, [email protected]
***Università di Firenze, [email protected]
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Abstract
Life Cycle Assessment, in Tuscan company (Italy) for
typical olive oil production, has been applied, particular focus in the
analysis has been applied at cultivation olives phase. Virgin olive oil is
an inherent part of the Mediterranean culture and diet important for our
nutritional properties and organoleptic quality. This preliminary study
makes part of a wider plan for implementation of an integrated system
environment-quality to realize some guidelines useful for the
acquisition of product mark (Agriquality, Regional Law 4/04/99 n. 25)
and for the realization of an Environmental Certification ISO 14000. The
plan involves OTA (an association that works in the olive-sector in
Tuscany), ENEA and University of Florence.
Introduction The aims are to consent that the typical agricultural
and gastronomic tradition of Region Tuscany emerged and to guarantee
a “clean” feeding. In fact, the agricultural and food-systems are the
fulcrum of a production interested to Environment and Territory. The
use of appropriated agricultural techniques and the maintenance of the
resources are fundamental to a corrected management companies.
Through LCA it has been attempted to characterize environmental
critical states in cultivation and production of rendering traceable the
origin and end-life of virgin oil.
Materials and Methods
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LCA is an objective evaluation procedure of products, processes or businesses energetic
and environmental impact, carried out through the identification and quantification of energy, used materials and
wastes released into the environment. The evaluation includes the whole life cycle of the product, process or activity,
comprising extraction and the treatment of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, re-use, recycling, and waste
treatment (SETAC,1990). The LCA phases are: 1) Goal Definition and Scope (ISO 14041); 2) Life Cycle Inventory
Analysis (14041); 3) Life Cycle Impact Assessment (ISO 14042); 4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Improvement (ISO
14043) [1].The realisation of the third phase, Life Cycle Impact Assessment, is carried out by indicators of
international use that allow to quantify the impacts. For the present study it has been used the Method of Ecoindicator 99 applied by means the code of calculation Sima Pro 5.0 [2].
ECO-INDICATOR 99 The Eco-indicator 99 method [3] considers three damage categories, to which some impact
categories are associated. The damage categories are Human Health, Ecosystem Quality and Resources. The impact
categories of Human Health are Carcinogens, Respiratory organics, Respiratory inorganics, Climate change,
Radiation and Ozone layer (measured by DALY, Disability Adjusted Life Years). The impact categories of Ecosystem
Quality are Ecotoxicity, Acidification/Eutrophication and Land-use (measured by PDF*m2y, Potentially Disappeared
Fraction). The impact categories of Resources are Minerals and Fossil fuels (measured by MJ surplus). The Method
relates the emission and the resources of the inventory data to the environmental impact categories and calculates
their potential effects by means three phases: characterisation, normalisation and evaluation. In this study have
been used the Eco-indicator99(E) CWE(NDP), modified for to include the water consumption, the energy
consumption and the emissions in air and water of Ntot, Ptot, BOD, COD.
Results and discussions
Tab.1 Qualitative synthesis of inventory data system
1) Goal Definition and Scope
The goal of this study is the determination of the environmental damage due to
the olives cultivation in the conventional Tuscan company; the function of the
system is the olive oil production for food field; the functional unit is 1 kg of
olives produced; the system boundaries are the cultivation of a plot of ground
until harvesting and storage olives.
2) Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
The olives cultivation process is created by using the data supplied by Tuscan
company, by OTA, by SimaPro 5.0 database (standard, IVAMLCA3) and
Ecoinvent database. The inventory data are resumed by Tab.1.
3) Life Cycle Impact Analysis
Figure 1 represents the characterisation analysis of olives cultivation process. The
principal results are: in Human Health the total damage is 4,51E-6 DALY due to
emissions of pesticides employ (79,43%); in Ecosystem Quality the total damage is
1,71 PDFm2y due to occupation land of cultivation (47,86%); in Resources the total
damage is 0,197 MJ surplus due to Fertiliser NKP(15/15/12) (102,7%). The
principal damage avoided is due to treatment of trimmings end life (energetic
recovery by incineration wood). Tab. n.2-3-4 represents the characterisation
analysis for substances specification in the damage categories. Figure 2 represents
the weighting analysis of olives cultivation process. The principal results of
weighting analysis are: the total damage is 0.219Pt. The total damage is due to:
direct emissions of olives cultivation process for 85.45%; Fertilizer NKP (15/15/12)
for 13.97% and Mechanical spreading of organic fertilizers process for 1.44%.
Fig.1 The characterisation analysis of olives cultivation process
Fig.2 The weighting analysis of olives cultivation process
Resources
-Dung: organic fertilizer
-P2O5: %organic fertilizer
-N: %organic fertilizer
-C organic: %organic fertilizer
-Water
Materials/fuels
-Fertiliser NKP (15/15/12): inorganic fertilizer
-Cu(OH)2: treatment for fungicide defence
-X5CrNi18 (304) I: material of mechanical Cu vaporizer
-Pesticide unspecified storehouse: pesticides for olive flycapture
Electricity/heat
-Tillage harrowing
-Mechanical spreading of organic
fertilizers
-Mechanical spreading of pesticides
-Mechanical spreading of fertilizers
-Mechanical spreading of Cu(OH)2
-Electric motor for mechanical Cu
vaporizer
-Harvesting olives process
-Storage olives process
Emissions to air
-CO2 (non-fossil)
-ethofumesate
Emissions to water
-K: fertilizer inorganic emission
-N-tot: fertilizer inorganic
emission
-N-tot: fertilizer organic emission
-Ptot: fertilizer inorganic emission
-P-tot: fertilizer organic emission
-Cu: fungicide defence emission
-Ethofumesate: pesticide emission
Emissions to soil
-Ethofumesate: pesticide
emission
Non material emission
-Occupation land of
cultivation
Waste to treatment
Solid wood Recycling wood (sub): treatment of plants end life
Solid wood incineration wood (sub): treatment of trimmings end life
Solid steel scrap  Recycling ECCS steel B250: treatment of mechanical Cu vaporizer end life
Tab.2 The characterisation for substances specification in
Human Health (the first of third substances classification)
N Substa. Comp Unit
Tot.
Total of
all
compart
ments
1 Ethofu. Soil
4,51E-6 100
DALY
DALY
Dam.
(%)
Amoun.
contribu.
process
(%)
Tab.3 The characterisation for substances specification in
Ecosystem Quality (the first of third substances classification)
N Substance
Comp Unit
.
Tot. of all
compartm.
3,53E-6 78,26 152mg
2 dust
Air
DALY
3,48E-7 7,7
3,17g
3 NO2
Air
DALY
2,02E-7 4,4
2,27g
olives
cultivation
process
(100)
Fertiliser
NKP (105)
Fertiliser
NKP(98)
Tot
dam.
(%)
amount
Contributio
. process
(%)
PDF* 1,71 100
m2yr
1 Occupatio
n land for
cultivation
Non
mat.
PDF* 0,81 47,8
m2yr
1,63m2
a
olives
cultivation
process
(100)
2 P-tot
Wate
r
PDF* 0,77 45,1
m2yr
5,36g
olives
cultivation
process
(100)
3 N-tot
Wate
r
PDF* 0,08 4,9
m2yr
4,31g
olives
cultivation
process
(99,9)
Tab.4 The characterisation for substances specification in
Resources (the first of third substances classification)
N Substanc. Com. Unit
Total of all
compart.
Fig.3 The weighting analysis of comparison between
conventional olives cultivation process & biological olives
cultivation process
1 crude oil
IDEMAT
2 crude oil
ETH
3 natural
gas ETH
Raw
Raw
Raw
Total
damage amo.
%
MJ
surplus
0,197
MJ
surplus
0,0776 39,44
MJ
surplus
MJ
surplus
contributio.
process
%
100
0,0681 34,63
0,0514 26,11
21,9g Fertiliser
NKP
(81,34)
19,2g Fertiliser
NKP
16,5l
(53,69 )
Fertiliser
NKP (123,6)
References
[1] Curran M. A., Environmental Life Cycle Assessment,
McGraw-Hill, 1996.
[2] Pré Consultants B.V. SimaPro 5.0. Plotterweg 12,
3821 BB, Amersfoot, 1999.
[3] The Eco-indicator 99, Methodology Report- Annex,
PRé Consultants B.V., 5 October 1999.
4) Life Cycle Interpretation and Improvement: Sensitivity
Analysis
Has been carried out the comparison between
conventional olives cultivation and biological olives
cultivation. Figure 3 represents the weighting analysis of
comparison. The total damage of conventional olives
cultivation (0,219Pt) is greater than total damage of
biological olives cultivation (0,128Pt). The damage
difference is 26%.
Conclusions
The more important problems, after this preliminary
analysis of LCA in the conventional olives cultivation are :
the use of fertilizers, the use of pesticides for olive flycapture and land-use. This study has been the goal to
quantify numerically environmental damage of olives
cultivation process and to estimate the opportunities to
reduce the impacts by the comparison with the biological
olives cultivation (sensitivity analysis).