Transcript Ashurah (عاشوراء), Tenth day of the month of Muharram. In

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Ashurah (‫)عاشوراء‬,
Tenth day of the month of Muharram. In particular, it is a day on which Shias, worldwide, mourn
the death of the third Shia Imam, Husayn ibn Ali, along with his family and companions, who
were killed in the famous battle in Karbala.
Adab (‫)أدب‬
Traditionally describes good manners, as in etiquette. For example, being courteous is good
adab. However, the term can be used very broadly, and the proper translation would be "the
proper way to get about something," as in the example, Aadaab al Qitaal, or, "The Proper Way
of Killing in War," in which the word "etiquette" does not befit the context.
Abd (‫)عبد‬
servant, worshipper, slave. Muslims consider themselves servants and slaves of God. A
common Muslim name is Abd'allah/Abdullah, or Servant of Allah.
Adhan (‫)أذان‬
call to salah (prayer)
Adl (‫)عدل‬
Justice especially distributive justice: social, economic, political, environmental.
Ahl al Kitab (‫)أهل الكتاب‬
"People of the Book", or followers of pre-Islamic monotheistic religions with some form of
scripture believed to be of divine origin: Jews, Christians, "Sabians" (probably Mandaeans), and
sometimes Zoroastrians
Ahad (‫)أحد‬
literally "only." Islamically, ahad means One Alone, unique, none like God. Al-Wahid is one of
the names of Allah.
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Ahkam (‫)أحكام‬
rulings and orders of the Qu'ran and Sunnah. Five kinds of orders: Wajib, Mustahab, Muharram, Makruh,
and Halal.
Ahlul Bayt (‫)أهل البيت‬
members of Prophet Muhammad's Household. Also known among Shia as the Masumin (infallibles;
spiritually pure).
Akhlaq (‫)أخالق‬
The practice of virtue. Morals.
Alamin
Literally "worlds", humankind, jinn, angels and all that exists
Alhamdulillah (‫)هلل الحمد‬
"Praise to God!" Qur'anic exclamation
Aliyan waliullah
"Ali is the viceregent of God"
Allahu Akbar (‫)أكبر هللا‬
"God is the Greatest." Islamic expression.
Al-isra (‫)اإلسراء‬
"Night journey" of the prophet
Akhirah (‫)آآلخرة‬
the afterlife, and accountability for present deeds
Alim (‫)عالم‬
One who knows. A scholar (in any field of knowledge); a scientist (who knows science) or a theologian
(who knows religion); similar to Japanese sensei, "teacher"
Amanah (‫)أمانة‬
the trust. Of all creation, only human beings carry the "trust", which is free will.
Ameen (‫)آمين‬
Amen, a supplication meaning, "O Allah, respond (to or answer what we have said)." (used only in Sunni
Islam)
Ansar (‫)أنصار‬
"Helpers." The Muslim converts at Medina who helped the Muslims from Mecca after the Hijrah.
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Aqidah (‫)عقيدة‬
The Islamic creed, or the six article of faith, which consists of the belief in God, Angels, Messengers and Prophets, Scriptures,
the Day of Judgment, and Destiny.
Aql (‫)عقل‬
Intelligence, intellect, mind, understanding
Arba'in (‫)اربعين‬
The number forty (40).
Asr (‫)العصر‬
The third salah prayer. The time of the day before sunset and after noon. alo means "era".
ّ ‫)المب‬
Asharatu mubashshirun (‫شرين العشرة‬
The ten companions of Muhammad who were promised paradise (only in Sunni Islam)
Assalamu alaikum (‫)السالم عليكم‬
The Islamic greeting; literally "Peace be upon you".
Astaghfirullah (‫)أستغفر هللا‬
"I ask God's forgiveness." Islamic expression.
Auliya'a (‫)أولياء‬
friends, protectors, helpers, caretaker, maintainer . (singular: wali)
Awrah (‫)عورة‬
the part of a person's body that must be covered before everybody but a spouse. It may also be used to refer to what must be
concealed of a woman before non-related men
Ayah (‫( )آية‬plural ayat, ‫)آيات‬
a sign. More specifically, a verse in the Qur'an.
Ayatollah ( ‫)آية هللا‬
Sign of God Title given to highly ranked religious scholars in Shia'ism
Azhan
The Islamic call to prayer; see adhan.
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'Azl (‫)عزل‬
coitus interruptus, Intercourse characterized by withdrawal of the penis before ejaculation. Literally means
"isolation".
B
Baitullah (‫)بيت هللا‬
"House of God." A masjid.
Barakah (‫)بركة‬
a blessing. Also, spiritual wisdom and blessing transmitted from master to pupil
Barzakh (‫)برزخ‬
life after death in which the soul of the deceased is transferred across the boundaries of the mortal realm
into the spirit world
Basher (‫)بشر‬
Human(s). Literally means 'face' but generally it refers to a person (man/woman)
Basirah (‫)بصيرة‬
Insight, discernment, perceptivity, deep knowledge. Sometimes used by Sufis to denote the ability to
directly perceive a transcendental Truth
Bid'ah (‫)بدعة‬
Innovation in religion, i.e. inventing new methods of worship. Bid'ah in Islam is considered a deviation and
a serious sin by many Muslims (only in Sunni Islam)
Bint (‫)بنت‬
daughter of
Bismillah (‫)بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
"In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful" (:bismi-llāhi ar-raḥmāni ar-raḥīmi)
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C
Caliph (‫)خليفة‬
literally successor; refers to the successor of the prophet Muhammad, the ruler of the Islamic world
D
Dajjal (‫)دجّال‬
the Islamic counterpart to the Antichrist; means "liar"
Dallan
going astray
Dar al-Ahd (‫)دار العهد‬
the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Christian tributary states
Dar al-Amn (‫)دار العمن‬
status of a Muslim living in the Western world
Dar al-Dawa (‫)الدعوة دار‬
a region where Islam has recently been introduced
Dar al-Harb (‫)دار الحرب‬
areas outside Muslim rule; the non-Islamic world
Dar al-Islam (‫)اإلسالم دار‬
the abode, or land, of Islam
Dar al-Kufr (‫)دار الكفر‬
refers to the Quraish-dominated society of Mecca between his flight to Medina (the Hijra) and his triumphant return
Dar al-Shahada (‫)دار الشهادة‬
See Dar al-Amn
Dawah (‫)الدعوة‬
the call to Islam
Dervish (‫)درويش‬
a Sufi ascetic
Dhimmi (‫)ذمّي‬
"Protected person"; Jews and Christians (and sometimes others, such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Hindus, and Zoroastrians), whose
right to practice their religion is tolerated under Islamic law, but with lower legal status.
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Dīn (‫)الدين‬
the way of life based on Islamic revelation; the sum total of a Muslim's faith and practice. Dīn is often used to mean the faith and
religion of Islam.
Dua (‫)دعاء‬
personal prayer, supplication
Dhikr (‫)ذكر‬
remembrance of God; Sufi spiritual exercise; Muslims believe that the primary function of prophets is to remind people of God.
Dhuhr (‫)الظهر‬
second salah prayer
Dunya (‫)دنيا‬
This world or life, as opposed to the Hereafter
E
Eid (‫)عيد‬
festival or celebration.
Eid ul-Adha (‫)األضحى عيد‬
"the Festival of Sacrifice." The four day celebration starting on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijja.
Eid ul-Fitr (‫)عيد الفطر‬
"the Festival of Fitr(Money Gifting)." A religious festival that marks the end of the fast of Ramadan.
F
Fajarah (‫)فجرة‬
Wicked evil doers. Plural of "Fajir" (‫)فجير‬.
Falah (‫)فالح‬
success, happiness, well-being
Fajr (‫)فجر‬
morning, as in the morning prayer. The time of the day when there is light in the horizon before sunrise.
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Fana (‫)فناء‬
Sufi term meaning extinction - to die to this life while alive. Having no existence outside of God. A unity
with Allah.
Fard (‫)فرض‬
a religious duty, or an obligatory action: praying 5 times a day is fard
Fasiq (‫)فاسق‬
anyone who has violated Islamic law; usually refers to one whose character has been corrupted (plural
"fasiqun").
Fatwa (‫)فتوى‬
legal opinion of an (alim) binding on him and on those who follow his taqlid
Fiqh (‫)فقه‬
jurisprudence built around the shariah by custom (al-urf). Literally means "deep understanding", refers to
understanding the Islamic laws.
Fi sabil Allah (‫)سبيل هللا في‬
on the path of God; common Islamic expression for military Jihad. Means for the sake of Allah Subhana Wa
Tala (eg. giving in charity for the sake of Allah Subhana Wa Tala)
Fitna (‫)فتنة‬
trial or tribulation; also refers to any period of disorder, such as a civil war, or the period of time before the
end of the world or any civil strife.
Fitrah (‫)فطرة‬
innate disposition towards virtue, knowledge, and beauty. Muslims believe every child is born with fitrah.
Furqan (‫)فرقان‬
the criterion (of right and wrong, true and false); for example, the Qur'an as furqan.
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G
Ghafara (‫)غفر‬
(verb in past tense) to forgive, to cover up (sins). A characteristic of God.
Ghaflah (‫)غفلة‬
heedlessness, forgetfulness of God, indifference
Ghaib (‫)غيب‬
the unseen, unknown.
Ghusl (‫)غسل‬
full ablution of the whole body
H
Hadi
a guide, one who guides; A Muslim name for God is The Guide, or Al-Hadi.
Hidaya
guidance from God.
Hadith (‫)حديث‬
literally "speech"; recorded saying or tradition of the prophet Muhammad validated by isnad; with sira these comprise the sunnah
and reveal shariah
Halal (‫)حالل‬
lawful, permitted, good, beneficial, praiseworthy, honourable
Hafiz (‫)حافظ‬
someone who knows the Qur'an by heart. Literal translation = memorizer or Protector.
Hajj (‫)الح ّج‬or haj
pilgrimage to Mecca. Sunnis regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam
Hakim a ruler's or gubernatorial title
Hanif (‫)حنيف‬
one of the five monotheist prophets; namely, Prophet Adam, Prophet Abraham/Ibrahim, Prophet Moses/Musa, Prophet Isa
(Jesus), and Prophet Muhammad. Plural hunafa' (‫)حنفاء‬.
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Haqq
truth, reality, right, righteousness. An Islamic name for God is al-haqq.
Haram (‫)حرام‬
(stress on final syllable) forbidden. Antonym: halal.
Haram (‫)حرم‬
(stress on initial syllable) sanctuary.
Hasan
Good, beautiful, admirable. Also a categorization of a hadith's authenticity as "acceptable". (other categorizations include
authenic and fabricated).
Hijab (‫)حجاب‬
literally "cover". It describes the self-covering of the body for the purposes of modesty and dignity; broadly, a prescribed system
of attitudes and behaviour regarding modesty and dignity.
Hijra (‫)الهجرة‬
Muhammad and his followers' emigration from Mecca to Medina. Literally, "migration".
Hima
wilderness reserve, protected forest, grazing commons, important to khalifa
Hizb (‫)حزب‬
one half of a juz', or roughly 1/60th of the Qur'an
Houries
beautiful and pure young men and women, that Muslims believe inhabit Paradise, or Heaven.
Huda
guidance
Hudna (‫)هدنة‬
cease-fire (often temporary)
Hudud (‫)حدود‬
Literally, limits or boundaries. Usually refers to limits placed by God on man; penalties of the Islamic law which are described in
the Qur'an.
Hukm
ruling in the Qur'an or Sunnah
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I
Ibadah (‫)عبادة‬
worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to Allah, including the pursuit
of knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah.
Iblis
a jinn banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka Shaytan
Iftaar
a light meal eaten by Muslims breaking their fast after sunset.
Ihram (‫)إحرام‬
state of consecration for hajj. Includes dress and or prayer.
Ihsan
perfection in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and
although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe He is constantly watching over
them.
Ijaz
how Muslims describe the character of the Quran in both form and content
Ijma (‫)إجماع‬
the consensus of either the ummah (or just the ulema) - one of four bases of Islamic Law.
More generally, political consensus itself.
Ijtihad (‫)إجتهاد‬
during the early times of Islam, the possibility of finding a new solution to a juridical
problem. Has not been allowed in conservative Islam since the Middle Ages.
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Ilah
deity, lord, god; not necessarily The God.
Ilm (‫)علم‬
all varieties of knowledge, usually a synonym for science
Imam (‫)إمام‬
literally, leader; e.g. a man who leads a community or leads the prayer; the Shi'a sect use the term only as a title for one of the
twelve God-appointed successors of Prophet Muhammad.
Imamah (‫ )إمامة‬or imamate
successorship of Prophet Muhammad and the leadership of mankind.
Iman (‫)إيمان‬
personal faith
Infaq
the habitual inclination to give rather than take in life; the basis for charity
Injil (‫)اإلنجيل‬
Muslim term for the holy book said to have been given to Jesus, who is known as Isa to Muslims; Muslims believe the holy book
has been lost and the New Testament gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are not the word of Allah, only Christian stories
about Isa
Insha'Allah (‫)هللا إن شاء‬
God Willing.
Iqamah
the second call to prayer. Similar to the azhan.
Isha (‫)عشاء‬
night; the fifth salah prayer
Islam (‫)اإلسالم‬
"submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity.
Isnad (‫)إسناد‬
chain of transmitters of any given hadith
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Isnah
process of validating the hadith; citation methodology
Isra (‫)اإلسراء‬
the night journey during which Muhammad is said to have visited Heaven. See miraj.
Istislah (‫)إستصالح‬
public interest - a source of Islamic Law.
Istish-haad (‫)إستشهاد‬
heroic martyrdom.
J
Jahannam
the Hell-fire; Hell
Jahiliya (‫)الجاهليّة‬
the time of ignorance before Islam was realized. Describes polytheistic religions.
Jahl
ignorance, arrogance
Jamia (‫)جامعة‬
"gathering"; i.e. a university, a mosque, or more generally, a community or association.
Janaza
funeral prayer
Jannah
Paradise, Heaven, the Garden
Jazakallahu Khayran
"May Allah reward you for the good." Islamic expression of gratitude.
Jihad (‫)جهاد‬
struggle. Any earnest striving in the way of Allah, involving personal, physical, intellectual or military effort, for righteousness and against
wrong-doing;
"Lesser Jihad": fighting to protect Islam from attack or oppression. In such fighting, no woman, child or innocent civilian is to be harmed, and
no tree is to be cut down. Shi'as believe that only Prophet Muhammad and the twelve Imams had authority to declare positive jihad of the
lesser kind.
"Greater Jihad": internal struggle for the soul (nafs) against evil, e.g. to overcome the temptation to sleep when it is time to pray the morning
prayer is a greater jihad.
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Jilbāb
(pl. jalabib)a long, flowing, baggy garment worn by some to fulfill the mandates of sartorial hijab. Some
more conservative Muslims believe that jilbāb is incumbent upon Muslim women to wear this as a sign of
modesty.
Jinn ( ّ‫)جن‬
An invisible being of fire
Jumuah (‫)جمعة‬
Friday prayer
Juz' (‫)جزء‬
one of thirty parts of the Qur'an
K
Ka'bah
cube-house; the cube-shaped buidling i.e in Mecca toward which Muslims pray.
Kafir (‫)كافر‬
from the word kafara - "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; unbelievers, truth-concealers; one
who is ungrateful. Plural: Kaffirun.
Kalam (‫)علم الكلم‬
Islamic theology
Khalifa (‫)خليفة‬
Caliph, more generally, one performing the duties of khilafa.
Khatib
the speaker at the Friday Muslim prayer, or Jumu'ah prayer
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Khilafa (‫)خالفة‬
Man's trusteeship and stewardship of Earth; Most basic theory of the Caliphate; Flora and fauna as sacred trust; Accountability
to God for harms to nature, failure to actively care and maintain. Three specific ways in which khalifa is manifested in Muslim
practice are the creation of haram to protect water, hima to protect other species (including those useful to man), and by
resisting infidel domination over Muslim lands, in jihad.
Kharaj (‫)خراج‬
a land tax
Khums (‫)خمس‬
a Shi'a article of faith that refers to a one-fifth tax, divided between Sehme Sadaat, a poor sayyid, and Sehme Imam, given to a
Mujtahid
Khutbah
the sermon at Jumu'ah prayer
Kitab
book; The Qur'an is often referred to as "Al-Kitab"
Kufr (‫)كفر‬
In Arabic - ungratefulness and disbelief. Islamically speaking, disbelief in God and denial of the truth.
Kun
"Be!" God's command to the universe, 'Be!' and it is.
[edit]
L
Laghw
Dirty, false, evil vain talk
La ilaha illallah
"There is no god (ilah) except God (Allah)." The most important expression in Islam. It is part of the first pillar of Islam.
la'nat (‫)لعنة‬
curse
Laylat al-Qadr
the Night of Power, towards the end of Ramadan, when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur'an.
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M
Madhab (‫)مذهب‬
school of religious jurisprudence, school of thought
Madrasa (‫)مدرسة‬
school, university
Maghrib
the fourth daily salah prayer
Mahdi (‫)مهدي‬
"a guide". More specifically al-Mahdi (the guide) is a figure who will appear with Prophet Jesus before the
end of time, when God allows it, to bring world peace, order and justice, after it has been overcome with
injustice and aggression. The Shi'as regard the twelth Imam as the Mahdi. The Sunnis regard someone else
as the Mahdi.
Mahram (‫)محرم‬
a relative of the opposite gender usually described as being "within the forbidden limits"; a better
description is "within the protected limits". means relatives who one can appear before without observing
hijab and who one cannot marry.
Makrouh
Though not haram (forbidden), something that is disliked or offensive.
Malaikah
angels
Ma malakat aymanukum (‫ ما ملكت أيمانكم‬or ‫ ما ملكت أيمانهم‬or ‫ ما ملكت أيمانهن‬or ‫ يمينك ما ملكت‬or ‫)الذين ملكت أيمانكم‬
one's rightful spouse (literally: what your right hands possess)
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Manzil
one of seven parts of the Qur'an
Ma'ruf (‫)معروف‬
consensus of the community
Maqasid
goals or purposes; such as the purposes of Islamic law
Masha Allah (‫)هللا ما شاء‬
God has willed it.
Masih
the (Biblical) Messiah, Jesus Christ.
Masjid
place of prayer; mosque
Masum, plural Masumin
literally, innocent or free of sin; children are considered masum. Can also refer to an adult individual who
does not commit sins, does not make mistakes, does not forget, etc. although he/she does have the
choice to commit sins. The Shi'as regard the Prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatimah, and the twelve
Imams to be the fourteen Masumin. Finally assumed as a title for an 'infallible leader sent by Allah', notably
by the Almohads' founding Mahdi and Imam.
Me'ad
the Resurrection; God will resurrect all of humankind to be judged. Shi'as regard this as the fifth Pillar of
Islam.
Mecca (‫)م ّكة‬
the holiest city in Islam
Medina
"city"; Medinat-un-Nabi means "the City of the Prophet." See hijrah.
Mihrab
a niche in the wall of all mosques, indicating the direction of prayer
Minaret
a tower built onto a mosque from the top of which the call to prayer is made
Minbar (‫)منبر‬
a pulpit in the mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons
Minhaj
methodology, e.g. methods, rules, system, procedures.
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Miraj (‫)المعراج‬
the Ascension to the Seven Heavens during the Night Journey See also: isra
Mu'awwidhatayn (‫)المعوذتين‬
suras Al-Falaq and an-Nas, the "Surahs of refuge", should be said to relieve suffering (also protect from
Black Magic)
Mubah
literally permissible; neither forbidden nor commended. Neutral.
Mufti (‫)مفتى‬
an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fataawa
(plural of "fatwa").
Muhajabah
woman who wears hijab
Muhammadun rasulullah
"Muhammad is the messenger of Allah." This statement is the second part of the first pillar of Islam. This is
the second most important statement in Islam.
Muezzin
a person who performs the call to prayer
Mujahid (‫)مجاهد‬
a fighter for Islam. Plural mujahideen.
Mujtahid
a scholar who uses reason for the purpose of forming an opinion or making a ruling on a religious issue.
Plural: Mujtahidun.
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Moh'min
believer
Munafiq
hypocrite. Plural: Munafiqun
Munaqabah
woman who wears niqab
Murshid (‫)مرشد‬
a Sufi teacher
Murtadd
apostate
Muslim
a follower of the religion of Islam.
Mut'ah
joy, a type of marriage or a practice between Umrah and Hajj.
Mutawatir
N
Nabi
literally, prophet. In the Islamic context, a Nabi is a man sent by God to give guidance to man, but not given scripture. The
Prophet Abraham was a Nabi. This is in contrast to Rasul, or Messenger. Plural: Anbiya. See: Rasul.
Nafs (‫)النفس‬
soul, one's self
Najaassa
Impurity
Nakir and Munkar
two malaikah who test the faith of the dead in their graves
Nifaq
falsehood; dishonesty
Niqab (‫)نقاب‬
veil covering the face
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Naseeha
advice
Nass ( ّ‫)نص‬
a known, clear legal injunction
Nubuwwah (‫)نبوّ ة‬
prophethood. Shi'as regard this as the third Pillar of Islam.
Noor
light. Muslims believe angels were created from light.
P
Purda (‫)پردة‬
not an Arabic term; means "curtain" in Persian. Means covering or to cover, an important requirement for Muslim women.
Q
Qadar
destiny
Qadi (‫)قاضي‬
judge of Islamic Law
Qiblah
the direction Muslims face during prayer
Qiyamah
resurrection; return of the dead for the Day of Judgment
Qiyas (‫)القياس‬
analogy - foundation of legal reasoning and thus fiqh
Qutba
sermon given by the imam in a mosque
Qudsi
classification of a hadith that are believed to be narrated by Muhammad from God.
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Qur'an (‫)القرآن‬
Muslims believe that the Qur'an is the literal word of God and culmination of God's revelation to mankind,
revealed to Muhammad in the year 610 A.D.
R
Rabb
Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master.
Rahman
Merciful; Ar-Rahman means "The Most Merciful"
Rahim
compassionate; Ar-Rahim means "The Most Compassionate" as in the Basmala
Rajm
Rakaat
one unit of Islamic prayer, or Salat. Each daily prayer is made up of a different number of rakaat.
Rasul
messenger; Unlike prophets (Nabi), messengers are given scripture. Moses,David, Jesus and Mohammed
are considered messengers. All messengers are considered prophets, but not all prophets are given
scripture. See: Nabi.
Riba (‫)ربا‬
interest, the charging of which is forbidden by the Qur'an
Risalah
literally, message or letter. Used both in common parlance for mail correspondences, and in religious
context as divine message.
Ruh
spirit; the divine breath which God blew into the clay of Adam.
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Rukn
the five pillars of the Islamic faith, also arkan.
Ruk'u
the bowing performed during Muslim prayer
S
Sabr
patience, endurance, self-restraint
Sadaqah
charity; voluntary alms
Sahabah
companions of Muhammad
Sahih
"Sound in isnad." A technical attribute applied to the "isnad" of a hadith.
Sajda
prostration
Salaf (‫)ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻟﺍ ﻒﻠﺴﻟﺍ‬
(righteous) predecessors/ancestors. In Islam, Salaf is generally used to refer to the first three generations of Muslims.
Salah (‫ )صالة‬or salat
any one of the 5 daily obligatory prayers. Sunnis regard this as the second Pillar of Islam
Salaam (‫)سالم‬
peace
Salat (‫)صالة‬
the 1st salah prayer
Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam
"May the blessings and the peace of Allah be upon him." Expression typically used after stating the names of prophets and messengers.
Samad
eternal, absolute; Muslims believe God is "The Eternal."
Salsabil
a river in heaven (al-firdaus)
Sawm (‫)صَوم‬
fasting during the month of Ramadhan.
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Sayyid (‫)سيّد‬
a descendent of a relative (because all his sons Qasim, Abdullah, and Ibraheem or Abraham died before
having children) to Muhammad
Sema
refer to some of the ceremonies used by various sufi orders
Shahadah (‫)الشهادة‬
The expression of faith: La ilaha illa Allah. Muhammadun rasulullah. ("There is no god but God. Muhammad
is the messenger of God."). Sunnis regard this as the first Pillar of Islam
Shaheed (‫)شهيد‬
"witness". More specifically refers to a person killed whilst striving in Islam, a martyr. Often used in modern
times for deaths in a political cause (including victims of soldiers, deaths in battle, suicide bombers, etc.)
Shaikh (‫)شيخ‬
a spiritual master
Sharia/shariah (‫)الشريعة‬
"the path to a watering hole"; the eternal ethical code and moral code based on the Qur'an and Sunnah;
basis of fiqh
Sharif (‫)شريف‬
a title bestowed upon the descendants of Muhammad through his grandson, Imam Hassan
Shaytan
Satan, the Devil. Also known as Iblis.
Shi'a (‫)الشيعة‬
a follower of Prophet Muhammad and his successors (the twelve Imams), the first being Ali. Shi'as
constitute the second largest sect in Islam.
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Shirk (‫)شرك‬
idolatry; polytheism; the sin of believing in any divinity except Allah and of associating other gods with Allah.
Shura (‫)شورى‬
consultation
majlis ash-shura (‫)مجلس الشورى‬
advisory council
Sira (‫)السيرة‬
life or biography of the Prophet Muhammad; his moral example - with hadith this comprises the sunnah
Sirat al-Mustaqim
the Straight Path
Subhanahu wa ta'ala
expression Muslims use whenever the name of Allah is pronounced or written.
Subhan'allah
expression used by Muslims to express strong feelings of joy or relief.
Sufi (‫)صوفي‬
a Muslim mystic; See: Sufism (tasawwuf).
Suhoor
the meal eaten by fasting Muslims just before dawn.
Sunnah (‫ )الس ّنة‬or sunnah al-Nabi (‫)س ّنة النبي‬
the "path" or "example" of the Prophet Muhammad, i.e., what the Prophet did or said or agreed to during his life. He is
considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example, the best man to follow.
Sunni (‫)س ّني‬
the largest sect in Islam, having no single central authority
Surah (‫)سورة‬
chapter; the Qur'an is comprised of 114 suras
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T
Taba'een
followers of the Sahabah
Tafsir (‫)تفسير‬
exegesis, particularly such commentary on the Qur'an
Taghut
impurity; anything worshipped other than God, i.e. all the false deities.
Tahajjud
optional, late night prayer
Taharah
purification from ritual impurities by means of wudu or ghusl
Tahir
pure, ritually clean
Tajdid
to purify and reform society in order to move it toward greater equity and justice
Tajwid (‫)تجويد‬
a special manner of reciting the Qur'an according to prescribed rules of pronunciation and intonation.
Takbir
a proclamation of the greatness of Allah; a Muslim invocation.
Takfeer
to declare kufr (disbelief) about a non-Muslim or Muslim or to denounce them as disbelievers.
Taqlid (‫)تقليد‬
to blindly follow a person whose following is not based on proof and does not rely upon knowledge.
Taqiyya (‫)تقيّة‬
the mostly Shi'a principle that one is allowed to hide one's true beliefs in certain circumstances.
Taqwa
righteousness; goodness
Tarawih
tarawih prayers are extra prayers in Ramadan after the Isha prayer.
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Tarkib
Tariqa (‫)طريقة‬
a Muslim religious order, particularly a Sufi order
Tartil (‫)ترتيل‬
slow and measured (meditative) recitation of the Qur'an
Tashkil (‫)تشكيل‬
vocalization of a text, for example the Quran
Tawbah
repentance
Tasawwuf (‫ )التصوّ ف‬or Sufism
Tawaf
circumambulating the Ka'bah during Hajj.
Tawheed (‫)توحيد‬
monotheism; affirmation of the Oneness of God. Muslims regard this as the first part of the Pillar of Islam, the second part is
accepting Muhammad as Messenger. The opposite of Tawheed is shirk
Tayyib
all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc. Means "pure." The Shahaddath is tayyib.
U
Ulema (‫ )علماء‬or ulama
the leaders of Islamic society, including teachers, Imams and judges. Singular alim.
Ummah (‫ )االُمّة‬or umma
the global community of all Muslim believers; international personhood of Islam
Umrah
the lesser pilgrimmage performed in Mecca. Unlike hajj, umrah can be performed throughout the year.
Urf (‫)عرف‬
custom of a given society, leading to change in the fiqh
Usul al-Fiqh
the study of the origins and practice of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)
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Y
Yaqin
certainty, that which is certain
Yaum Al-Qiyâmah (‫)يوم القيامة‬
"Day of the Resurrection"; Day of Judgement
W
Wahdat al-wujud (‫)وحدة الوجود‬
"unity of being". Philosophical term used by some Sufis. Related to fana
Wahy
revelation or inspiration of Allah to his prophets for all humankind
Wali
friend, protector, guardian, supporter, helper
Warraq (‫)ورّ اق‬
traditional scribe, publisher, printer, notary and book copier
Wasat
the middle way, justly balanced, avoiding extremes, moderation
Witr
a voluntary, optional night prayer of three rakaat
Wudu
ablution for ritual purification from minor impurities before salat
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Z
Zabur
the Psalms revealed to King David
Zakat (‫)زكاة‬
tax, alms, tithe as a Muslim duty; Sunnis regard this
as the fourth Pillar of Islam. Neither charity nor
derived from Islamic economics, but a religious duty
and social obligation.
Zalimun
polytheists, wrong-doers, and unjust.
Zina (‫ زنى‬, ‫)زناء‬
sexual activity outside of marriage (covering the
English words adultery and fornication)