Transcript Slide 1

Who are we?
The Carolina Environmental Program at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
and
King Mongut’s University of Technology Thonburi

Exchange Program

Environmental classes with Thai and
UNC students

UNC students engage in independent
research projects addressing
environmental issues in Thailand.

Opportunity for Thai students to
take a semester of masters’ classes at
UNC and participate in graduate
level research.
Introduction – Energy in Thailand

Trend of Increasing Energy use1:
total energy demand in 2003 was 56,289 ktoe, an increase of 6.2%
400,000 million baht was spent on imported oil
Almost 85% of the 55 million liters of diesel consumed per day is imported
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i 1 "Thailand Energy Situation." Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE), Ministry of Energy
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Thailand. 2003. available online at: http://www.dede.go.th/dede/statpage/energy2003/eneintroeng03.htm.
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e 2 Renewable Energy In Thailand: Ethanol and Biodiesel. Department of Alternative Energy and Development and
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Efficiency, Ministry of Energy. Bangkok 2004.
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Roadmap for Biodiesel Development and Promotion2
by 2011:
Increase consumption of alternative energies from 0.5% to 8%
Use 2.4 million liters of biodiesel per day nationwide
Tax incentives
Current Production
Factory Name
Feedstock
Alcohol
Catalyst
Capacity
Chitralada Palace,
Bangkok
WVO
Ethanol
NaOH
250+ l/batch
2 batches/week
Royal Navy,
Bangkok
Palm Olein
Oil
Methanol
KOH
1000 liters/day
Raja Biodiesel,
Surat Thani
WVO and
Coconut Oil
Ethanol
NaOH
20,000 liters/batch,
max 3 batches/day
Prince Songkla Univ.
Trat
Palm Stearin
Oil
Methanol
NaOH
1 ton/day
Riverside Hotel,
Bangkok
WVO
Business
Research
Biodiesel Basics
Transesterification
Glyceride + Alcohol
Glycerol +
(oil)
(catalyst)
What is Biodiesel?
 “A domestic, renewable fuel for
diesel engines derived from natural
oils like soybean oil, and which meets
the specifications of ASTM
(American Society Testing and
Materials) D 6751” 1
1
Esters
Benefits:
 Environmentally friendly
feedstocks
 blend with diesel in normal engines
 Low emissions
 Positive energy balance2
National biodiesel board.
2 Sheehan, John, et al. “Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus Final Report.” National
Renewable Energy Laboratory. May 1998
Research Design
Waste Vegetable Oil:
Energy Analysis
Collection in Bangkok &
Pre-processing
Transesterification:
Reaction to create biodiesel
from feedstock oils
Jatropha:
Agricultural production &
Oil purification
Economics: Prices of creating biodiesel from each feedstock &
Analysis of creating a market for biodiesel
Energy Balance for Biodiesel
Production in Thailand
Feedstock Option #1:
Jatropha Curcas
Value of Jatropha
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Jatropha grows wild and in infertile soil
Oil can be extracted from the nuts after just 6
months (as opposed to 3 for palm nuts)
The nuts are about 60% oil by weight
It is not presently used in any other ways
The biodiesel has favorable ignition qualities
Jatropha cultivation for biodiesel
appears ideal; it is energy
positive?
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ENERGY INPUTS:
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Labor
Fertilizer
Transportation
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CULTIVATION:
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Propogation
Fertilization
Harvesting
Deshelling
Crushing
Pressing
Filtering
Transportation emissions
Bags
2 month seedlings
Fertilizer
groundwater
Transportation
emissions
Kernals
1,666-1,912l/day
83.3-95.6%
Crude oil
88-334l/day
4.4%-16.7%
Press cake
APPROACH
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Land productivity varies widely between the
research level oil production in Thailand and
longer established cultivation in other countries.
Literature ranges of 1200 to 2400 liters of oil
per hectare can be expected, therefore 3 land
area scenarios were considered; 1200l/ha,
1750l/ha, and 2000l/ha.
LABOR:
For the 30 year productivity lifespan of jatropha,
approximately 5,000,000 MJ of labor energy are needed for
farming per square kilometer and 7,400,000 MJ are needed
for oil extraction per square kilometer
LABOR:
Depending on productivity land area scenario, this totals to
75,400,000 MJ; 51,700,000 MJ; or 45,300,000 MJ (45-75
terajoules) for the 30 year production cycle.
TRANSPORTATION:
Diesel energy needs for running the tractors include
establishing the field, spreading fertilizer, and harvesting in
each of the different scenarios and with variable plot shape.
This is assumed to be an internal flux because the tractors
can run on the crude oil produced. The range is 35-133
terajoules.
FERTILIZER:
This is according to the energy requirements described by
Sima Pro of the fertilizer used at Kaseasart University
(15:15:15). An estimated .4-.7 terajoules are required
SUMMARY:
A total input of 81 to 209 terajoules is required for the 30
year production cycle of jatropha oil, depending on the
productivity of the land and plot dimension. This can be
compared to the energy obtained from the oil; at an
average of 37.5MJ/l, 821.3 terajoules is expected. This is a
significantly positive energy balance
SUMMARY
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Transportation is the largest energy sink but is an internal
flux if the trucks are run on crude oil. The demand is 4.4%16.7% of the total oil produced.
Labor is generally not considered in an energy balance but
has been here because of the absence of other energies in
the production process in Thailand.
Fertilizer can be internalized if the waste press cake is used
as fertilizer.
SUMMARY
Looking at the most logical rectangular scenario 3, the total
energy input is 95.1 terajoules, or 50.2 terajoules not
including manual labor. This energy input can be expected
to yield 821.3 terajoules of product energy. Since one MJ of
energy input can produce about 8.64 MJ of product, the
energy efficiency is calculated to be 864%. This indicates a
highly energetically productive process. The fossil fuel
energy ratio is 2068, signifying that 2068 MJ of energy are
produced for every MJ fossil fuel energy input (assuming the
tractors run on crude jatropha oil). Although these values
are very energy positive one must keep in mind the
anticipated progression of the energy produced into
transesterification which will likely be more energy
demanding.
LARGE SCALE
PRODUCTION
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This can be compared to more well
established cultivation and oil extraction
energy needs obtained from literature.
Here is a summation of rapeseed energy
inputs for agriculture and oil extraction that
are applicable to jatropha.
RAPESEED ENERGIES
Looking at the 3 scenarios and 2 fertilizer options an
estimated 123 to 368 terajoules of energy are needed for 30
years of industrial style production of crude jatropha oil.
SUMMARY:
Comparably, energy efficiency in this case ranges from
667%-223%, still highly positive although not as efficient as
the labor intensive operation. Fossil fuel energy ratio
ranges from 3-18, certainly still positive but in need of
closer examination when transesterification is factored in.
Feedstock Option #2:
Waste Vegetable Oil
(WVO)
Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO)
Background
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Thai cooking often uses waste vegetable
oils
Produced from street vendors,
restaurants, fast food, and food
processing plants
Cooking oils are often overused in
Bangkok and can be dangerous to human
health (1)
Food vendors and restaurants will be
fined 50,000 Baht for using substandard
vegetable oils by the Ministry of Public
Health (2)
1 Siegmann
2 “B50,000
Pad Thai Cooking!!!
K. and Sattler, K. “Aerosol from Hot Cooking Oil, A Possible Health Hazard.” Journal of Aerosol Science. 27(1): S493-S494. 1996
on use of bad cooking oil.” Bangkok Post. 7 December 2004. Available online at: http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/07Dec2004_news05.php
WVO Uses
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WVO is most commonly used as an
ingredient in animal feed, also used
with oil based paints
PAH’s and other toxic chemicals found
in WVO can bioaccumulate in an
animal’s body and can harm humans (3)
Biodiesel can be produced from WVO
Currently WVO is used to produce in
many areas around the world, most
commonly known for by the “fish and
chips” emissions of some cars in the
UK
WVO Collection Process
3 Scottish
Environmental Protection Agency [Online]. “European Pollutant Emission Registrar (EPER): Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.”
http://www.sepa.org.uk/data/eper/contextual_info.aspx?si=41. Accessed Nov. 25, 2004.
Two Major WVO Questions
1) How much waste vegetable
oil (WVO) is in Bangkok?
2) Energy Analysis: How much
energy is required for:
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What is the best way to collect
WVO?
What pre-processing steps are
required for biodiesel
production from WVO?
Liz and Andy sucking up WVO at Chitralada Palace
WVO in Bangkok
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I conducted a survey to
determine the amount and
status of WVO in BKK
Areas Surveyed:
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MBK Mall
Tesco/Lotus and Big C
Street Restaurants and Stalls in
the Bangmod area
Notable Limitations:
1) Small survey: results are
not statistically significant
2) I can’t speak Thai
Findings:
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WVO from chain restaurants
and fast food is often already
collected
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Most street vendors and street
restaurants do not have their
WVO collected
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I could not contact or
communicate with WVO
collection businesses
WVO Amounts in Bangkok
Max WVO week (liters)
Shops in BKK
Total WVO per week (liters)
Tanks of B100 per week
Tanks of B2 per week
Small Street Stalls or
Restaurants
Large Street
Restaurants
14
63
490
5,600
6,167
16,000
500
65
20
16,585
224,000
31,500
31,850
112,000
399,350
2,800
394
398
1400
4,992
140,000
19,688
19,906
70,000
249,594
To Summarize:
1)
Malls produce 500-800 liters/day
2)
Supermarkets produce 20-70 liters/day
3)
Small Street Restaurant / Stalls produce up to 2
liters/day
4)
Large Street Restaurants produce up to 10 liters/day
Estimates for number of shops in BKK:
1)
10 small street stalls and restaurants per square
kilometer in BKK
2)
65 supermarkets (Tesco, Big C, Carrfour, etc)
3)
20 large malls in BKK
Supermarkets
Malls
Total
Max Amount of Biodiesel Produced:
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Current Mandate B2 (2% biodiesel): 250,000
tanks/day (80 liter fuel tank capacity)
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B20 Fuel (20% biodiesel): 25,000 tanks/day
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Pure Biodiesel B100: 5,000 tanks/day
How much energy does WVO
collection require?
Energy Required for WVO Collection
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Pickup Truck
Large Van
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Traffic Type
BKK City Traffic
BKK City Traffic
2x Diameter of City
(80 km)
2x Diameter of
City (80 km)
Three 200 liter
drums (600 lit)
Seven 300 liter
drums (2100 lit)
11.00
6.00
4.52
8.28
Diesel Energy Used w/ Diesel Heat Loss
(kJ):
981321.73
1799089.84
Electricity Energy Used for pumping oils
w/ Transmission Loss (kJ)
24690.60
77199.28
1006012.33
1876289.12
Total Energy per liter of WVO (MJ/ lit
WVO)
1.676
0.938
Energy in Biodiesel Used for
Collection
4.9%
2.8%
Distance Traveled for Collection and
Return Trip
Amount of WVO that can be Collected
MPG for Pickup truck (miles/gallon
diesel):
Total Diesel Consumed (gallons):
Total Energy Consumed (kJ):
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Two Scenarios: Pickup Truck vs.
Large Collection Van
Pickup truck requires more
energy (1.7 MJ/liter of biodiesel)
but is also more smaller and more
accessible to BKK city streets
(street stalls and restaurants)
Large Collection van requires less
energy (0.9 MJ/liter of biodiesel)
but is less mobile and suitable for
areas of high WVO density (malls
& supermarkets)
Between 2-5% of the energy in
biodiesel is required for collection
and transportation of WVO
After collection, what steps are needed to process WVO for biodiesel production?
Preprocessing of WVO
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Cooking with oils
create forms
contaminants in oil
Free fatty acids and
water can disrupt
biodiesel production
Preprocessing can
destroy the free fatty
acids and water
Inputs
Outputs
Settling Tank
Filtered Waste
vegetable oil
Purpose: Remove large particles and
water by gravity separation
Glycerine &
Electricity
Purpose: Reduce FFA content
70C, 400 kPa
Glycerine Washing Column
Purpose: Remove water and acid
25 C, 200 kPa
Methanol Recovery Column
Electricity
Wastewater and
solid wastes
Esterification Reaction
Methanol,
Electricity,
& H2SO4
Recovered Methanol
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Purpose: Recover methanol
70 C, 30 kPa
Treated Waste
Vegetable Oil
Waste Stream
(glycerol, water,
and H2SO4)
Zhang Pre-processing of Waste Vegetable Oil, 2003 (4)
4
Zhang, Y. et al. "Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment." Bioresource Technology. 89(1): 1-16. 2003.
Preprocessing Energy of WVO
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Zhang Collection and Pre-treatment Process
WVO Collected (liters):
1160
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Zhang’s Pre-Treatment:
Electricity Used (kJ/hr)
70750
Methanol Used (kg/hr)
128
Energy used for creation of methanol MJ (5)
12727
Sulfuric Acid Used (kg/hr)
Energy used for creation of sulfuric acid (MJ)
10
(6)
Total Energy Consumed (MJ):
Total Energy per liter of WVO (MJ/lit WVO)
% Energy in Biodiesel consumed in collection and
pre-processing
5
6
Largest energy sink in preprocessing is the production
of methanol
Almost 1/3 of the energy in
biodiesel is required to preprocess WVO
3.41
12965
11.2
32.87%
Alternative:
 Don’t Pre-process the oil!
 The Royal Chitralada Plant
does not process their oil and
maintains very high yields
(98.4%)
Chemlink Australia. “Methanol (methyl alcohol).” Available at: www.chemlink.com.au/methanol.htm. Accessed Dec 9, 2004.
Rasheva, D. et al. "Energy efficiency of the production of sulfuric acid from liquid sulfur," Energy: An International Journal. 2(1). 51-54. 2002.
Waste Vegetable Oil Conclusions
To Transesterification
WVO Generation
Malls: 500-800 lit/day
Supermarkets: 30-70 lit/day
Street Restaurants: 2 lit/day
WVO Collection
Larger vehicles are collecting
larger load of WVO require
less energy than smaller
vehicles
Some WVO is already
collected at many chain and
fast food restaurants
Smaller vehicles may have
better access to some areas in
Bangkok
Enough WVO is found in BKK
to fill up 250,000 tanks of B2
biodiesel per day
Overall a small amount of
energy is consumed to collect
WVO in Bangkok
WVO Processing
Preprocessing to remove Free
Fatty Acids and Water requires
a significant amount of energy
1/3 of the energy contained in
biodiesel must be used for
WVO processing
Preprocessing of WVO may
not be a mandatory step, as
observed at the Royal
Chitralada Palace
Biodiesel Formation
Process:
Transesterification
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
Biodiesel
Materials
Feedstock, Alcohol,
Catalyst,
Water
Electricity
Transesterification
Glycerin
Waste Water
Current Production of Biodiesel
Thailand – Chitralada Palace Plant
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2 started in May 2004
Has produced about 13
batches
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280 liters/batch
WVO, ethanol, NaOH
Khun Nititporn, engineer. Royal Chitralada Projects, Bangkok. Biodiesel Research Project Plant located at the Chitralada Palace,
central Bangkopk, Thailand. October and November 2004. Website: http://kanchanapisek.or.th/kp1/index.html
Current Production of Biodiesel
Thailand – Naval Dockyard Plant
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Royal Navy
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500 liters/batch (5-6 hours)
2000 liters/day
Palm oil, methanol, KOH
December 2004 plant analysis to
determine material and electricity
used
Biodiesel used in Navy boats,
cars, and buses at various blends
Also conducted quality tests for
emissions and effects on engines
1 Captain Somai Jai-In. Royal Thai Navy. Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand. November 2004. Website: http://www.navy.mi.th/.
2 Padkuntod, Pathomkanok. “Royal Navy experiments with running on the fats of the land.” The Nation. July 18, 2004. Available
online at: http://www.nationmultimedia.com/page.arcview.php3?clid=11&id=102645&usrsess=1.
Production steps
Mix
Alcohol + catalyst
Heat
Vegetable Oil
Transesterification
Separation of Co-products
Crude
Glycerin
Refining
Biodiesel
Water
Washing
Waste Water
Treatment
Glycerin
Biodiesel
Alcohol
Recovery
Chitralada Palace Plant:
Energy and Material flows for 1 batch biodiesel
INPUTS
Materials
WVO 300 liters
Ethanol 175 liters
NaOH 1.73 kg
Water 250 liters
Electricity
29.2 MJ
OUTPUTS
Biodiesel
280 liters
Transesterification
Glycerin
24 liters
Waste Water
299kg
Royal Navy Plant:
Energy and Material flows for 1 batch biodiesel
INPUTS
OUTPUTS
Materials
Palm Oil 500 liters
Methanol 100 liters
KOH
5.00 kg
Water
1000 liters
Biodiesel 500 liters
Transesterification
Glycerin 100 liters
Waste Water
Quantity unknown
Electricity
55.8 MJ (estimate)
Recovered Methanol
Quantity unknown
Energy Balance for 1 liter biodiesel
Chitralada
Navy
Energy number for Biodiesel from Al-Widyan, Mohamad I., and Ali O. Al-Shyoukh. “Experimental evaluation of the transesterification
of waste palm oil into biodiesel.” Bioresource Technology 85:253-256. December 2002.
Waste Vegetable Oil
Energy balance for biodiesel production
including preprocessing Not including preprocessing
Chitralada
Feedstock Production
Chitralada
Navy
11.959
11.624
0.182
0.177
Transesterification
13.000
3.270
13.000
3.270
Net Energy Input
24.959
14.894
13.182
3.447
Energy in Biodiesel
34.200
34.200
34.200
34.200
9.241
19.306
21.018
30.753
(Transportation)
Energy Gain
including labor energy Not including labor energy
Chitralada
Jatropha
Navy
Feedstock Production
Navy
Chitralada
Navy
4.785
4.472
2.559
2.392
Transesterification
13.000
3.270
13.000
3.270
Net Energy Input
17.785
7.742
15.559
5.662
Energy in Biodiesel
34.200
34.200
34.200
34.200
Energy Gain
16.415
26.458
18.641
28.538
(Transportation)
Why Biodiesel-Economically?
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Supports to government
energy policies
The greatest concerns
for Thailand are:
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increase of energy
security through the
reduction of reliance on
outside imports
the strengthening of the
agricultural sector.
Production Costing Analysis
Looks at the costing of :
 Inputs: What is used in operation of each
production phase
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Equipment
Materials
Outputs: What is produced after the completion
of each phase
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Products, co-products, and wastes
The basis of this costing was:
feedstock
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Contribute to the majority of the cost
Picking the proper feedstock is based on five
items:
the actual “per unit” price or the cost
 the variability in quality or chemical content of the feedstock
 regular availability
 flexibility to increase supply to meet demand
 the cost of transportation and pretreatment

Ginder, Roger. “Evaluating Biodiesel As A Value Added Opportunity.” Agricultural Marketing Center. Ohio State University. 2004.
Available online at: http://www.me3.org/issues/ethanol/
Jatropha-Plantation
Inputs
Process
Trucks
Seedlings
Fertilizer
Water
Propogation/ Harvesting Labor
Pesticide
Plantation
Outputs
Oil Seeds
Transport to Crushing Mill
Inputs
Trucks
diesel
crew
Process
Transportation
Outputs
None
Deshell/Crush/Press
Inputs
Labor
Tools
Process
Mill
Outputs
Jatropha Oil
Refining
Inputs
Equipment
Tools
Crew
Process
Refinery
Outputs
Refined
Jatropha
Oil
Transporation from Crushing Mill to
Transesterification plant
Inputs
Trucks
Pumps
Electricity
Diesel fuel
Process
Transportation
Outputs
None
Transesterification
Inputs
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mixing tank
Reaction tank
motor, heater
Washing tank (2)
Centrifuge Separator
Pump
storage tanks (3)
Jatropha Oil
electricty
Water, crew of1
Menthanol (ethanol)
NaOH
Process
Transesterification
Outputs
Biodiesel
Glycerol
Economics of Jatropha
ADVANTAGES
•Not much fertilizer, water consumption
etc.
•No competition with food industry
Disadvantages
•Labor intensive
•May be transporation intensive
WVO-Collection
Inputs
Process
Outputs
Truck
Pump
Collection
Electricity
Diesel Fuel
Crew
Unrefined WVO
Pretreatment
Inputs
Settling Tank
Reaction Tank
Glycerine Washing Column
Methanol Recovery Tank
Filtered WVO
Methanol
Electricity
H2SO4 (catalyst)
Glycerine
Water
Process
Outputs
Wastewater
Pretreatment
Methanol
Treated WVO
Transportation to Plant
Inputs
trucks
tanks
diesel
crew
electricity
Process
Transportation
Outputs
None
Transesterification
Inputs
mixing tank
Reaction tank
motor, heater
Washing tank (2)
Centrifuge Separator
Pump
storage tanks (3)
TreatedWVO
electricty
Water, crew of1
Menthanol (ethanol)
NaOH
Process
Outputs
Biodiesel
glycerol
Transesterification
Wastewater
Economics of WVO
Advantages:
 Inexpensive without
pre-treatment
 Stable supply in large
cities
Disadvantages:
 Used in animal feed
 Large scale collection
scheme may prove
difficult
 May require energy
intensive pre-treatment
process
Conclusions
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Jatropha could be used in agricultural or rural
communities
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May be an option for an expanded program covering
all of Thailand
WVO would be the best feedstock for large
cities such as Bangkok
Further Research and Lessons from
other nations
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Create a scheme for selling glycerol
Come up with creative tax incentives and
subsidies
Precise Costing Analysis
conclusions?
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For both economic and environmental reasons
feedstock and biodiesel production should be
localized.
Research Ideas for Next Year’s Program:
Expansions on Findings
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Collection of Waste Vegetable Oils In BKK
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Is pre-processing of WVO worthwhile?
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Detailed collection plan for city streets
Further analysis of current uses of biodiesel; collection programs
for WVO already in place
Compare the efficiency of biodiesel production using processed
and unprocessed WVO
Economic Plan of Implementation for Biodiesel
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Price Standardization Technique
Creative Tax Incentives
Analysis of “Roadmap for Biodiesel” by Thai government