Transcript Chapter 10 agriculture

Chapter 10 Agriculture/Rural
Land Use
Development and Diffusion
• Agriculture- growing of plants/raising animals
• Produce for market ($$)
• In the beginning…Nomadic hunters/gatherersmove for food resource (less than 250,000 ppl
hunters/gatherers present day)
• Today: stationary; cities
Subsistence vs. commercial
• Differences in the way
MDC and LDCs farm
• Subsistence farming- • Commercial farmingonly enough to feed
grow to sell MDCsyour own family (LDC) global farming market
Origins of Agriculture
• Hunter gatherer theory: humans touched and
handled plants in their gathering efforts
• Innovation and diffusion from multiple
hearths
• SE Asia- LEARN to grow plants- vegetative
planting-cut off the stem of another plant or
separate roots.
• SE Asia has climate for root plants easily
divided (yam, banana, etc.)
Origins Cont.
• SE Asia diffused N (China), E (Japan), W (SE
Asia, Africa, Mediterranean)
• NW South America, Andes Mts, W Africa other
hearths of origin
• First Agricultural revolution- seed agricultureplant rather than divide off parent plant.
– Higher Crop Yield- many seeds
1st Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)
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12,000 years ago
Wheat/rice seed crops…goats/sheep animals
Stay still, grow population, build communities
Population growth through the growing of
food expanded the “carrying capacity” of the
earth. More food supports more humans
• Started in several hearths
Seed Agricultural Hearths
2nd Agricultural Revolution
• Post fall of Rome 500 ce
• Substance farming (ppl grew for family only) on communal
lot (1 large space)
• Capitalism grew – enclosure movement “This is MY LAND”
• Coincided with the industrial revolution in 17th/18th century
England/W. Europe
• Urban migration to factories post enclosure
movement/availability of jobs
– Ship food to cities
– New innovations farming (better collar for oxen; use horse
instead of ox, fertilizers, irrigation systems, food storage
systems)/transportation
– More food made more population growth in cities for factory
workers
Types of Subsistence Farming
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Shifting cultivation- rotate field (crop rotation is when you use the same field, but change
crop type)
– Tropical zones (Af., S. Am, SE Asia) change plot for healthy growth
– Cattle ranching, logging, cash crops replacing $$$ global marketplace (commercial farming)
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Slash and burn (extensive subsistence- low population/excessive amounts of available
land)- cut down trees, burn underbrush
– Requires labor not brains, mixed seeds planted (intertillage- balances diet reduces risk crop failure)
– Causes environmental issues (especially rain forest)
– More ppl, more farming, farming too fast- lack recuperation/full nutrients
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Intensive subsistence- small amount land, very efficient, family eats
– Fertile areas highly populated (China, India, SE Asia), ex) terrace-farming “pyramids”
– Warm climate – rice
cold climate- wheat, corn, millet
– Double cropping- planting and harvesting on a field more than once a year
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Pastoralism- breeding and herding of animals for food, shelter, clothing for survival
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Grasslands, deserts, limited arable land
Sedentary or nomadic (Mongolia)
N Af. Central.S Africa, Middle east, Central Asia
Declining worldwide- govt use land for other purposes (ex. Middle east-oil); therefore, being
encouraged to join global farming economy
Mediterranean Agriculture
• Mediterranean Sea + hot, dry summers, mild
wet winters (Cali, Chile, S. Af., S Australia)
• Wheat [extensive], barley, vine/tree crops
(olives[intensive], grapes, figs), sheep/goats
• Extensive or intensive depending on the crop
• Subsistence and commercial
Commercial farming
• Produce crops for sale
• Mixed crop and livestock, ranching, dairying,
large-scale grain
• Plantation- commercial LDCs
Commercial farming cont.
Mixed crop/livestock
Ranching
• Most grown to feed
animals; manure
fertilizer/eggs (sell)
• Not seasonally dependent
• Europe, E N. Am., near large
urban areas
• Crop rotation practiced
• Commercial grazing
(extensive- large amounts of
land)
• Cattle/sheep most often
• Climate too dry crops
• W. USA, Argentina, S. Brazil,
Uruguay, Latin Am., N. Mexico
• Rare in Europe outside of
Spain and Portugal
• Declining- low grain prices,
meat quality standards USA fat
vs. lean meat
Commercial farming cont.
Dairying
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Milk based products-sell
Close to market-perishable
Far from market- cheese/butter
NE USA, SE Canada, NW Europe
Very small, capital intensive
(machinery vs. labor intensive
human manpower)
• Milkshed- distance around that
milk can be produced without
spoiling to market
• Technology: refrigerated trucks;
feeding systems
Large-scale grain production
• Wheat dominates
• Canada, USA- worlds
largest, Argentina, Australia,
Ukraine
• Developed because of
Industrial Revolutionfeeding masses
• Technology- reaper 1830
cuts standing grain in the
field; combine- reaps,
thrashes, cleans in 1
Commercial farming cont.
Plantation
• Large-scale- 1 or 2 highdemand crops export to MDC
• Coffee, tea, pineapple, rubber,
tobacco, sugarcane, cottonintroduced tropical/subtropical
areas by European colonizers
• LDC plantations owned by
MDC –taking best farm land
from natives
• Coastline for easy export
• Still labor intensive
Von Thünen Agricultural Location
Theory
• German Economist
• Where/why agricultural
activities take place
around market
– 1 city; 1 central market
– Farmland equally
farmable
• Variable: distance a
farms location was from
the city’s market as
evident in
transportation costs
Von Thünen things to consider…
• Agricultural settlement
pattern predicted by model
• Usefulness of Von Thünen
model
– Central marketplace
– Each ring different agri. Land
use
– Central-intensive (dairying);
exterior – extensive (grazing)
– Look at transportation costs
– Real world: more than 1
variable
– What happens when…
• Reasons for predictions
– City- expensive land
– Grain/grazing lots of land
farther away…cheap
– Milk- small/quick transport
• River @ city center
• Multiple markets
• Soil not equal
– Farming and other spatial
patterns relate to distance
– Geographers use to predict
future land use patterns
Settlement Patterns
Villages
• Villages
• Spatial layoutfunction/environment
• Europehillside/protection- flat
farming
• Walls= no invasion
• River/stream- linear
farmland radiates out
• Round…space in middle
for cattle
• Grid plan, geometric
boundaries…what were
those again? [straight
lines not physical or
cultural]
Modern Commercial Agriculture
3rd Agricultural Revolution
• 19th century N Americaglobalization– mechanized farming
technology, chemical fertilizer
– Farming and food processing
different locations
Refresher
• 1st – stationary plants
• 2nd – farming and storage
capabilities feed city folk
Industrialization of Farming Process
• Harvest, ship to processing
• Like factory…different parts
of production
• Milk- cow, shipped
downtown- refrigerated,
processed close to market
Modern Commercial Agriculture
Agribusiness
• Combination of food
production industry: farms,
processing plants, packagers,
fertilizer laboratories,
distributors, advertising
agencies
• AKA everything from seed to
sale
• # farmers decrease…why? But
agribusiness still employs
• Divided on a global level- shut
little farmers down- corporate
owned flower farmers grow in
foreign lands then ship
Modern Commercial Agriculture
Green Revolution
• 1940s hybrid seeds and
fertilizers- increase crop
output
• Reduce Mexico’s hunger
through wheat grain
production – US
laboratories
• Higher-yielding hybrid seeds
• Nitrogen- enriching
fertilizers protection from
disease and pests…run off…
• 1970 Norman Borlaug
Nobel Peace Prize – world
peace through hunger
reducing technology to LDCs
• 1945-1990 45% increase
grain (Asia/India benefit)
• Hunger/famine reduced not
eliminated due to
transportation and social
issues…
Modern Commercial Agriculture
Economic downside Green
Revolution
Environmental downside Green
Revolution
• Reduced labor – job loss
• Higher level crop failure
prone to disease/pests
• Require wetter climate for
rice/wheat not great for
whole world (Af. Less than
5% use Green Revolution
products)
• Local farmers can’t afford
green revolution seedseconomic ruin
• Pesticides- pollution/soil
contamination
• Workers- exposed- poisoned
• More H2o required- is there
enough?
• So many using seeds, genetic
diversity reducing- more likely
to suffer from disease and pest
infestation-lose crop
• Machine farm tools needed;
expensive fuel, more fossil
fuels used and pollution
http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2014/01/15/262752555/german-farmers-fear-for-europes-bacon-with-u-stradedeal?ft=1&f=1001&utm_content=socialflow&utm_campaign=nprnews&utm_source=npr&utm_medium=twitt
er
Modern Commercial Agriculture
Biotechnology
• Using living organisms to produce
or change plant or animal
products
• Genetic modification- type of
biotechnology- genetic
manipulation of crop to improve
productivity and product
• “super-plants” grow faster even
in poor nutrient soil; pesticides
and fertilizers already in their
DNA; can be droughtresistant/resistant to plant
diseases
• Plant and animal cloning “superchicken” more meat @ faster rate
Animal Welfare
• http://www.abc.net.au/land
line/content/2013/s387770
3.htm
HUNGER AND FOOD SUPPLY
Undernutrition/Famine
• Not getting enough calories
or nutrients
vs.
Mass starvation resulting from
prolonged undernutrition in a
region during a certain period
World Hunger
• Cause: distribution of food
supply & ppl’s ability to
access food supplies
• Social and economic
structure cause inequality
food-security,
undernutrition, famine
• Answer: not just produce
more food, but distribution,
empower ppl ability to
obtain food, and sustainable
yields over time
HUNGER AND FOOD SUPPLY
Ester Boserup’s Theory
• Geographer that thought: farmers
want crops to feed family and
leisure time
• Subsistence farmers change if
population increases and more
food is needed
• AKA food dependent upon
human growth vs. Thomas
Malthus’s theory that
overpopulation is outpacing
growth of the food supply
• Boserup’s theory correct in
subsistence economy but not in
technology advanced
industrialized society
Soil Erosion
• Demand for food rushing
soil rest/recuperation
• Soil erosion is caused- loss
of nutrient rich top layer
• 7% topsoil destroyed each
decade
HUNGER AND FOOD SUPPLY
Desertification/deforestation
• Overuse of land-Sahara and
other deserts expand
because of overuse. Human
and natural causes
vs.
Loss of forested areaschopping down faster than
regenerating
Prediction…rainforest near
equator destroyed in less than
100 years
Debt-for-nature-swaps
• Governments forgive
international debts owed by
LDCs in exchange for them
protecting valuable, natural
land resources from human
distruction