Transcript Chemical Equations & Reactions

Single and Double Replacement
Reactions
Single-replacement reaction
Mg
+
CuSO4
General form:
A
+ BC

MgSO4

AC
+
+
Cu
B
Double-replacement reaction
CaCO3
+
General form:
AB
+
2 HCl

CaCl2
+
H2CO3
CD

AD
+
CB
Printable
Version
of
Activity
Series
Activity Series
Element Reactivity
Ca
Foiled again –
Aluminum loses to Calcium
Li
Rb
K
Ba
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H2
Cu
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
Halogen Reactivity
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
Activity Series of the elements
• Activity series – list of elements organized
according to the ease with which the
elements undergo certain chemical
reactions.
• Used to predict if a reaction will take place
• For metals – greater activity means loss of
electrons
• For nonmetals – greater activity means
ease to gain electrons
• Order of listing is usually determined by
single-replacement reactions
• Most active element is placed at the top of
the series
• An element can replace any element
below it on the series
• An element cannot replace any element
above it on the series
Double Replacement
Double replacement – ions of two
compounds exchange places in an
aqueous solution to form two new
compounds
AX + BY
AY + BX
FeS + 2HCl
H2S + FeCl2
Types of Double Replacement Reactions
1. Formation of a precipitate
2. Formation of a gas
3. Formation of water
Potassium reacts with Water
POW!
Predict if these reactions will occur
3 Mg
+ 2 AlCl3
2 Al
+ 3 MgCl2
Can magnesium replace aluminum? YES, magnesium is more reactive than aluminum.
Activity Series
Al
+
MgCl2
No reaction
Can aluminum replace magnesium? NO, aluminum is less reactive than magnesium.
Activity Series
MgCl2
+
Al
Therefore, no reaction will occur.
No reaction
Order of reactants
DOES NOT
determine how
they react.
The question we must ask is can the single element replace its counterpart?
metal replaces metal or nonmetal replaces nonmetal.
Single-Replacement Reactions
Activity Series
“Magic blue-earth”
Fe + CuCl2
FeCl2
+
Cu
Can Fe replace Cu? Yes
Zinc in nitric acid
Zn
+ 2 HNO3
Can Zn replace H?
Zn(NO3)2
+ H2
Yes
NO REACTION
MgCl2
+
Can Br replace Cl?
Br2
MgBr2
+
No
General Form
A
+
BC
AC + B
Cl2
Li
Rb
K
Ba
Ca
Na
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Cr
Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H2
Cu
Hg
Ag
Pt
Au
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
Double Replacement Reaction
K2CO3 (aq)
Potassium carbonate
+
BaCl2 (aq)
Barium chloride
2 KCl (aq)
Potassium chloride
+
BaCO3 (s)
Barium carbonate
acetate
bromide
carbonate
chloride
chromate
hydroxide
iodide
nitrate
phosphate
sulfate
sulfide
TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES IN WATER
aluminum
s
aq
n
s
n
s
aq
aq
s
aq
d
ammonium
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
barium
aq
aq
s
aq
s
aq
aq
aq
s
s
d
calcium
aq
aq
s
aq
aq
ss
aq
aq
s
s
d
copper (II)
aq
aq
s
aq
s
s
n
aq
s
aq
s
iron (II)
aq
aq
s
aq
n
s
s
aq
s
aq
s
iron (III)
aq
aq
n
aq
s
s
n
aq
s
s
d
lead
aq
s
s
ss
s
s
s
aq
s
s
s
magnesium
aq
aq
s
aq
aq
s
aq
aq
s
aq
d
mercury (I)
s
s
s
s
s
n
s
aq
s
s
si
mercury (II)
aq
s
s
aq
s
s
s
aq
s
d
si
potassium
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
silver
s
s
s
s
s
n
s
s
s
s
s
sodium
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
aq
zinc
aq
aq
s
aq
aq
s
aq
aq
s
aq
s
Legend
s = solid
aq = aqueous
d = decomposes
n = not isolated
Solubility Rules
1.
Most nitrates are soluble.
2.
Most salts containing Group I ion and ammonium ion, NH4+, are soluble.
3.
Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble, except Ag+, Pb2+
and Hg22+.
4.
Most sulfate salts are soluble, except BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4, and CaSO4.
5.
Most hydroxides except Group 1 and Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2 are
only slightly soluble.
6.
Most sulfides, carbonates, chromates, and phosphates are only slightly
soluble.
Ohn-Sabatello, Morlan, Knoespel, Fast Track to a 5 Preparing for the AP Chemistry Examination 2006, page 91
Find the precipitate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
HCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  HNO3( ) + AgCl( )
3 CaCl2(aq) + 2 Na3PO4(aq)  Ca3(PO4)2( ) + 6 NaCl(
Pb(NO3)2(aq ) + BaCl2( aq )  PbCl2( ) + Ba(NO3)2( )
FeCl3(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq)  Fe(OH)3( ) + 3 NaCl( )
H2SO4(aq) + Ca(OH)2(aq)  2 H2O( ) + CaSO4( )
6. 2 KOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq)  K2SO4( ) + Cu(OH)2(
)
)
Predict if these reactions will occur
2 HCl(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  2 HNO3(aq
?) + PbCl2(?S )
Will a precipitate form?
Yes, so the reaction will take place.
NH4OH(aq) + CaSO4(aq) 
Will a precipitate form?
Don’t
forget to
balance the
equation
(NH
)2SO4(aq
No 4reaction
?) + Ca(OH)2(aq
?)
No, so the reaction will not take place.