Transcript Slaid_06 - narod.ru

Series of lectures
“Telecommunication networks”
Lecture#05
Mobile networks.
Broadcasting networks
Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov, e-mail: [email protected]
The Bonch-Bruevich Saint-Petersburg State
University of Telecommunications
Frequency range
Band Designation
Audible
Extremely/Very Low Frequency
(ELF/VLF) Radio
Low Frequency (LF) Radio
Medium Frequency (MF) Radio
High Frequency (HF) Radio
Very High Frequency (VHF) Radio
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Radio
Super High Frequency (SHF) Radio
Extremely High Frequency (EHF) Radio
Infrared Light
Visible Light
X-Rays
Gamma and Cosmic Rays
Frequency Range
20 Hz- 20 kHz
3 kHz-30 kHz
Usage
Acoustics
Navigation, Weather, Submarine
telecommunications
30 kHz-300 kHz
Navigation, Maritime
telecommunications
300 kHz-3 MHz
Navigation, AM Radio
3 MHz-30 MHz
Citizens Band (CB) Radio
30 MHz-300 MHz Amateur (HAM) Radio, VHF
TV, FM Radio
300 MHz-3 GHz Microwave, Satellite, UHF TV
3 GHz-30 GHz
Microwave, Satellite
30 GHz-300 GHz
Microwave, Satellite
3
5
10 -10 GHz
Infrared
13
15
10 -10 GHz
Fiber Optics
15
18
10 -10 GHz
N/A
18
>10 GHz
N/A
Emergence of the cellular systems
First systems of mobile telephone telecommunications have been used
already in the twentieth years of the last century by security services.
High efficiency of that method of exchange of information became
obvious at once. Radio engineering development level in the first half
of the XX century was not high enough for creation of cheap and
compact terminals. Due to these reasons, massive development of the
mobile telecommunications was not expected.
By the end of the last century the situation has radically changed.
Microelectronics development and scientific research in the field of the
effective mobile telecommunications organization permitted to state
principles of the construction of corresponding public network. At first
this network was built on the base of analogous data transmission
technique. Then the era of the digital technologies has come. But the
basic principle of the mobile telecommunications system, use of the
cellular topology of the access network, has remained the same.
Terminal equipment
Telephone for the
NMT standard
ITU-T Recommendation E.161: To assist blind and
visually impaired people in identifying the dialling
push-buttons and otherwise to facilitate dialling
under low light conditions, it is recommended that
the button with the "5" be marked with a tactile
identifier so that the button can be identified by the
sense of touch (GSM phone).
Telephone for the
4G standard
Cellular topology with three
different frequency ranges
F3
F2
F3
F1
F3
F1
F2
F1
F 23
FF23
F1
F2
F2
F1
F3
Cellular topology with seven
different frequency ranges
D
R
F6
F7
F5
F1
F4
F6
F2
F3
F7
F5
F1
F4
F2
F3
Handover and roaming
Network 1
Network 2
BS12
T
BS11
BS13
BS21
...
MSC1
MSC2
Interworking functions
CO1
PSTN
Main elements of the network
Intra-network
interfaces
Air interface
Mobile
terminal
Switching
subsystem
Radio subsystem
Internetwork
interface
Other network(s)
Interfaces
MSC – mobile switching center
MS – mobile station
F
BTS – base station
BSC – base station controller
EIR – equipment identification
register
EIR
E
MSC
A
Abis
BSC
Um
C
MSC
B
D
HLR
BTS
MS-SIM
MS
SIM – subscriber identity module
HLR – home location register
SIM
VLR – visited location register
VLR
G
VLR
Numbering plan
SN
- Local level
NDC
SN
CC NDC
- National level
SN
- International level
See ITU-T Recommendation E.164
Supplementary services (1)
SMS → MMS,
Modem → GPRS → EDGE → HSPA.
[General Packet Radio Service (171 kbit/s), Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution (474 kbit/s, High Speed Packet Access (up to 14.4 Mbit/s)]
Some examples of the modern services:
РоС – Push-to-talk over Cellular,
VHE – Virtual Home Environment,
WAP – Wireless Application Protocol,
etc.
Supplementary services (2)
Growth of SMS – Worldwide (In Billion, 2000 – 2015F)
Year
SMS Traffic (In Billion)
Year
SMS Traffic (In Billion)
2000
146.4
2008
3,972.9
2001
218.0
2009
5,225.6
2002
366.0
2010
6,936.8
2003
450.0
2011F
8,015.5
2004
760.6
2012F
9,089.3
2005
1,056.4
2013F
10,163.4
2006
1,662.4
2014F
10,968.7
2007
2,778.0
2015F
11,665.0
Source: Portio Research Ltd.
F - Forecast
Supplementary services (3)
Revenue
Traffic
Data
Telephone
calls
8%
SMS
25%
11%
75%
81%
Data
Telephone
calls
Source: Ericsson Business Review
Prospects of the mobile
telecommunications development (1)
ETSI has been working on the new mobile telecommunications
standards for a long time. Main directions of this work lie in the
telecommunication quality increase, widening the spectrum of
the supported services, providing data and video information
exchange. Networks similar to GSM are related to the second
generation of the mobile telecommunications systems – 2G.
3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) group developed
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) ideology
which defines set of the standards for the new generation of
cellular networks. UMTS conception was created for the
multimedia services support. 3G networks were launched by a
number of the Operators worldwide.
Prospects of the mobile
telecommunications development (2)
Prospects of the mobile
telecommunications development (3)
Some of the specialists think that the 4G (e.g. LTE
Advanced) and 5G related direction is the most
perspective. Corresponding networks allow bringing
information interchange rate to 100 Mbit/s on the
move and 1 Gbit/s for nomadic users. Pre-4G (e.g.
WiMAX) and 4G networks have been already brought
into commercial use in several countries. It is
essential that 4G and 5G generations are oriented
towards full IP next generation network which is very
important from the maximal integration of the fixed
and mobile communications point of view.
Prospects of the mobile
telecommunications development (4)
Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been set aggressive
performance requirements that rely on physical layer
technologies, such as, Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
(MIMO) systems, Smart Antennas to achieve these
targets. The main objectives of LTE are to minimize the
system and User Equipment complexities, allow flexible
spectrum deployment in existing or new frequency
spectrum and to enable co-existence with other 3GPP
Radio Access Technologies.
Source: TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER, Motorola
Prospects of the mobile
telecommunications development (5)
LTE
performance
requirements
Forecasts for Japan
Category
Millions of contracts
People
130
Cars
100
Bicycles
60
Mobile personal computers
50
Cats and dogs
20
Ships, motorcycles and etc
10
Set top boxes
90
Digital cameras
30
Video cameras
20
Refrigerators
40
Other home appliances
30
Overall
580
Importance of the broadcasting
Time of the information extraction:
•television – 43%,
•radio – 39%,
•Internet – 5%,
•books – 3%.
•Others – 10%.
Source: www.iks-media.ru
Tube
radio
One of the first
Russian TV set
(designed in 1949)
Radio broadcasting system
Invention of the radio has stimulated organization of the
sound broadcasting system. Before wide distribution of
the television, radio broadcasting was the only
transmission facility for prompt information delivery to
the big number of subscribers simultaneously. First
radio broadcasting networks have proved high efficiency
of the new type of telecommunications. Soon radio
broadcasting networks became widely adopted in all
developed countries. Important peculiarity of the radio
broadcasting as opposed to telegraph and telephone
communications systems is the utilization of the onesided (simplex) channels for the information
transmission.
Classification of the radio
broadcasting systems
Sound broadcasting
By radio channels
By wire communication channels
Single-program
Long and medium
waves
Analogous
Multiprogram
Digital
Short waves
Mono
Ultra-short waves
Stereo
Structures of the wire broadcasting
Amplifier
SL
One-level
network of wire
broadcasting
Subscriber line (SL), 30 V
SL
subscriber's units
Amplifier
FD
Two-level
network of wire
broadcasting
Feeder line (FD), 240 V
transformer
transformer
FD
subscriber's units
subscriber's units
Channels for the radio broadcasting
In Russia, three types of broadcasting channels are
used:
•from 30 to 15000 Hz,
•from 50 to 10000 Hz,
•from 100 to 6000 Hz.
For stereophonic broadcasting two channels (“A” and “B”)
are used.
In some broadcasting systems, there is reverse channel. This
channel is used for the management and measurement of the
QoS parameters.
Typical structure of the radio and
television broadcasting networks
Main Center
Main path
Main path
Main path
Regional
Center
Standby path
Regional
Center
Served area
Local
Centers
Regional
Center
Ear structure
Eye structure
1. Sclera
2. Cornea
3. Anterior
chamber
4. Iris
5. Pupil
6. Crystalline lens
7. Optic nerve
8. Retina
Classification of the television
broadcasting systems
Television broadcasting
On-air broadcasting
Cable television
Satellite television
Combined system
Standard quality television
One-way broadcasting
Analogue
channels
High definition television
Interactive television
Digital
channels
Video signal spectrum
Picture channel
Accompanying
sound
7.5
0.5
f, MHz
8.0
Operational units of the
television broadcast
TT
PT
Communication
channel
VA
TBU
CG
Tr
Rc
CC
TBU
TT – television tube, TBU – time-base unit, CG – clock generator,
VA – videoamplifier, Tr – transmitter, Rc – receiver, CC – clock channel,
PT – picture tube.
ETB
BMN
BTE
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SPC
WBCN
MLE
SPC
CRW
SPC – sound-production complex, CWR – central switch room, RTE – radio transmitting equipment,
BMN – broadcasting main node, WBCN – wire broadcasting central node, ETB – Earth terminal for
broadcasting, BTE – broadcasting trunk exchange, MLE – microwave-link equipment.
Cable lines
RTE
Radio relay links
SPC
Satellite links
Methods of the television broadcast
Digital television (1)
Digital television (DTV) supports many different picture formats
defined by the combination of size, aspect ratio (width to height
ratio) and interlacing. The range of formats can be broadly divided
into two categories: HDTV and SDTV. These terms by themselves
are not very precise, and many subtle intermediate cases exist.
The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element; it is the
smallest unit of picture that can be controlled. Each pixel has its
own address. The address of a pixel corresponds to its coordinates.
Pixels are normally arranged in a two-dimensional grid, and are
often represented using dots or squares. Each pixel is a sample of
an original image; more samples typically provide more accurate
representations of the original. The intensity of each pixel is
variable. In color image systems, a color is typically represented by
three or four component intensities such as red, green, and blue, or
cyan, magenta, yellow, and black.
Digital television (2)
Standard definition TV (SDTV), by comparison, may use
one of several different formats taking the form of
various aspect ratios depending on the technology used in
the country of broadcast. For 4:3 aspect-ratio broadcasts,
the 640 × 480 format is used in NTSC countries, while
720 × 576 format is used in PAL countries.
High-definition television (HDTV), one of several
different formats that can be transmitted over DTV, uses
different formats, amongst which: 1280 × 720 pixels or
1920 × 1080 pixels. Each of these utilizes a 16:9 aspect
ratio. HDTV cannot be transmitted over current analog
channels.
Evolution of the interactive services
Level of
interactive
SoD
VoD
Videogames
NVoD
PpV
PpC
TV broadcasting
PpC – Pay per Channel
PpV – Pay per View
NVoD – Near Video on Demand
VoD – Video on Demand
SoD – Services on Demand
Time
Prospects of the radio and television
broadcasting development
Among variety of development trends of radio and television broadcasting
systems, three important directions should be noted.
The first direction is generated by the processes of integration and
convergence in the infocommunication system. Consequence of this process is
provision of sound and television broadcasting based on the NGN concept.
Transfer to the IP broadcasting can be considered as the demonstration of this
tendency.
The second direction is related to interactivity support, which was absent in
radio and television broadcasting systems. Interactivity allows a user to
receive, in full measure, the needed services. Already utilized Video on
Demand service can serve as an example of such capability.
The third direction reflects tendencies to quality. Such tendencies are
expressed in the growing sales share of the high-quality television and radio
equipment for use in households and in cars. Also requirements to handheld
terminals are rising. The same reasons have stimulated HDTV standard
development.
Some important aspects of the TV (1)
IPTV:
•additional income ~ 50% of all respondents,
•growth of the customer’s number ~ 30% of all
respondents,
•growth of the broadband access market ~ 16% of
all respondents,
•retention of the customers ~ 11% of all respondents.
Source: K. Wieland. What role for IPTV. – Telecommunications
International, September, 2006.
Some important aspects of the TV (2)
Mobile TV:
Types of the content:
•24% – documentary, sport, and similar programs,
•30% – serials,
•46% – news.
Place of viewing:
•36% – at home,
•23% – at work,
•21% – in a bus,
•7% – in a car,
•3% – at bus station.
Some important aspects of the TV (3)
Some important aspects of the TV (4)
Some important aspects of the TV (5)
Some important aspects of the TV (6)
Some important aspects of the TV (7)
Some important aspects of the TV (8)
Some important aspects of the TV (9)
3-D in the Home:
Source: http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/audiovideo/3d-in-the-home
Mobile networks. Broadcasting networks
Questions?
Instructor: Prof. Nikolay Sokolov, e-mail: [email protected]