Transcript Religion - mrswhitworths

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1. Describe the difference between
universalizing religions and ethnic
religions.
2. What is one branch of Christianity?
3. What branch of Islam is most popular in
Iran?
AP Reminders
• AP test money is due tomorrow (3/10)
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– Be in bus parking lot at 9:30
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Religion
Where are religions distributed?
• Universalizing religion (proselytic faith)
– global, appeal to all people despite where
they live
– 62 %
• Ethnic religion
– one group of people living in one place
– 24%
Universalizing Religion
• Christianity
• Islam
• Buddhism
World Distribution of Religions
Fig. 6-1: World religions by continent.
World Population by Religion
Fig. 6-1a: Over two thirds of the world’s population adhere to Christianity, Islam,
Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.
Origin of Religions
• Universalizing
– precise places of origin
– based on events in the life of a man
• Ethnic
– unknown
– unclear origins
– not tied to a single historical individuals
Diffusion of Ethnic Religions
• Limited, if any, diffusion
• Diffusion of universalizing religions comes
at the expense of ethnic religions
• diffuse if adherents migrate to new
locations
– economics reasons
– forced to adopt a universalizing religion
Holy Places
• Ethnic:
– Holy place has a distinctive physical environment
• Universalizing
– Holy places not close
– Not related to a particular physical environment
– Pilgrimage
• Hindus and Muslims
Christianity
• 2 billion adherents
• Largest, widest distribution
• 3 branches
– Roman Catholic (52%)
– Protestant (21%)
– Eastern Orthodox (10%)
Christian Branches in Europe
Fig. 6-2: Protestant denominations, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy are
dominant in different regions of Europe – a result of many historic
interactions.
Religions of the United States
Christian Branches in the U.S.
Fig. 6-3: Distribution of Christians in the U.S. Shaded areas are counties with more than
50% of church membership concentrated in Roman Catholicism or one of the
Protestant denominations.
Architecture
• Cross- within the primary structure of
worship, the church.
• Steeple: extends to the heavens
• Jesus Christ: lived on Earth, died on cross
– Bible:
• New and Old Testaments
Islam
Islam
• 5 pillars:
– No god worthy of worship except the one
God, and Muhammad
– 5 times a day Muslims pray facing the city of
Makkah (Mecca)
– Charity- purification and growth
– Fasts during Ramadan- self purification
– Pilgrimage to Makkah
Islam
• Branches
– Sunni- 83%
– Shiite- 16%
Architecture
• Mosque: not a sanctified place.
– Minarets- tallest structure
– Pilgrimage to Mecca: hajj
– Mecca: holiest city in Islam
• Medina
• Imam- leader of the mosque
• Sunni/Shiite Article
Buddhism
• Third largest religion
• China and Southeast Asia
• 4 noble truths
– Suffering
– Reincarnation
– Goal- escape suffering, Nirvana
– Nirvana attained through 8 fold path
Statue of
Buddha
Hong Kong,
China
Buddhism
– Religious functions performed by monks
– Hard to classify
– Buddhists and other religions
– Architecture: pagodas: ornate
Ethnic Religions
• Hinduism:
– Largest
– Third largest religion
– Clustered (India)
– Up to individual
• Knowledge, renunciation, devotion, action
• Harmony with nature
• Allegiance to God
• Hinduism
Ethnic Religions
• Hinduism:
– No holy book
– Much worship done at home
– Up to the individual
Other Ethnic Religions
• Judaism
– One all powerful God
– 1st monotheistic religion
– “chosen people” God selected them to live
according to 10 commandments
Judaism Architecture
• Star of David: David was a patriarch of
Jewish religion
• Passover, holy service
• Rosh Hashanah: Jewish new year
• Yom Kippur: holiday of atonement
– fast
• a) what do you know about
Judaism and Islam
• b) some questions you have about
Judaism and Islam
• Maps
Other Ethnic Religions
• African
– Animism- plants, stones, earthquakes,
thunderstorms have spirits
– Not much known
– Hierarchy of divinities
– Rapidly declining
• How are the differences between
universalizing and ethnic religions similar
to the differences between folk and
popular culture?
• Origin Activity
Origin of Christianity
• Teachings of Jesus
• Died on a cross in Jerusalem
• Raised as a Jew and gathered disciples
and preached the Kingdom of God
• Betrayed, arrested and put to death
• 3rd day after his death- tomb found empty
• Raised from the dead by God
Origin of Islam
• Trace story through Muhammad
• Born in Mecca
• Muhammad faced persecution
– Forced to emigrate
– Muhammad’s death leads to Sunni and Shiite
split
Origin of Buddhism
• Founder Siddhartha Gautama
• Life changed after 4 trips
– 4th monk taught him to withdrawal from the
world
– Lived in forest, emerged as Buddha
– Trained monks, preached
• Therevada oldest of the branches
• Mahayana- less demanding
Origin of Hinduism
• No specific founder
• existed prior to recorded history
Diffusion of Universalizing
Religions
Fig. 6-4: Each of the three main universalizing religions diffused widely from its hearth.
Diffusion of Christianity
• Palestine to relocation diffusion
– By missionaries
• Spread in Roman Empire through contagious
diffusion
– Interaction b/t believers and nonbelievers
• Dominance in Roman Empire in 4th century
– Hieratical diffusion
• Acceptance of religion by key figures (Kings, emperors)
Diffusion of Christianity
Fig. 6-5: Christianity diffused from Palestine through the Roman Empire and continued
diffusing through Europe after the fall of Rome. It was later replaced by Islam in
much of the Mideast and North Africa.
Diffusion of Islam
• Muslim armies conquered
– Palestine, Persian Empire, India, N. Africa,
Western Europe
– Relocation diffusion of missionaries
Diffusion of Islam
Fig. 6-6: Islam diffused rapidly and widely from its area of origin in Arabia. It
eventually stretched from southeast Asia to West Africa.
Diffusion of Buddhism
• Not rapid
• Asoka- sent missionaries
• Merchants introduced Buddhism to China
Diffusion of Buddhism
Fig. 6-7: Buddhism diffused gradually from its origin in northeastern India to Sri Lanka,
southeast Asia, and eventually China and Japan.
• Maps
Judaism
• Practiced in many countries
• Not just country where it originated
• Compare and Contrast 2 universalizing
religions and 2 ethnic religions.
– Use your notes and book.
Holy Sites in Buddhism
Fig. 6-9: Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s
life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.
Buddhist Temple
Bodh Gaya, India
Google Earth- Lumbini
Holy Places (Universalizing)
• Islam
– Cities associated with Muhammad
• Mecca- birthplace
– Al-Ka’ba- religious shrine
• Medina- supporters
– Muhammad’s tomb
Mecca,
Islam’s Holiest
City
Fig. 6-10: Makkah (Mecca) is the holiest
city in Islam and the site of
pilgrimage for millions of
Muslims each year. There are
numerous holy sites in the city.
Makkah during the Haj
Pilgrimage
The Ka’ba stands at the center of the Great Mosque (al-Haran al Sharif) in Makkah.
Holy Places (Ethnic)
• Hindu
– Riverbanks and coastline
– Tirtha- pilgrimage
– Hierarchy- remote locations attract many
– Importance of shrines- tradition not doctrine
– Ganges River
Hindu Holy
Places
Fig. 6-11: Hierarchy of Hindu holy places:
Some sites are holy to Hindus
throughout India; others have a
regional or sectarian importance,
or are important only locally.
Ritual Bathing in the Ganges
River
Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.
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• Maps
Other Ethnic Religions
• African
– Animism- plants, stones, earthquakes,
thunderstorms have spirits
– Not much known
– Hierarchy of divinities
– Rapidly declining
Cosmogony
• Ethnic and univ.
– differ in relationships b/t humans and nature
• cosmogony
– religious beliefs concerning the original of the
universe
• Ethnic
– variety of events in physical envir. likely to be
incorporated into religions
Cosmogony
• Confucianism and Daoism
– Universe made up of yin and yang
• Christianity and Islam
– God created the universe
– God more powerful than nature
Forces
• Centripetal:
– Forces that tend to unite a state
• Centrifugal
– Forces that tend to break up a state
– Religious, linguistic, or ethnic
Why do Territorial Conflicts Arise
Among Religious Groups?
• Religion vs. religion
• Religion vs. govt. policies
– Religious fundamentalism
• Strict and intense adherence to basic principles
Religion vs. Govt. Policies
• Religion vs. Social Change
– Taliban vs. Western Values
– Hinduism vs. Social Equality
Religion vs. Religion
• Middle East
– Jews, Christians, and Muslims
– Crusades- Christians and Muslims
– Jews vs. Muslims in Palestine
• Israel vs. Palestine video
• http://search.discoveryeducation.com/
Hindu Temples
• Temples- house shrines for particular gods
rather than for congregation worship
• Small, dimely lit interior, where a symbolic
figure rests
• Rest of the temple- ritual possessions
• No Congregational worship
– No closed space with seats
Buddhist and Shintoist Pagodas
• Elaborate and delicate
• Tall, many sided towers, tier, balconies,
and slanting roofs
• Individual prayer done at temple or at
home
Christian Churches
• Church plays critical role
– Attendance at service of worship is important
– Expression of religious principles
– Much wealth, construction gone into buildings
Church Architecture
• Reflect culture values and religions
architectural heritage
• Many denominations
– Led to no single style of church
– Availability of building materials influences
appearance
•
•
•
•
Wood- Northeast
Brick- Southeast
Adobe- Southwest
Stucco/stone- Latin America
Religious Settlements
• Buildings for worship smaller scale
manifestations of religion on the landscape
• Settlements- larger scale examples
• Utopian settlement- ideal community built
around a religious way of life
– Diminished
– Early colonial settlement
Forces
• Centripetal:
– Forces that tend to unite a state
• Centrifugal
– Forces that tend to break up a state
– Religious, linguistic, or ethnic
– Be able to give example of a state that have
experienced language/religion as being a centripetal
force and an example of a state that have
experienced language/religion as a centrifugal force
Hierarchical Religions
• Well define geographic structure and
organizes terroties into local units
– Roman Catholic
•
•
•
•
Pope
Archbishops- each heads a province
bishops- administers diocese
Diocese- divided into parishes, headed by a priest
Locally Autonomous Religions
• Self sufficient
• Interaction with other communities is
confined to loose cooperation and shared
ideas
• Islam
• Judaism and Hinduism
• Protestants- United Church of Christ,
Baptist