Transcript Cultural Diversity - Home NE Tarrant County Training

Del Carmen Consulting, LLC
Dr. Alex del Carmen
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Del Carmen Consulting, LLC
Dr. Alex del Carmen
Ph: 817.681.7840
[email protected]
www.texasracialprofiling.com
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Identify and Discuss Theories of Prejudice and
Discrimination
Differentiate Between Culture, Ethnicity, and Race
Differentiate Between Culture, Subculture, Contra
Culture and Counter Cultures
Identify Key Issues in Making Law Enforcement
Contacts in Cases Which May Involve Hate Crimes
Identify Key Issues in Racial Profiling
Discuss Problems with Improper Citizen Stops
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Define a Gang
Identify Types of Gangs
Discuss Local Gang Problems
Identify and Differentiate Among the Terms
“Middle Eastern”, “Arab”, and “Muslim”.
Identify Common Religious Beliefs of Muslims
Identify Key Issues in Making Law
Enforcement Contacts with Persons from
Middle Eastern Cultures
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Prejudice is "an unfavorable attitude toward
people because they are members of a
particular group”
Discrimination is "an unfavorable action toward
people because they are members of a
particular racial or ethnic group"
Many people assume that prejudice is the cause
and discrimination is the effect; thus, if a
person seems to be prejudiced against others,
then that person is more likely to discriminate.
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Prejudice is clear enough when it appears, but
it emerges in many ways and takes forms that
are not necessarily expressed.
Discrimination may take the form of explicit
action by a person or a group, but when
someone attempts to recount that action,
culprits may be hard to find.
Law enforcement officers and other members
of the public sometimes cultivate prejudice and
practice discrimination, relying on the unclear
nature of those phenomena as an alibi.
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According to the Cultural Transmission
Theory of Prejudice, "the building blocks of
prejudice are contained within the society’s
traditions or culture and are transmitted to
children in a natural way as they are exposed
to those traditions in the home and
community"
According to this theory, children within a
cultural group are taught stereotypes—
simplified images—of people outside the
group.
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In the United States, cultural stereotypes are
widely held by all kinds of people.
In a famous study at Princeton University in 1933,
an astonishing number of students concurred in
their stereotypes of Americans, English, Jews,
Germans, Italians, Chinese, Japanese, and Turks.
After World War II (1946), new studies revealed
that widespread stereotypes had changed during
the war; for instance, Germans were stereotyped as
"warlike" and the Japanese as "sly."
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The creation and promotion of stereotypes is
aggravated by imagery in mass communication.
In the United States, this fact is most obvious in
terms of racism: until the 1960s, Black Americans,
Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and other
minority groups were frequently belittled in the
media.
When the civil rights movement gained ground in
the 1960s, members of minorities slowly began to
appear in the mass media in less stereotypical
ways.
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In a small group setting, describe an instance in
which discrimination can take place in a law
enforcement setting. In your explanation,
attempt to explain why discrimination took
place and the necessary steps that could have
prevented this incident from occuring.
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The Frustration/Aggression Theory asserts that social
frustration caused by struggles for power within
society causes aggression by members of one social
group against members of another.
People put up with all kinds of abuse within their own
social groups, as anyone whose family’s security is
threatened by a cruel boss will readily testify.
When such abuse occurs and cannot be prevented,
people have a natural impulse to retaliate.
Since they often cannot retaliate against the source of
their troubles, they look for someone with equal or less
social power to retaliate against in place of the real (but
too powerful) target.
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Frustration, then, drives subordinate members of
powerful social groups to commit aggressive
injustice against social scapegoats, who are usually
individuals in an even lower level of the power
structure.
The frustration/aggression hypothesis runs up
against a basic problem: groups outside one’s
own really do mean one harm sometimes.
As the old joke puts it, just because you are
paranoid does not mean that they are not out to
get you.
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When people gather into groups, they naturally
tend to view groups outside of their own as
different, and they are more likely to view other
groups as inferior. This tendency is called
ethnocentrism.
Ethnocentrism hinges on the notion that the
primary importance of one’s own group is a
"given," and that the standards and behaviors of
other groups are of questionable value, at best.
Ethnocentrism creates strong communities
through familial and social ties based on intimacy,
but it also creates deep conflicts between different
groups compelled by law to tolerate one another.
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Children frequently learn to discriminate
before they learn to be prejudiced.
If they hear members of their group using a
racist term about another group, for instance,
they are likely to conform to their group by
using that term, even if they do not know what
it means.
Pre-existing discrimination can create a
"vicious circle" of discrimination.
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Situational pressures theory is based upon the fact that
people’s actions, under pressure of particular
situations, do not always match their professed beliefs
and attitudes.
Discrimination can appear or disappear, depending
upon the situation.
The gap between belief and action is called the
creed/deed discrepancy.
Usually, the creed/deed discrepancy occurs when
people who profess not to be prejudiced actively
discriminate against "outside" groups due to their fear
that members of their group will ostracize or otherwise
punish them for accepting the "outside" groups.
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Group gains theory argues that dominant
social groups discriminate against subordinate
groups because individual members of the
dominant groups enjoy concrete gains as a
result.
The "white supremacy" tradition in the United
States, for instance, remains in force because all
white people—rich or poor, social elite or
misfits—can use it to their benefit in mean,
unjust, but concrete ways.
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The white majority in the United States remains
dominant.
School and workplace desegregation, affirmative
action, and an apparent decrease in prejudice among
white Americans have not reversed a steady decline in
living standards for racial and ethnic minorities such as
black Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Native
Americans.
Poverty, poor education, health problems, housing
problems, debilitating patterns of crime and
incarceration—all continue to plague racial and ethnic
minorities.
Discrimination is institutionalized, built into the very
structure of society through school districts and real
estate markets.
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As a police officer, which theory of
discrimination would most likely explain the
negative perception often associated between
minorities and the police? Justify your
response.
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Culture - the integrated pattern of human behavior
includes thoughts, communications, action, beliefs,
values, and institutions of an ethnic, religious or
social group.
Ethnicity - sharing a strong sense of identity with a
particular religious, racial, or national group
Race - as a biological concept defines groups of
human beings based on a set of genetically
transmitted characteristics.
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Cultural Relativity Cultural relativity-the belief
that no culture can be judged by the standards
of another and that every culture must be
approached on its own terms.
It is impossible to understand the behavioral
patterns of other groups if we analyze the
behaviors only in terms of our own cultural
motives and values.
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Culture: Sociology defines culture as the sum total
of the learned behavioral traits, values, beliefs,
language, laws, and technology characteristic of the
members of a particular society.
The key word in the definition is learned, which
distinguishes culture from behavior that is the
result of biological inheritance.
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Subculture: are groups of people whose values
differ from the majority.
It is a social group within a group of people who
share cultural complexes, but that are smaller than a
society.
Each subculture is related to the larger culture in
the sense accepts many of its norms, but the
subculture is also distinguishable because it has
some norms of its own.
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Counter-Culture: are made up of groups
(subcultures) that sharply challenge and reject some
of the norms and expectations of the dominant
culture.
Members of counter-cultures are not isolated from
the larger society, for they come into contact with
traditional middle-class institutions in many ways.
Counter-cultures do not necessarily have a negative
impact on the dominant culture; they often instigate
social change, and some social change is beneficial.
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Contra-Culture: A social group that has developed
values and modes of behavior that are in conflict
with the prevailing culture. (Juvenile gangs, female
gangstas, Crips, Bloods, Latin Kings).
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Members of hate groups come from all races. The law
enforcement officer SHOULD be aware of these groups
and their common characteristics.
Hate groups characteristically grow in numbers
and membership during periods of increased
immigration, such as the 1920s.
Hate groups arise during periods when
disenfranchised groups have attempted to increase
their political and economic power, such as
Reconstruction and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Hate groups arise during periods of economic
instability when people seek scapegoats to
blame for unemployment, such as the 1930s
and the 1980s.
At times, organized hate groups have been
powerful forces in American political life;
many have sought dominance through
violence and intimidation. Others have
achieved significant political victories in
electoral politics.
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Profile:
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Ideology: Explicitly racist.
Strategy: The more organized, the more sophisticated the
group’s approach, e.g., using cable TV Internet and computer
bulletin boards.
Structure: From 20,000 to 50,000 members.
Group Characteristics: From loosely too highly structured
international groups.
Leaders tend to project a mainstream image rather than an
extremist image.
Skinheads are usually loosely affiliated with organized hate
groups and usually take direction and inspiration from them.
Organized hate groups focus on issues of concern to middle
America as a way of marketing their hate.
Members believe in the inevitability of a global war between
the races.
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On February 23, 1999, white supremacist John William King was
convicted of capital murder in the brutal dragging death of James
Byrd Jr. on June 7, 1998. On the day of June 7, Byrd was
walking home from his niece’s bridal shower in Jasper, Texas, as
defendants John William King, Shawn Berry, and Lawrence
Russell Brewer were out driving. The three were roommates. One
of the guys knew Byrd and they agreed to give Byrd a ride.
According to one of the defendants, Berry, King objected to giving
Byrd a ride, and after picking Byrd up, King told Berry and
Brewer that he wanted to scare Byrd. They then beat Byrd
unconscious, stripped him, and chained him to their pickup truck,
and dragged him two and a half miles along a Jasper County road
until his head and right arm were ripped off of his body. The skin
from Byrd’s knees, buttocks and elbows also were ripped off down
to the bone.
Racial Profiling: The term “racial profiling”
means the practice of a law enforcement agent
relying, to any degree, on race, ethnicity, or
national origin in selecting which individuals
to subject to routine investigatory activities, or
in deciding upon the scope and substance of
law enforcement activity following the initial
routine investigatory activity, except that
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that racial profiling does not include reliance
on such criteria in combination with other
identifying factors when the law enforcement
agent is seeking to apprehend a specific suspect
whose race, ethnicity, or national origin is part
of the description of the suspect.
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“On a hot summer afternoon in August 1998, 37-year-old U.S.
Army Sergeant First Class Rossano V. Gerald and his young son
Gregory drove across the Oklahoma border into a nightmare. A
career soldier and a highly decorated veteran of Desert Storm and
Operation United Shield in Somalia, SFC Gerald, a black man of
Panamanian descent, found that he could not travel more than 30
minutes through the state without being stopped twice: first by the
Roland City Police Department, and then by the Oklahoma
Highway Patrol.
During the second stop, which lasted two-and-half hours, the
troopers terrorized SFC Gerald's 12-year-old son with a police
dog, placed both father and son in a closed car with the air
conditioning off and fans blowing hot air, and warned that the dog
would attack if they attempted to escape. Halfway through the
episode – perhaps realizing the extent of their lawlessness – the
troopers shut off the patrol car's video evidence camera.”
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Racial Profiling Conference held in Washington
DC (June, 1999)
President Clinton called racial profiling a
“morally indefensible, deeply corrosive
practice”
This conference led to the President’s directive
to federal agencies to collect data on the
race/ethnicity of person stopped
Texas Senate Bill 1074:
 Passed in May, 2001
 Became effective January 1, 2002
 Mandates law enforcement agencies to adhere
to standards regarding racial profiling
 Ignores that before it was passed, racial
profiling practices were already prohibited
January 1, 2002 (SB 1074 becomes effective)
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March 1, 2003 (First Racial Profiling Reports are
Due)
March 1, 2004 (Second Year of Reporting for
ALL agencies; Tier 2 reporting required from
some agencies).
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Racial Profiling is, for the most part, an
individual-based problem and NOT an
institutional issue
Racial Profiling emerges from “social issues”
and it will not be solved by “law enforcement
agencies”
Aggregate data does not reveal if racial profiling
practices are in place (or not).
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Clearly defined act of actions that constitute
racial profiling
Statement indicating prohibition of any peace
officer employed by the police department
from engaging in racial profiling
Implement a process by which an individual
may file a complaint regarding racial profiling
violations
Provide public education related to the
complaint process
Implement disciplinary guidelines for officers
found in violation of the Texas Racial Profiling
Law
6. Collect data (Tier 1) that includes information
on Race and ethnicity of individual detained:
 Indicate whether a search was conducted
 If there was a search, whether it was a consent
search or a probable cause search
 Whether a custody arrest took place
7. Produce an annual report on police contacts
(Tier 1) and present this to local governing body
by March 1 of every year
8. Adopt a policy, if video/audio equipment is
installed, on standards for reviewing video and
audio documentation
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Contact: A traffic related contact where a
citation was issued.
Must be:
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Traffic related
Citation issued
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Must take place after “contact” is made
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Should be divided into: PC and Consensual
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National Debate on “how” search data should
be analyzed
Some argue it is impossible to determine bias
in searches; others obtain “ratio” of searches by
dividing these with contacts
1. U.S. Census Data
2. Fair Roads Standard
3. DPS
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Data is not always accurate
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Does not measure “driving population”
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Information is/will be dated
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Does not take into account “day” vs. “night” traffic
flow issues
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Disregards “non-resident” traffic contacts
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Does not count “illegal aliens”
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Based on US Census Data
Counts only “households” with access to
vehicles
Does not consider “number” of drivers in a
particular residence
Only considers race/ethnicity of “head of
household”
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Combines “Hispanics” and “Caucasians”
Data can only be obtained by “zip codes”; thus,
some limiting cities/counties who “share” zip
codes with other jurisdictions
Does not take into account population who has
moved to or away from city/county
Assumes that driving population is the same as
the number of individuals who have a driver’s
license
Only required if agency:
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Did not apply for video cameras, or
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Does not have video cameras in vehicles
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Requires the collection of “qualitative” data
Only manner of measuring data is to transform
from a qualitative to a “quantitative” format.
Should be considered when vehicle (originally
equipped with video camera) becomes disable
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As chief of police, provide 5 different ways in
which you could:
Measure “racial profiling” in your police
department
Act in a “pro-active” manner to deter racial
profiling incidents from taking place
Deal with a racial profiling problem in your
department
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Gangs and ethnicity: In the early part of this
century, gang involvement in criminal activity was
viewed as a social phenomenon associated with
ethnic Americans, most commonly secondgeneration white immigrants from Eastern and
Southern Europe and African Americans recently
arriving from the south.
Gangs: A group of individuals who may or may
not claim control over a certain territory; engage
either individually or collectively, in violent or
other forms of illegal behavior; very fluid in
nature.
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Three types of gangs:
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The Social Gang
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The Delinquent Gang
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The Violent Gang
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The Social Gang: is a relatively permanent
group that hangs out at a specific location;
Members develop a sense of comradeship and
often engage in organized group activities.
Members include the most stable youths in the
neighborhood-those who have the closest
association with the norms and values of
society in general.
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The Delinquent Gang: The delinquent gang is a
cohesive group organized around principle of
monetary gain from delinquent activities.
Members depend on one another to carryout
planned activities and to provide help if necessary.
The leader is usually the most competent at
stealing and is an excellent organizer and planner.
Members are emotionally stable and able to
organize their time and efforts for criminal
activity.
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The Violent Gang: is organized to obtain
emotional gratification that violent activities can
bring.
Members spend time building arsenals, planning
and caring out violent acts.
Leaders tend to be emotionally unstable- have a
need to control and direct others.
Both leaders and followers tend to overestimate
the importance size and power of their group.
Structure is constantly changing.
Allies one day can become enemies the next day.
Identified by inner group violence.
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The challenge of today is how to train officers to be
successful models to benefit minority, immigrant,
or disadvantaged youth, especially to make the
case for law and order and eventually to attract
some into law enforcement careers.
Perhaps the biggest challenges would appear to be
in preventing or counteracting rising youth
violence, especially among males between the ages
of 12 and 24.
This problem is critical in the nation’s inner cities,
where unemployed, disadvantaged youths seek
identity and support through destructive gang
participation.
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Preventing crime among minority and immigrant youth requires
interaction of many faces and phases.
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Cooperation with local clergy, who maintain effective relations with gang
members. For example, a coalition of Protestant and Catholic churches
have formed a Southern California Organizing Committee, promoting a
“Hope in Youth” campaign.
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Assistance to local ethnic business organizations that wish to work with
gangs in the community ventures and job development, as is happening
now between the Korean-American Grocers Association, with 3600
members, and two Los Angeles African American gangs, the Bloods and
the Crips.
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Creation of ethnic police benevolent associations to provide role models
and programs for the disadvantaged youth of similar cultural heritage
who are in gangs or are potential recruits. For instance, a black police
group getting involved with young males.
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Explain how your agency can become involved
in preventing gang violence? What
information would you need in order to
approach this initiative with cultural sensitivity
in mind?
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It is easy to fall into the habit of using the terms
“Middle Eastern,” “Arab, and “Muslim”
interchangeably.
While there is a lot of overlap among these
terms, there are some important differences to
keep in mind when you use them.
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Middle Eastern
Use this term as you would use "European" or "South American."
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The "Middle East" is a geographical area made up of sixteen
countries located between Europe and East Asia (including, for
example, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Kuwait, Egypt, and Syria).
Most Middle Eastern countries are Arabic, but three are not, since
they use different languages: Iran, Israel, and Turkey.
Israel is the only Middle Eastern country that is not chiefly
Muslim. Its population is roughly 80% Jewish.
Describing someone as "Middle Eastern," therefore, indicates that
they come from a certain part of the world, and suggests that they
are probably both Arab and Muslim.
Countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and India are not Middle
Eastern countries: they are Asian.
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Arab
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Use this term as you would use "Native English Speaker."
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An "Arab" is a person from a country where the Arabic language
is spoken.
Arabic is written and read differently from English: it has its own
set of letters, and is read right-to-left.
Because they are made with different letters and sounds, Arabic
words and names often cannot be given precise spellings in
English.
Arabic is the main language of several countries outside the
Middle East (including Morocco and Libya, for example).
Describing someone as "Arab," indicates that they come from a
country that uses Arabic as its main language, and implies that
they are probably Middle Eastern and Muslim.
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Muslim
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Use this term as you would use "Buddhist" or "Christian."
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Islam
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A "Muslim" is a person whose religion is Islam.
There are more than a billion Muslims, living all over the world.
Do not use the term "Mohammedan" – it is offensive because it
incorrectly suggests that Muslims worship the prophet
Muhammad as a god.
Islam contains several different faiths in which there are very
different beliefs and practices, so "Muslim" is just as vague a term
as "Christian".
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The Nation of Islam
Do not confuse Muslims with members of the Nation of Islam,
which is a black-empowerment religion that started in Chicago in
the 1930s.
The Nation of Islam shares some beliefs and practices with Islam.
For example, it considers the Koran and the Bible to be holy texts,
and uses many of the same religious terms.
However, members of the Nation of Islam typically hold beliefs
that are radically different from those of Muslims.
For example, they emphasize racial identity, whereas Muslims
make no racial distinctions.
Although the Nation of Islam frequently uses the term “Black
Muslim,” Most African-American Muslims are not members of
this religion.
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The "Pillars" of Islam
There are five important guidelines, or
"pillars," that form the core of Muslim belief:
Believing in Allah (God) and the prophet
Muhammad
 Praying five times each day
 Giving alms
 Fasting during Ramadan
 Making a pilgrimage to Mecca
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Believing in Allah (God) and the prophet
Muhammad
"Islam" means "submission" (to God).
A Muslim must acknowledge their belief in the
single all-powerful god Allah and their belief
that Muhammad is Allah's messenger.
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Praying five times each day
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The five prayer times are:
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(1) just before sunrise,
(2) at noon,
(3) in the middle of the afternoon,
(4) at sunset, and
(5) in the evening.
Although prayers are often conducted in mosques, individual
prayer is common, and takes place regardless of most activities
A Muslim will typically interrupt such things as work, leisure, and
travel for the prayer; and would continue to follow the prayer
schedule even while in an unusual place such as an airport, a hospital room, a
jail cell, etc.
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Giving Alms
Giving to the needy is an important
requirement of Islam.
This often involves a poor-tax.
Also, some cultures' religious holidays and
blessing ceremonies, for example, involve
prescribed donations to the poor.
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Fasting during Ramadan
Ramadan is a month of fasting for Muslims.
Since the Muslim calendar is lunar (i.e., it uses the
phases of the moon to mark time), Ramadan falls
on a different set of dates each year.
For the entire month, most Muslims do not eat,
drink, or smoke during the daylight hours of each
day.
There are rules, which provide exemptions for the
sick, for pregnant women, etc., so that they do not
harm themselves by fasting.
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Making a pilgrimage to Mecca
If possible, each Muslim must travel to Mecca
once in their life.
Mecca is a holy city in Saudi Arabia. It is the
birthplace of Muhammad.
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Islam began in the 7th century A.D. when a merchant named Muhammad
had a religious vision in which he was instructed to recite the word of
God.
Islam's holy book, the Koran, is the collection of Muhammad's recitations
on topics such as the nature of God, creation, worship, and the afterlife.
In fact, "Koran" itself means "recitation."
It is important to remember that Muhammad is not worshipped by
Muslims: he is regarded as the greatest (and the last) of the world's
prophets, among whom are Jesus, Abraham, Moses, and many others.
It is often incorrectly assumed that Muslims necessarily have negative
feelings about Christians and/or Jews.
Despite the fact that political and religious groups have used it against
them, Islam teaches tolerance and respect for other religions.
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The Role of Women in Islam
Contrary to the belief of many Westerners,
Islam does not make women second-class
persons.
It is true that, in some Middle Eastern and
Muslim countries, women are treated harshly
or poorly, but this is a consequence of
conservative culture and politics, not the rules
of Islam per se.
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Women’s Clothing
In some Middle Eastern cultures, women are encouraged (or even
required) to keep their bodies covered when they are in public.
The traditions of veiling and covering are not required by the
Koran per se, but are important to many Muslims – male and
female alike.
When dealing with Muslim or Middle Eastern women, keep in
mind that they may wish to maintain a greater level of modesty
and social distance.
It may be inappropriate to shake hands with or touch a woman
who keeps herself covered.
If you encounter a situation where you feel it is necessary for a
woman to remove a covering (for safety, identification purposes,
etc.), remember that – to her – doing so might be as awkward or
inappropriate as a strip search.
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Honor
Personal honor plays an important role in Middle Eastern life.
The impact of shame and the need for preserving family honor are
very strong.
Questioning someone with undue suspicion, too bluntly, in
public, or in front of their family, for example, may be interpreted
as a personal insult that merits evasive language or even the use of
half-truths to avoid confrontation.
What a Westerner might think of as "lying" could simply be a
person's culturally appropriate attempt to restore their lost honor.
Patience, respect, encouragement, and privacy are some of the key
elements to effective communication with people who have a
Middle Eastern background.
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Hospitality
Hospitality is a much more important part of social behavior in Middle
Eastern cultures than it is in the West.
Hosts may feel strongly that they are not only responsible for their guests'
comfort, but even their support, defense, and protection.
Officers conducting their duties in a Muslim household, for example,
might be asked to sit down, or offered coffee and refreshments.
Refusing hospitality should be handled very carefully.
Think about how you would react to someone's refusal to shake your
hand.
If they were sick, or had a similar excuse, it might not bother you at all;
but for them to ignore you or just stare at your outstretched hand could
be very insulting.
If you cannot accept an offer of hospitality, decline it with a polite,
positive attitude.
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Dietary Rules
Like Judaism, Islam has dietary laws that many
Muslims follow.
They prohibit drinking alcohol, eating pork, and
eating meat that has not been prepared properly.
The extent to which the rules are followed varies
among Muslims, just as it does in other religions.
Likewise, how the rules affect a person's social life
varies.
A Muslim might operate a liquor store, for
example, but still consider alcohol personally
forbidden.
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Communication
When you interact with Muslims and other people from Middle Eastern
cultures, use the same caution that you would when dealing with anyone
from a different culture.
Keep in mind that there are differences in communications styles.
Many Middle Eastern people stand very close to a person when speaking
with them.
Gesturing while speaking is common, and may involve more physical
interaction.
For example, it is not uncommon for men to touch each other on the arm
or leg while talking, hold hands, or even kiss each other on the cheek to
say hello or goodbye.
This is especially true for friends or business acquaintances.
In contrast, some physical gestures which are common and harmless in
the West (for example pointing your finger at someone or showing the
sole of your shoe when you cross you legs) are offensive to some Middle
Eastern persons.
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Mosques and the Koran
Remember that mosques are holy places and that
the Koran is a holy book.
If you are going to enter a mosque, be respectful:
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Wear modest long-sleeved clothes,
Remove your shoes,
Avoid walking in front of someone who is praying,
Avoid stepping on prayer mats, and
Keep your voice and language under control.
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As a holy book, the Koran should also be
respected:
Handle it with care (as you would handle any
religious item),
Never place it on the ground, and
Never place things on top of it.
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Above all, keep in mind that the vast majority
of Muslims practice a peaceful, tolerant
religion.
Judging them by the words and acts of a few
extremists, or by the actions of individual
governments and cultures that have unique
agendas, is no more valid, for example, than it
would be to define Christianity by small cults
and hate groups who refer to themselves as
"Christians."
"You must not lose faith in humanity.
Humanity is an ocean; if a few drops of the
ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become
dirty.“
- Mohandas Gandhi