Transcript HKACC 207 Squadron First Class Cadet Training Aviation History

HKACC
207 Squadron
First Class Cadet Training
Aviation History
Since only the significant events of aviation history
are going to mention through out this course, so
cadets wants to have more information, please refer
to the following websites:
http://www.flyingmachines.org
http://www.first-to-fly.com
http://www.historycentral.com/aviation/index.html
Chinese
• The exact date and origin of the kite is not known
but it is believed that they were flown in China more
than two thousand years ago.
• The earliest written account of kite flying was about
200 B.C. when the Chinese General Han Hsin of the
Han Dynasty flew a kite over the walls of a city.
Some pioneers of aviation
• Italian, Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)
• English, Sir George Cayley (1773 - 1857)
• German, Otto Lilienthal, German (1848 - 1869)
• American, Orville and Wilbur Wright (1871 - 1948) (1986 - 1912)
• Brazilian, Santos Dumont (1873 - 1932)
• American, Glenn Curtiss (1878 - 1930)
• Louis Bleriot (1827 - 1936)
• Igor Sikorsky (1889 - 1972)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)
Italian
About 1485 he drew detailed
plans for a human-powered
ornithopter, but there is no
evidence that he actually
attempted to build such a
device.
Sir George Cayley (1773 - 1857)
English
He designed the first flight
of a model glider in 1804;
and was credited for the
formation of many important
flight theories.
Sir George Cayley (1773 - 1857)
English
On top of the model glider,
he built a large gliding
machine that flew in 1853
with one man onboard.
Otto Lilienthal, German (1848 - 1896)
German
• He was the foremost of the pioneers who
discovered theories about flight and made
over 2,000 flights; all in hang-gliders.
• On August 9; 1896, after many tests of
fixed-wing gliders, he crashed in his
No. 11 monoplane and died.
Orville Wright (1871 - 1948)
Wilbur Wright (1986 - 1912)
American
They achieved the first controlled, powered
flight for 12 seconds at 500 feet on December
17; 1903, in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA.
Santos Dumont (1873 - 1932)
Brazilian
The work of the Wright brothers inspired
many European to think about flying.
A Brazilian, Santos Dumont, gave up his interest
in airships and designed a monoplane made of
bamboo and silk.
On 12 November; 1906, he set the first aviation
record in Europe using his plane, 14-bis, flying 722
feet (220 meters) in 21.5 seconds with members of
the Aero-Club du France in attendance. This flight
was also credited as the first flight in Europe.
Mr. Dumont’s 14-bis
Louis Bleriot (1872-1936)
French
On 25 July 1909, he made the first flight
through the English Channel (from Calais to
Dover Castle) in 37 minutes.
The first journey of crossing English Channel
Glenn Curtiss (1878 – 1930)
He is indeed the "Father of Naval
Aviation” and built America's first
seaplane in 1912.
The first Trans-Atlantic Ocean flight
Having done hardly, Curtiss went on to
perfect the "Flying Boat”, which completed
the first Trans-Atlantic Ocean journey of
about 4,000 miles (from Rockaway Beach,
N.Y. to Lisbon, Portugal) in 19 days.
He set off on 8 May 1919 and arrived on 17
May of the same year, during which he had
stopped for repairing of engine and the plane
either.
The first Trans-Atlantic Ocean flight
Curtiss's NC-4
The First Non-stop Aerial Crossing of the Atlantic
Two RAF flyers Captain John Alcock
(1892 - 1919) and
Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown (1886 1848)
Starting point: Newfoundland in England
Destination: Clifden in Ireland
Date: 14 June 1919
Duration: 15 hours and 57 minutes
Aeroplane used: Vickers-Vimy bomber
The First Non-stop Aerial Crossing of the Atlantic
Vickers Vimy Bomber
The statue celebrating this first non stop Transatlantic
flight is to be seen at London's Heathrow airport.
Captain Ross Smith (1892 - 1922)
Lieutenant Keith Smith (1890 - 1955)
Australian
England to Australia less than 30 days
• In 1919 the Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes announced
the now famous ‘AIR RACE’.
• A prize of ￡10,000 was to be awarded for the first machine to fly
from London to Australia in 30 days or less.
• Taking up the challenge, Ross Smith applied to the British
company Vickers to supply a Vickers Vimy bomber for the race,
and the Smith brothers flew their way into Australian.
• Took off on Nov. 12, 1919 at Hounslow, England
• Landed on December 10 at Darwin, Australia
• Total flying time and distance: 135 hours 55 mins. and 17,911 km
Vickers Vimy bomber
Charles Lindbergh (1902 - 1974)
American
The first pilot to fly solo and non-stop across
the Atlantic Ocean.
Date:
May 20-May 21, 1927
Starting point: Long Island, New York
Destination: Paris
Aeroplane:
Single-engine airplane - “The
Spirit of St. Louis”
Flying time: 33 hrs 31 minutes
Spirit of St. Louis
Igor Sikorsky (1889 –1972)
Russian-American
Born in Kiev, Russia, on May 25, 1889, Mr.
Sikorsky developed an early interest in
aviation, thanks largely to the influence of his
mother, who was a doctor, and his father, a
psychology professor. He emigrated to the
United States in 1919.
He built and successfully flew his VS-300 helicopter in 1939.
VS-300 helicopter
Women in Aviation - Timeline
http://womenshistory.about.com/od/aviationpilots/a/av_timeline.htm
The first woman to fly an airplane solo
• Madame Therese Peltier, Itatian (1873-1926)
• On July 8, 1908 she made a flight of 656
feet with Léon Delagrange in Turin, Italy.
War and Aviation
First World War (1914 - 1918)
Second World War (1939 - 1945)
WHY?
In the early WWI, aircraft’s role was limited
only to reconnaissance.
Later in the war, some of them were modified
to become `fighters’ or even `bombers’ to
project different aspects of air power.
In the result of technology advancement,
the warplanes could be divided into
categories.
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Fighter
Ground Attack
Bomber
reconnaissance
Transport
Special Electronic Mission
Tanker
Reconnaissance
Antisubmarine Warfare
Famous warplanes in WWII
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Bomber
B17 Flying Fortress (USA)
B24 Liberator (USA)
B29 Superfortress (USA)
Lancaster (UK)
Mosquito (UK)
Fighters
Spitfire (UK)
Hurricane (UK)
Me 109 (Germany)
Me 262 (Germany)
Zero (Japan)
P-40 Kittyhawk (USA)
P-38 Lighting (USA)
P-47 Thunderbolt (USA)
P-51 Mustang (USA)
P-6F Hellcat (USA)
F-4U Corsair (USA)
Development of engine
piston engine
piston engine with supercharger / turbocharger
gas turbine engine = jet engine = turbojet engine
Dr. Hans von Ohain (1911 - 1998) and Sir Frank Whittle
(1907 - 1996) are both recognized as being the co-inventors
of the jet engine. Each worked separately and knew nothing
of the other's work.
Frank Whittle was the first to register a patent for the turbojet
engine in 1930.
Hans von Ohain was granted a patent for his turbojet engine in
1936.
The first jet aeroplane
Hans von Ohain of Germany was an inventor of jet
propulsion. He approached Ernst Heinkel, one of the larger
aircraft industrialists in Germany.
Then they worked together, finally He 178, the first
aeroplane powered by jet engine was flown on 27 August
1939 in Germany.
Back in Britain, the Air Ministry had become
sufficiently impressed with Whittle's ground tests
that an order was placed for a flight-worthy engine to
be installed in an aircraft built by Gloster. The
aircraft was completed in March 1941 and the engine
the following May. Whittle's engine was first flown
in the Gloster E.28/39 on 15 May 1941.
The longest flight in history
Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer (N277SF) is an
aircraft designed by Burt Rutan.
Steve Fossett flew the GlobalFlyer from
February 7, 2006 to February 11, 2006 and
made a record of the longest flight of 26,389.3
miles.
Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer
History of Space Exploration
USA Vs USSR
On October 4; 1957, the first artificial satellite,
`Sputnik’, was successfully launched by USSR,
now called as Russia.
On Feb 1; 1958, USA succeeded in putting the
satellite, Explorer I, into the orbit of the earth.
On 12 April 1961, Russia placed the world’s
first spaceman into orbit. He is Yuri Gargarin.
On 20 February 1962, US Marine Lt. Col.
John Glenn became the first American to have
made orbital flight.
The first men on the Moon
On 20 July 1969, Neil Armstrong and Edwin
Aldrin carried by Apollo 11 and stepped on
the moon.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA)
President Dwight D. Eisenhower established the NASA
in 1958, partially in response to the Soviet Union's
launch of the first artificial satellite.
What does NASA do?
To explores.
To discovers.
To seeks to understand.
A lot of space projects or program have been done and
carrying out.
Mercury, Apollo, Mariner, Pioneer, Voyager….
Space shuttle (Space Transportation System) program is
one of the famous programs of NASA.
The program started in the late 1960s and has dominated
NASA's manned operations since the mid-1970s.
According to the Vision for Space Exploration, use of the
Space Shuttle will be focused on completing assembly of
the International Space Station in 2010.
Enterprise, the first Space Shuttle Orbiter, Enterprise
never flew in space, but it was crucial to the Space
Shuttle program. It is a series of approach and landing
tests in 1977 proved the orbiter could fly in the
atmosphere and land like an airplane, except without
power -- like a glider.
Space Shuttle Columbia (NASA Orbiter Vehicle
Designation: OV-102) was the first space shuttle
in NASA's orbital fleet.
It’s first mission, STS-1, lasted from April 12 to
April 14, 1981.
On February 1, 2003, Columbia disintegrated
during re-entry on its 28th mission; all seven crew
members aboard were killed.
Aviation History
in
Hong Kong
The first balloon flight in HKG
Aviation history of Hong Hong has been starting
since 1891. American brothers, Charles Baldwin &
Thomas Baldwin conducted a balloon flight in
Happy Valley in 3 January 1891.
The first powered flight in Hong Kong
20 years later, the first controllable power flight was
conducted by Mr. Charles Van den Born, a Belgium
aviator, at Shatin in 18 March 1911 using Farman biplane.
On 14 December 1912, A. Kouzminsky, a
Russian aviator, flew his Bleriot XI in Shatin
again. The plane is the same type of aeroplane
flying across the English Channel in 1909.
The first Chinese flew in HKG
On 7 and 8 August 1915, Mr. Tam Ken (Chinese)
who was born and graduated from flying school in
USA demonstrated a several flights using his selfmade seaplane in Shatin.
In February 1921 a Canadian Chinese businessman,
Lim On brought a Curtiss JN-4C Jenny (a biplane)
to Hong Kong, and planned to have a flight from
Kowloon to Hong Kong Island. However, the
biplane crashed at Happy Valley.
The broken plane was bought and restored by an
American, Harry Abbott afterwards.
Abbott School of Aviation
In 1925 Mr. Abbott ran his school of aviation using
two Curtiss biplanes at a piece of land that was
reclaimed from the Kowloon Bay. However, it
closed due to business stagnation.
Hong Kong Flying Club
In late 1920s’ Hong Kong Government realized the
important of air defense, so the government
strongly supported the aviation activities. In 1929,
Hong Kong Flying Club was formed and had two
Avro Avian. Courses were conducted by flying
instructors and engineers from UK.
However, the club was closed in 1933 due to
damage of aeroplanes and financial problems.
Far East Flying Training School
At very beginning, it’s mother company, the Far
East Flying Company, carried out trading business
of aviation equipment to China. The manager was
Vaughan Fowler, a former Wing Commander of
RAF.
With the incidence of closure of Hong Kong Flying
Club, the company suggested the government to
transfer the subsidies to the company for opening a
flying training school.
Far East Flying Training School
In 1933 both agreed to form a school, the Far East
Flying Training School, located at the west end of
Kai Tak. The school aimed to train civil pilots,
engineers and wireless operators. Students came
from many countries in Asia.
However, the invasion of Hong Kong by the
Japanese in December 1941 resulted in closure of
the school and its subsequent demolition.
After the war, the school made a rapid recovery and
moved to new premises at the north-west corner of
the airport, the present site of Hong Kong Aviation
Club.
However, in 1962, typhoon Wanda caused
extensive damage and the loss of aircraft. This
resulted in pilot training activities having to be
abandoned and, subsequently, that function was
taken over by the Aero Club of Hong Kong.
The school then changed its name to the Far East
Flying and Technical School.
Kai Tak Airport
The story of Kai Tak started in 1914. In order to
provide enough luxury housing area in Kowloon
Peninsular, a group of Chinese business men,
including Ho Kai and Au Tak, established the
Kai Tack Land Investment Company Limited in
1914 and applied to the government for a project
of reclaiming land from Kowloon Bay.
The reclaimed land was named as Kai Tak
reclaimed land ().
The project was started in 1916 and the process
was in schedule at the beginning. However, due to
economy recession, only the west part of the
reclaimed land was developed into residential
housing area.
The east part of the land was lend to Abbott
School of Aviation and Royal Navy mother ship
HMS Hermes for moorage it’s aeroplanes in 1925.
As the company confronted with the problem of
bankruptcy in 1927, it sold the reclaimed land to
the government that built an RAF base and airfield
on the piece of land afterwards.
The basic constructions of Kai Tak aerodrome were
completed in 1930. It consisted of some huts and an
airfield instead of a runway.
Further establishments were made afterwards
including a control tower, a crane and slipway to
handle flying boats, hangars, offices, fire engine
station and police station.
At these days, the east side was the commercial
aerodrome and the west side was the RAF airbase.
The first aerodrome superintendent that was under
the administration of the Harbour Department was
appointed to supervise the operation of the
aerodrome.
Whereas the duties of air traffic control was taken
by RAF personnel.
The first tarmac runway (13-31), 457 metres long,
was completed in 1939. During the Japanese
occupation, a (07-25) runway 1,371 metres long
was added and the earlier runway extended to the
same length.
Development of Kai Tak airport
In 1954, the Government approved a master plan
for airport development.
In 1958, a new 13-31 runway which was 2529
meters long was constructed on a promontory into
Kowloon Bay. The name Hong Kong
International Airport was officially adopted for
Kai Tak Airport.
In 1962, a new passenger terminal building was
built. Turboprop aircraft were being replaced by jets
such as the Boeing 707, DC8 and de Havilland
comet.
The first Boeing B747 operated by Pan American
World Airways arrived on 11 April 1970. In those
days to use RWY 13 pilots were required to have
the runway in slight when the aircraft was near
Cheung Chau Island.
In 1974, the visual approach was replaced by the
Instrument Guidance System (IGS). With the aid
of the IGS the runway could become visual to
pilots when they were over the Kowloon
Peninsula. This significantly increased the
utilization of runway 13 under adverse weather
conditions particularly during long periods of
easterly prevailing winds.
In 1975, the runway was extended to 3,390 meters
to meet the long haul operating requirements of
the 31 airlines that operated into Hong Kong.
In 1976, the Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminal was
opened. In the same year, Air Traffic Management
was enhanced by the introduction of Secondary
Surveillance Radar.
In order to cater for the strong increase in air
traffic at Kai Tak during its remaining life before
the availability of the replacement airport, Kai Tak
was undergone a lot of expansions until 1994
including Terminal 2 of the Hong Kong Air Cargo
Terminal which could handle 1.5 million tonnes of
goods per annum, East and South Apron which
provided additional 15 parking bays for B747-400
aircraft.
Instrument Guidance System IGS
at
Kai Tak
Landing video clips 1
Landing video clips 2
The New Hong Kong International Airport
Hong Kong Government realized that a new
airport must have been built in order to fulfill the
continuous development of Hong Kong economy
in 1988.
The Government decided to build a new airport at
Lantau Island by excavation of the islands of Chek
Lap Kok and Lam Chau and a huge marine
reclamation operation.
President Jiang Zemin opened Hong Kong
International Airport on July 2, 1998.
Overnight relocation began from Kai Tak on July 5,
1998.
Airport commenced operations on July 6, 1998.
The New York-originated CX889 was the First
flight landing at HKIA. This Cathay Pacific flight
touched down at 0627. The first departing flight
was the Manila-bound Cathay Pacific flight
CX907. It left the airport at 0719.
Hong Kong International Airport (VHHH) is one
of the most busy airports all over the world.
From January 2005 to January 2006, the airport
handled about 266 thousand flights, 41 million
passengers and 3 million tonnes of cargo.
For the 5th consecutive year, passengers have
rated Hong Kong International Airport as the
world's Best Airport.