Transcript German Development Cooperation in the Water Sector in Africa

The Human Right to Water
Implementation Aspects from Kenya
gtz
Competence Centre Water
Thomas Levin
16.07.2015
16.07.2015
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Human Right to Water – a new approach in German DC ?
Definition of ACCESS
MDG-Monitoring
versus
 Technical definition of access
(“improved sources”)
Human Rights Approach
 No differentiation between
urban and rural
 No focus on technologies, but on
criteria and processes such as
transparency, participation, nondiscrimination etc.
 No consideration of water
quality and affordability
 Criteria comprise water quality and
affordability aspects
 No consideration of
sustainability of access
 Sustainability of access is an essential
aspect
 No explicit pro-poor approach
 Explicit pro-poor approach
The Human Right to Water is complementing pro-poor approaches in
German Development Cooperation rather than redefining them !
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Human Right to Water – implementation aspects
Donors
Policy
Level
Providers
Pro-Poor
Implementation Plan
Regulation
1) Policy Level: ...
2) Regulation: ...
3) …
NGO‘s
Water
Users
ProPoor
Funds
The implementation of the Human Right to Water needs a consistent
implementation plan including all stakeholders in the water sector !
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Donors
Policy
Level
Providers
Human Right to Water – Policy Level
NGO‘s
Regulation
Water
Users
ProPoor
Funds
Implementation on Policy Level
 Ensure that the HR to Water is explicitly mentioned and
referred to in water sector policies and strategies
 Ensure that a pro-poor sector strategy and national
implementation plan is in place
 Ensure that resource allocation follows strategy
 Introduce incentive scheme with performance indicators
reflecting the pro-poor orientation of sector institutions
 Strengthen focus on sanitation in and among sectors
 Ensure participation of marginalised and poor consumers
Large-scale implementation of the HR approach needs clear political
commitment and backing from the national government !
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Donors
Policy
Level
Providers
Human Right to Water – Regulation
NGO‘s
Regulation
Water
Users
ProPoor
Funds
Implementation on Regulation Level
 Introduce country-wide standards and norms fulfilling
the human rights criteria
 Establish guidelines on service provision to the poor
 Monitor performance indicators of WSP’s especially
in regard to pro-poor orientation (baseline study,
information system for comparative competition)
 Introduce pro-poor tariff structure including crosssubsidization
 Establish effective regulation of informal providers
Regulation is a powerful tool to establish, enforce and monitor nationwide standards on service provision to the poor !
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Donors
Policy
Level
Providers
Human Right to Water – Providers
NGO‘s
Regulation
Water
Users
ProPoor
Funds
Implementation on Provider Level
 Create a special unit to extend and improve service
provision to the poor
 Establish effective complaint mechanisms to
adequately address the needs of the poor
 Introduce incentive system for managers and staff
containing pro- poor performance indicators
 Extend services to the poor with adequate (low-cost)
technologies and management systems fulfilling the
national standards
Providers need a sticks & carrots approach to extend services to the
poor – a strong incentive system as well as comparative competition !
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Donors
Policy
Level
Providers
Human Right to Water – Pro-Poor Funds
NGO‘s
Regulation
Water
Users
ProPoor
Funds
Establishment of Pro-Poor Funds
 Create a financing vehicle that explicitly finances
service provision to the poor
 Establish standards on low-cost technologies and
management concepts that ensure sustainability
 Establish effective mechanisms for providing
investments to providers with pro-poor concepts
 Carry out baseline studies on the settlements of
the urban and rural poor and link it to the
regulation IS
Pro-Poor Funds are an ideal vehicle to link pro-poor regulation with the
allocation of scarce resources to the underserved in the water sector !
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Donors
Policy
Level
Providers
Human Right to Water – Water Users
NGO‘s
Regulation
Water
Users
ProPoor
Funds
Implementation on Water User Level
 Establish water user groups and install participation
mechanisms in decision-making processes
 Enforce representation of underserved in the boards
of sector institutions on national and local level
 Build capacity among water user associations to
enable them to effectively communicate their needs
 Establish instruments to inform consumers and the
public about developments in the water sector and
the performance of sector institutions
Formal participation in decision-making processes doesn‘t enable
consumers to articulate their needs – capacity building is important !
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Donors
Policy
Level
Providers
Human Right to Water – Donors & NGO’s
NGO‘s
Regulation
Water
Users
ProPoor
Funds
Implementation on Donor and NGO Level
 Establish constant dialogue on state and progress of the
implementation of the HR to Water
 Ensure alignment of all donors to the national human rights
strategy and the implementation plan
 Build capacity on all levels about the human right to water
and support implementation efforts
 Support sensitization campaigns to communities on
adherence to national (human right) standards
 Support the establishment of a consistent sanitation strategy
Donors and NGO‘s can play an important role in the Human Rights
discussion – on the political and the operational level !
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Human Right to Water – Do’s and Don’ts
Don’t
Solely rely on MDG standards in
your projects as they don’t
guarantee access according to the
human rights standards
Do
Refer to the ratified international
conventions in your policy dialogue with
the partner country about the human
rights approach
Establish your own human rights
strategy in the partner country not
linked to the national partner
strategy
Check your projects against the human
rights principles and re-think project
approaches
Support water supply and
sanitation projects that do not fulfil
the human rights criteria
Support investments that have a clear
pro-poor orientation (trust funds or
other national baskets)
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EXTRA SLIDES
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MDG target 10:
Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable
access to safe drinking water and sanitation
Joint Monitoring Programme (UNICEF & WHO)
Improved drinking water sources
Improved sanitation facilities
Piped water into dwelling, yard or
plot
Flush or pour-flush to:
 Piped sewer system
 Septic tank
 Pit latrine
Borehole
VIP
Protected dug well
Pit latrine with slab
Protected spring
Composting toilet
Rainwater collection
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How big is the gap between MDG
reporting and reality?
Zambia
MDG
monitoring
Other
sources
90 %
47 %
(baseline study)
Addis Ababa
88 %
28 %
(UN-HABITAT)
Tanzania
85 %
< 50 %
(HBS)
This gap causes confusion and can mislead decision
makers in policy and planning
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Protected wells in urban
areas (JMP)
=
sustainable access to safe
drinking water (MDG)
?
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Boreholes in urban areas =
sustainable access to safe
drinking water?
 MDG monitoring counts every person
drawing water from a borehole as
being covered
 60% of boreholes in Dar es Salaam
contain faecal coliforms
 During power rationing no water can
be drawn from boreholes
 Majority of boreholes provide
unregulated service
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Neighbourhood sales =
sustainable access to safe
drinking water?
 People depending on water from
their neighbours can be denied
access at any time
 Prices charged by neighbours are
up to 100 times higher than official
tariffs at household connections or
public taps
Source: JMP Homepage
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