Transcript APA Without Agony

APA Without Agony
ALOP 242
September 8, 2012
http://word-crafter.net/APA
http://writebetteratwork.com/resources
Topics

Basic elements
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
in-text citations
reference list entries
Two purposes
What about…
In-text citations in ¶
Free citation makers
Sources for this class
Recommended resources
Basic principles

Credit words and ideas from other authors





Quotations taken word-for-word from a source
Paraphrases and summaries of other authors’ ideas
Information and ideas that are not widely known
or available in a basic reference work
Anything from a source that might be mistaken for your
own words or ideas if left uncited
When in doubt, cite
Basic principles
 Credit
words and ideas from other authors
 Give information on how to locate the source,
using the author-date system
 In-text (“APA,” 2011)
 In the reference list
documentation guide. (2011). Retrieved from University of
Wisconsin Madison Writing Center website :http://writing.wisc.edu
/Handbook/DocAPA.html
APA
Benefits

Avoid plagiarism by giving proper credit

Back up your opinion with authoritative sources
Opinion: If you want to write more, write often
for short periods.
Benefits

Avoid plagiarism by giving proper credit

Back up your opinion with authoritative sources
Opinion: If you want to write more, write often
for short periods.
Substantiated opinion:
Writing Schedule
Average Yearly Output
Binge write (when feel like it)
17 pages
Write daily; keep progress chart
64 pages
Write daily; keep progress
chart; report progress weekly
157 pages
Adapted from Boice, R. C. (1990). Procrastination, busyness, and binging. Behavioral
Research Therapy, 27(6), 605-611
.
Benefits

Distinguish your ideas from others’


What’s cited shows the quality of your research
What’s not cited shows the quality of your thinking
Many people assume that they cannot write unless they have
large amounts of time available. Research by Boice (1989,
1990, 1992) shows that writers are actually most productive
when they follow a routine of writing often for short amounts
of time. If Boice’s findings seem counterintuitive, consider
what happens to someone who starts an exercise routine by
working out for hours. By the third day, good intentions are
no match for sore muscles. Writers, like exercisers, need to
pace themselves.
Benefits

Distinguish your ideas from others’


What’s cited shows the quality of your research
What’s not cited shows the quality of your thinking
Many people assume that they cannot write unless they have
large amounts of time available. Research by Boice (1989,
1990, 1992) shows that writers are actually most productive
when they follow a routine of writing often for short amounts
of time. If Boice’s findings seem counterintuitive, consider
what happens to someone who starts an exercise routine by
working out for hours. By the third day, good intentions are
no match for sore muscles. Writers, like exercisers, need to
pace themselves.
quotation sandwich
How did APA start?
In 1928, guidelines were 7 pages
• Introduce consistency
• Simplify life for authors and editors
• Save space
Non-APA vs. APA
“For example, Daniel
Goleman, author of
the groundbreaking
book Emotional
Intelligence, has
[explored] how much
IQ accounts for
career success”
(Pink, 2005, p. 57).
For example,
Goleman (1997) has
[explored] how much
IQ accounts for
career success”
(Pink, 2005, p. 57)
Non-APA vs. APA
“For example, Daniel
Goleman, author of
the groundbreaking
book Emotional
Intelligence, has
[explored] how much
IQ accounts for
career success”
(Pink, 2005, p. 57).
For example,
Goleman (1997) has
[explored] how much
IQ accounts for
career success”
(Pink, 2005, p. 57)
How do I learn APA?
Two common approaches:
• Sweat the small stuff
• Advantage: builds a sense of confidence
• Disadvantage: lots of small stuff
• Think functionality
• Advantage: fulfills purpose
• Disadvantage: requires persistence
What about the small stuff?
One option: use a template
http://word-crafter.net/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.doc
What’s the trick?
http://word-crafter.net/APA/APAtemplate_6th_edition.doc
Where do I start?
Where do APA experts live?
Can I trust non-APA guides?

There’s a lot of bad APA out there.


If you use a citation maker, check the results.
You might find these sites helpful:
• Dr. Abel Scribe’s Guides to APA Style and
Documentation—one of the few accurate resources to
focus on writing college papers:
www.docstyles.com/apaguide.htm
• Diana Hacker’s Research and Documentation Online—
clearer explanations than APA’s own Manual:
bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/RES5e_ch09_o.html
• UW Madison Writer’s Handbook—excellent online
tutorials on format and documentation:
www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html
What about students?
Dr. Abel Scribe’s advice on APA for college papers:
http://www.docstyles.com/apalite.htm
What about students?
UWisconsin Handbook:
http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook
/DocAPACitations.html
Why use APA?

Based on publication criteria for American
Psychological Association (APA)

Used in social sciences to


Acknowledge sources of information
Allow readers to locate original sources
Author-date system
Ferrari (2000) has classified
procrastinators as arousal types,
avoiders, and decisional
procrastinators.
in-text citation
Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue).
Procrastination and attention: Factor
analysis of attention deficit,
boredomness, intelligence, selfesteem, and task-delay frequencies.
Journal of Social Behavior &
Personality, 15(5), 185-196.
reference entry
How does it work?
Within a paper
Why do I need APA?

“A critical part of the writing process is
helping readers place your contributions
in context by citing the researchers who
influenced you” (American Psychological
Association, 2010, p. 169).
REFERENCE ENTRY FOR CORPORATE AUTHOR
American Psychological Association. (2010).
The publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.). New York,
NY: Author.
What patterns do you find?
BIG NAMES IN PROCRASTINATION RESEARCH
ALTERNATIVE VIEWS
&
Tice
Baumeister
Choi
Ferrari
Pychyl
Steel
How does it work?
How does it work?

Citations give credit to ideas or words
from your sources.
Tice and Baumeister (1997) reject
the claim made by Chu and Choi (2005)
that delay can be a productive strategy.
IDEAS
“Procrastination is not a neutral or
innocuous form of time management, let
alone a helpful or beneficial one (as some
people claim)” (Tice & Baumeister,1997,
p. 456).
WORDS
Where do I fit in?
Procrastination can be a productive
strategy for adapting to rapidly
changing priorities (Chu & Choi, 2005).
Consider this real-life example. Writers’
guidelines are often amended several
times before the client is satisfied.
Veteran writers wait for final guidelines
before getting too far into a project. This
tactic meets the criterion Chu & Choi
(2005) set for productive procrastination:
delay is chosen as a proactive strategy.
APA gives you flexibility
Chu and Choi (2005) said…, but Tice and Burmeister (1997)…
This author (date) said, but I say…
This principle (author, date) can be applied in my workplace...
Taking the ideas in Author’s date article a step farther…
Experts agree that…. (Author A, date; Author B, date;
Author C, date).
Where can I learn more?
Why do I need APA?

Many editors and reviewers “have extremely
low tolerance for APA errors. Thus, it is clear
that authors who submit manuscripts to
journals wherein APA style is required would
benefit from becoming as familiar as
possible
with FOR
theCORPORATE
Publication
Manual”
JOURNAL
ARTICLE,
AUTHORS
REFERENCE
ENTRY MULTIPLE
AUTHOR
(Onwnegbuzie,
2010,
Onwuegbuzie, A. J.,Combs,
Combs, J.Slate,
P. Slate,&J. Frels,
R., & Frels,
p. ix).
R. K. (2010). Editorial: Evidence-based guidelines
for avoiding the most common APA errors in
journal article submissions. Research in the
Schools, 16(2), ix-xxxvi.
Two elements

in-text citations credit words and ideas
where they’re used in the text (Chapter 6)

Reference list locates original source
(Chapter 7)
Ferrari (2000) has classified
procrastinators as arousal types,
avoiders, and decisional
procrastinators.
Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue).
Procrastination and attention: Factor
analysis of attention deficit,
boredomness, intelligence, selfesteem, and task-delay frequencies.
Journal of Social Behavior &
Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved
from Academic Search Elite database.
in-text citation
reference entry
Author-date system
Reference list first
reference entry
APA documentation guide. (2011).
Retrieved from University of Wisconsin
Madison Writing Center website: http://
writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html
Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination
and attention: Factor analysis of attention
deficit, boredomness, intelligence, selfesteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal
of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185196. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite
database.
in-text citation
(“APA,” 2011)
(Ferrari, 2000)
 First two elements of reference list (author-date or title-date)
give you in-text citation
 In-text citations never have more than three elements:
* author * date * page number
Which is more credible?
References
DivaDee. (2010, July 1).
Why I put things off.
Message posted to
http://lifesgreatmysteries.com
/archives/july10
Procrastination. (2010,
January 17). In Wikipedia.
Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/Procrastination
References
Specter, M., & Ferrari, J.
(2000, Special Issue).
Time orientations of
procrastinators:
Focusing on the past,
present, or future?
Journal of Social
Behavior &
Personality, 15(5),
197-202.
Use Wikipedia?

A Wikipedia article in your reference list is
a badge of shame.

Using Wikipedia to get an overview of the
topic or to find resources is smart.
Can you see the problem(s)?
Recently Steel (2009)
found that traditional
explanations of
procrastination, including
fear of failure, self-handicapping, and rebelliousness,
were not supported by research. In his view, only
Temporal Motivation theory has been validated.
Steel, P. (2009). Theories of procrastination. Retrieved from
http://www.procrastinus.com
Can you see the problem(s)?
To procrastinate is “to voluntarily delay an
intended couse of action despite expecting to be
worse-off for the delay” (Piers Steel, n.d.,
downloaded from http://procrastinus.com
/the-definition-of-procrastination/).
(Steel, n.d.)
APA’s two purposes


Acknowledge any words or ideas
from other sources.
Provide enough information
to locate your sources.
Author-date system
Principle 1: Credit twice
In-text citations point
to reference list.
According to Bennis
(1997), sixteen
assistants worked with
Michaelangelo to create
the Sistine Chapel
ceiling.
References
Bennis, W. (1997, Winter).
The secrets of great
groups. Leader to Leader,
3. Retrieved from
http://www.leadertoleader.org/
knowledgecenter/L2L/
winter97/bennis.html
Reference list entries
point to original.
Principle 1: Credit carefully
CHILDERS
AMBROSE
"Up, up, up…” "Up, up, up….”
Can you recognize the source?

"Up, up, up, groping through 
the clouds for what seemed
like an eternity. ... No
amount of practice could
have prepared them for what
they encountered. B-24s,
glittering like mica, were
popping up out of the clouds
all over the sky."

—Thomas Childers,
Wings of Morning, p. 83
"Up, up, up he went, until he
got above the clouds. No
amount of practice could
have prepared the pilot and
crew for what they
encountered—B-24s,
glittering like mica, were
popping up out of the clouds
over here, over there,
everywhere."

—Stephen Ambrose,
The Wild Blue, p. 164
Principle 1: Quote carefully
"No amount of practice
could have prepared
[the pilot and crew] for
what they encountered.
B-24s, glittering like
mica, were popping up
out of the clouds”
(Childers, 1995, p. 83)
over here, over there,
everywhere.
parenthetical
References
Childers, T. (1995).
Wings of morning.
New York: Perseus.
…In each case, I footnoted the
passage in question, but failed
to put some words and
sentences into quotation marks.
I am sorry and will make
relevant changes in all future
editions.”—Stephen Ambrose
reference entry
Ambrose’s
apology
How do I avoid plagiarism?
https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/plagiarism_test.html
Principle 2: Locate the source
Like Hansel and
Gretel, follow the
breadcrumb trail
Reference list format
Author. (Date). Retrieval information.
Book
Perrin, R. (2006). Pocket guide to APA style. New
York: Houghton Mifflin.
Journal
Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style.
Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42.
Web article
American Psychological Association (APA)
documentation. (2009). Retrieved from University
of Wisconsin Madison Writing Center website:
http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook
/American_Psychological_Association_(APA)
_Documentation_M.pdf
Reference elements
Four building blocks for any format:
WHO
Who created this reference?
WHEN
When was it created?
WHAT
What is this reference called?
WHERE
Where can this reference be found?
Reference example
Four building blocks for any format:
1. WHO
2. WHEN
3. WHAT
4. WHERE
1.
2.
3.
Ferrari, J. (2005, December 7). There’s
always tomorrow [live chat with E.
Hoover]. Transcript available at
Chronicle of Higher Education Web
site: http://chronicle.com/colloquy/
2005/12/procrastination/
4.
Principle 2: Be complete
http://www.uwisc.edu
http://www.uwisc.edu/writing/
Handbook/DocAPA.html
Which source is credible?
Terrace, H. S., Petitto, L. A.,
Sanders, R. J., & Bever, T.
G. (1979). Can an ape
create a sentence? Science,
206, 891-902.
Washoe: The signing chimp.
(n.d.) Retrieved
February 5, 2005, from
Mrs. Smith’s class Web
site:
http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/
classprojects.html
One-to-one correspondence
Any source in the
body of your paper
must be in the
reference list.
Any source in your
reference list must
have an in-text
citation.
(Plotz, 2002)
Plotz, D. (2002,
December 11). The
plagiarist: Why
Stephen Ambrose
is a vampire. Slate.
Retrieved from
http://slate.msn.com
/?id=2060618
One-to-one correspondence
Any source in the
body of your paper
must be in the
reference list.
Any source in your
reference list must
have an in-text
citation.
(Plotz, 2002)
Plotz, D. (2002,
December 11). The
plagiarist: Why
Stephen Ambrose
is a vampire. Slate.
Retrieved from
http://slate.msn.com
/?id=2060618
Except….
Nonretrievable sources
Retrievable
Include in reference list
• books
• web articles
• magazines
• newsgroup postings
• videos
Cite only in text
Nonretrievable
(S. Oh, personal communication, April 2, 2011)
• letters
• in-person interviews
• emails
• phone calls
In-text citation: print
Print quotations: (Author, year, page number).
Researcherfocused
Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins
“where change begins” (p. 140).
Chronologyfocused
In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal
work in an emerging field. In 2003,
he described how leadership studies could
provide solutions to global problems in
Transforming Leadership.
Idea-focused
The innovator’s approach to leadership is
exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first
days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).
In-text citation: paraphrase
Paraphrased or no page #: (Author, year).
Researcherfocused
Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for
overcoming procrastination.
Chronologyfocused
In 2005, Mann developed a unique method for
overcoming procrastination, which he calls the
(10+2)*5 method.
Idea-focused
The (10+2)*5 method for overcoming
procrastination has three steps: work for ten
minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back
to work, repeating the cycle for an hour (Mann,
2005).
In-text citation: Internet
Quotations from Internet:
(Author last name, year, Section header,
paragraph #)
EXAMPLE
Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming
procrastination: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break,
and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour. His advice
seems counterintuitive: “Breaks cannot be missed. Period. Go
surf the web. Now. Seriously. GO!” (Important squirrelly rules
section, para. 3).
In-text citations in ¶





Acknowledge words
with quotation marks
and in-text citation.
Acknowledge ideas
with in-text citation only.
Insert date the first time an
author’s name is mentioned
in a paragraph.
Place any remaining
information at the end of
material from a source.
In-text citations apply to one
paragraph.
What is procrastination?
Steel (2008) has described all
procrastinators as trading “shortterm gain for long-term pain.”
Ferrari (2000) classified those who
habitually delay into three
categories: arousal types, avoiders,
and decisional procrastinators.
While most people occasionally put
things off, some are chronic
procrastinators whose delays
disrupt their lives: “Remember, 80%
of us procrastinate, but 20% are
procrastinators” (Ferrari, 2005).
Both Steel (2008) and Ferrari
(2000, 2005) emphasized the
negative. However, Chu and Choi
(2005) found strategic delay could
What’s the error?
Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist:
Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate.
Retrieved from http://www.google.com
247,000 results
What’s the error?
Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist:
Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate.
Retrieved from http://www.google.com
Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist:
Why Stephen Ambrose
is a vampire. Slate.
Retrieved from
http://slate.msn.com
/?id=2060618
IN-TEXT CITATION
(Plotz, 2002)
What’s the error?
Gesundheit, A. (2009, August 28). Interview
with Kaplan librarian.
Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist:
Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. Slate.
Retrieved from
http://slate.msn.com/?id=2060618
IN-TEXT CITATION ONLY
(A. Gesundheit, personal communication,
August 28, 2009).
Details, details
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What to quote
Block quotations
Placing in-text citations
No page number
Missing information
No author
More than one author
•
•
•
•
•
•
No date
More than one source
Quoted quotation
Just one chapter
Sponsored site
DOIs
What to quote


Any words from
the original should
be quoted.
Exceptions
 common language


writ of habeas corpus
situational leadership
theory
 common knowledge


widely known
easily available
in standard
references
At least half the mystery
novels published violate
the law that the solution,
once revealed, must seem
to be inevitable.
—Raymond Chandler
Raymond Chandler declared
that readers should feel that
the solution of a mystery is
“inevitable.”
Quotations < 40 words

Set off someone else’s exact words
with quotation marks
 “Down these mean streets
a man must go who is not himself
mean, who is neither tarnished
nor afraid” (Chandler, 1945).
 Chandler (1945) believed that a
detective should be “the best man
in his world.”
Quotations: 40+ words

Set off long quotations
as block quotations

Use a new line and
left indent instead of
quotation marks
Preview block quotes

Hint: Word will count words
if you highlight them and
choose Tools, Word Count.
The classic definition of a
detective comes from “The
Simple Art of Murder”:
Down these mean streets
.5" a man must go who is not himself
mean, who is neither tarnished nor
afraid. The detective in this kind of
story must be such a man. He is
the hero, he is everything….
He must be, to use a rather
weathered phrase, a man of
honor…. (Chandler, 1945)
Remember in-text citations?
Basic format: (Author, year, page or section head)
Researcherfocused
Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins
“where change begins” (p. 140).
Chronologyfocused
In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal
work in an emerging field. In 2003,
he proposed solutions to global problems in
Transforming Leadership.
Idea-focused
The innovator’s approach to leadership is
exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first
days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).
Use only stable page #s

If author/date are given in text,
that information is not repeated
within parentheses at the end.
 Use only stable page numbers.
 Use section headers for Internet
sources that have them (Steel,
n.d., My Definition, para. 1).
STABLE PAGE #s
• book
• print version
• PDF
No page # / header?
“The future belongs to a
different kind of person,”
Pink says….Pink claims
we’re living in a different
era, a different age. An
age in which those who
“think different” may be
valued more than ever.”
http://tinyurl.com/23vqaz
SOURCE
SOURCEREFLECTIVE
STATEMENT
What about… no author?

Start with key words from title
 Use only as much as necessary
 Follow standard formatting




(“Personality,” 2008).
(Types of Procrastinators, 2005).
(“Procrastination,” 2008a)
(“Procrastination,” 2008b)
What about…many authors?

Consult the Publication Manual, Table 6.1
What about…no date?

Use n.d.
IN-TEXT
Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as
“to voluntarily delay an intended course
of action despite expecting to be worse
off for the delay.”
REFERENCE LIST
Steel, P. (n.d.). Definition. Retrieved
August 28, 2009, from Procrastination
Central Web site: http://procrastinus.com
What about…many sources?

Separate with semicolon
 Alphabetize within citation
to match order of reference list
MULTIPLE CITATION
Most researchers emphasize the negative
consequences of procrastination (Ferrari, 2005;
Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).
What about…quoted quotation?
 Ideally,
find the original
 Second-best: use as cited in to direct readers
to reference list entry
INDIRECT QUOTATION
Procrastinators trade “short term gain for long term pain,”
according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008).
REFERENCE ENTRY
Kahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a
mathematical equation for why people procrastinate. The
Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/
What about…one chapter?

If it’s by one author, cite the book.
 If it’s a chapter in a book with many
authors,cite the chapter and the book.
Benedict, J. (2000). Sports culture
contributes to domestic violence. In T. L.
Roloff (Ed.), Domestic violence:
Opposing viewpoints (pp. 82-90).
Greenhaven, CT: Greenhaven.
Titles of books, movies, and other complete works are italicized.
What about…sponsored site?

Site sponsor is identified just before URL
 Readers can judge source credibility
Serial murder: Multidisciplinary perspectives for
investigators. (2005). Retrieved from Behavioral
Analysis Unit, National Center for the Analysis of
Violent Crime Web site:
http://www.fbi.gov/publications/serial_murder.htm
What about…DOIs?
Resolve:
http://crossref.org
Mayer, D. (2007, June). Why write?
To impact patient care! Clinical
Journal of Oncology Nursing, 323.
Retrieved May 20, 2008.
doi:10.1188/07.CJON.323
Citations: Follow the model
Citations: Check the result
CITATION MACHINE
Pink, Daniel. (Photographer). (2009). Dan pink on the
surprising science of motivation. [Web]. Retrieved
from http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation.html
CORRECT APA FORMAT
Pink, D. (2009). Dan Pink on the surprising science of
motivation. [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_pink_on_motivation.html
Citations: Check the result
CITATION MACHINE REFERENCE LIST ENTRY
Meet the masterminds: daniel pink on a whole new mind. (2005,
August). Management Consulting News, 4(8), Retrieved
from http://www.managementconsultingnews.com
/interviews/pink_interview.php
IN-TEXT CITATION
(“Meet the masterminds:,” 2005)
CORRECT APA FORMAT: REFERENCE LIST ENTRY
Meet the masterminds: Daniel Pink on A whole new mind.
(2005, August). Management Consulting News, 4(8).
Retrieved from
http://www.managementconsultingnews.com
/interviews/pink_interview.php
IN-TEXT CITATION
(“Meet the Masterminds,” 2005)
Using a citation maker
1. Launch the citation maker.
2. Choose your documentation style (APA).
3. Choose the type of source. Hint: You may need to explore links
like More or figure out that Web-based Media means “video.”
4. Fill in the blanks with as much information as you have.
5. Note formatting hints (First initial only for author’s first name.)
6. If information is missing, check links like About Us to see
if you can unearth any buried nuggets. If you look for and can’t
find information to put in a blank, leave it empty.
7. Click the button that creates the citation.
8. Double-check the result.
9. Make needed corrections and copy the citation into your
document or copy, paste, and correct in your document.
Dig before omitting info
Author
• check beginning and end
of article
• visit the home page
• check links like “About Us”
• check beginning and end of article
• visit the home page
• check links like “About Us”
Where info hides
Author
• check beginning and end
of article
• visit the home page
Title
• distinguish site titles and
subheads from article titles
• check “About Us”
Date
• check beginning and
end of article
• look for “last updated”
• use most recent copyright
date (not 1997–2007)
• generally, title is closest
to article
• be alert to external links
Citation makers: Cite Fast
www.citefast.com
Disclaimer
None are perfect.
Dig before leaving
a blank.
Citation Machine
Citation Machine (www.citationmachine.net)
Disclaimer
None are perfect.
Dig before leaving
a blank.
Video demo:
http://www.screencast.com
/t/MzI2N2FkZmY
NoodleBib Express
NoodleBib Express (www.noodletools.com)
Video demo:
http://www.screencast.com
/t/ZWMyN2JjNj
EBSCO
(Available at Cowles, DSM, URB, WDM)
Video demo:
http://www.screencast.com
/t/Y2QwOTE3Y
Bedford Bibliographer
http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/bbibliographer/
Has built-in hints
Is most accurate
(except for websites)
Allows you to save, edit,
and export
Account is free
Quality: Too much missing?

If several elements of a full citation are missing,
is the source credible enough to use?
Road rage and teens. (n.d.). Retrieved August
28, 2007, from http://www.angelfire.com/al/
alyplace/mystery.html
Follow standard model
REFERENCE ENTRY #18
Pink, D. (2005). A whole new mind: Why right-brainers will
rule the future. New York, New York: Penguin.
IN-TEXT
(Pink, 2005)
Follow model w. tweak
REFERENCE ENTRY
Morin, E. (2001). The reform of thinking and education in the
twenty-first century. In J. Binde (Ed.), Keys to the 21st
century (pp. 202 - 205). Oxford, UK: Berghahn/UNESCO.
IN-TEXT (Morin, 2001)
Adapt monograph model
REFERENCE ENTRY #22
Gardner, H. (2007). Five minds for the future [summary].
Retrieved from http://www.execubooks.com
IN-TEXT
(Gardner, 2007)
Follow closest model
REFERENCE ENTRY #26
Goleman, D. (2000, March-April). Leadership that gets
results (Reprint 00204). Harvard Business Review,
pp. 78-90. Available from Harvard Business Publishing:
http://hbp.harvardbusiness.org/store/
IN-TEXT
(Goleman, 2000)
Adapt model
REFERENCE ENTRY #49
Norton, R. (2010). Reposting of how to teach a cat to operate
a light switch [Video file]. Video posted to
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkMOd9PVuKg
IN-TEXT
(Norton, 2010)
Resources
http://apastyle.org
http://word-crafter.net/APA
Quick Nav
 Check
1
 Check 2
 Citation maker cautions
 In-text citations in paragraph
 Nonretrievable sources
 Sources for ALOP 242
 Topics
What patterns do you find?
BIG NAMES IN PROCRASTINATION RESEARCH
scholar.google.com