Transcript CELL PARTS Chapter 4 - Coventry Public Schools

Chapter 7
Cell Structure and Function
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Ribosome (attached)
Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
A CELL is . . .
Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
made of ORGANELLES
ATOMS  ___________
MOLECULES
ORGANELLES
_______
___________
CELL THEORY
CELL SIZE
Cells
1. All living things are made of _____________.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism
(= basic unit of __________)
life
existing
3. New cells are produced from _________________
cells
PLANT
ANIMAL cells > _____________
BACTERIA
___________
cells > _________
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
Cells __________
WITHOUT a
NUCLEUS OR
ORGANELLES
surrounded
MEMBRANES
by _______________
WITH
Cells __________
a
______________AND
NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES
surrounded
by MEMBRANES
PROKARYOTES
= ________________
EUKARYOTES
= _________________
Bacterial Cell
http://www.earthlife.net/prokaryotes/welcome.html
http://summit.k12.co.us/schools/shs/computer/tkelley/types.html
CELL MEMBRANE
(also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made mainly of
________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS & __________________
PROTEINS
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
LIPID TAILS ARE
HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC 
HYDROPHOBIC 
Image by Riedell
Oil and water don’t mix!
Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM
Scroll down to animation
Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif
GLYCOPROTEINS
Recognize
“self”
GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS
with carbohydrates attached
Image from:
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
•ACTIVE TRANSPORT of PROTEINS
Helps move substances across the cell
membrane
http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.g
Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif
More on this in Chapter 7-3
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Acts as a
boundary
Controls what
enters and
leaves cell
Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.h
http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Cell membranes MOVE!
Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif
Click here to see
Fluidity
Animation
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing
CYTOPLASM
(Between nucleus and cell membrane)
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
Organelles suspended
in gel-like goo
ORGANELLEsmall structure with a
specific function (job)
Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm
CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE)
phospholipids
proteins
Made mainly of ____________________
and _________________
HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as
out &
LIPID ________________
with POLAR heads facing _______
BILAYER
NON-POLAR tails facing ________
in
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
PERIPHERAL
•____________________stick on inside or outside surface
•____________________go part way or all the way through
INTEGRAL
GLYCOPROTEINS - recognize “self”
• _________________
TRANSPORT
• _______________
PROTEINS- move molecules across membrane
FUNCTION:
SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
Membranes are _________________________________
(=Semi-permeable)
Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out
CONTROLS what enters & leaves cell
___________
HOMEOSTASIS
Helps with _________________
cytoplasm
__________________
= gel-like material + organelles between
nucleus and cell membrane
NUCLEUS
Largest organelle
in animal cells
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
NUCLEUS
Surrounded by
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
(also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF
NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES
Openings to allow molecules to
move in and out of nucleus
Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Contains genetic material (DNA)
DNA is scrunched up
as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
DNA is spread out
as CHROMATIN
in non-dividing cells
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Control center
of cell
Image from:
Genetic code tells the
cell’s parts what to do
Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
NUCLEOLUS
Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg
Dark spot in
nucleus =
NUCLEOLUS
__________
Makes RNA for ribosomes
NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS
Surrounded by ______________
DOUBLE MEMBRANE
called the NUCLEAR __________________
ENVELOPE
___________
CONTROLCENTER OF CELL
 Nuclear ___________
PORES allow molecules in & out
CONTAINS CELL’S GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)
DNA
Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS
makes ___________________
(RNA)
RIBOSOMES
CHROMOSOMES
DNA is scrunched up as ______________
in dividing cells.
CHROMATIN
DNA is spread out as ________________
in non-dividing cells.
CYTOSKELETON
Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm
• Helps cell maintain shape
• Help move organelles around
Made of PROTEINS:
MICROFILAMENTS (Actin)
&
MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
CYTOSKELETON
Made of PROTEINS called
______________
MICROTUBULES& _________________
MICROFILAMENTS
cell maintain shape;
FUNCTION: Helps
_________________________
Support; Helps in movement
___________________________________
CENTRIOLES
Appear during cell
division to guide
chromosomes apart
CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm
CENTRIOLES
MICROTUBULES
Made of __________________________
ANIMAL
Only seen in _______________
cells during cell division
guide chromosomes apart;
Function:__________________________________
MITOCHONDRION
(plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like
“little sausages”
Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a
DOUBLE membrane
Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane
increases surface area
for more chemical
reactions
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
MITOCHONDRIA
Come from
cytoplasm in EGG
You inherit your
mitochondria from
your mother!
http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Images from:
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
“Powerplant of cell”
Burns glucose to
release energy
Image by: Riedell
Stores energy as ATP
MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA)
DOUBLE
Surrounded by _____________
membrane
Contains its own ___________
DNA
Power plant
_______________
of cell
GLUCOSE
Burns ____________
ATP
Stores energy released as ______
CRISTAE
Folded inner membrane = _________________
(increases surface area for more chemical reactions)
RIBOSOMES
• Made of PROTEINS and RNA
• Protein factory for cell
Connects amino acids together to
make proteins

Image by: RIedell
Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg
RIBOSOMES
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
Can be attached to
Rough ER
OR
Float free in
cytoplasm
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
RIBOSOMES
FREE in cytoplasm or __________
ATTACHED to Rough ER
Can be __________________
PROTEINS
RNA
MADE OF ______________
& ________
MAKE PROTEINS
FUNCTION: _____________________
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Network of hollow membrane
tubules
2 KINDS:
SMOOTH or ROUGH
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html
Makes membrane
proteins and proteins
for export out of cell
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER)
• Has RIBOSOMES
attached
• Proteins are made on
ribosomes and inserted
into Rough ER to be
modified and
transported
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG
• Has NO
ribosomes
attached
• Has enzymes for
special tasks
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif
•Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
•Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
•Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
MEMBRANES
Internal Network of ___________________
ROUGH ER
(with ribosomes)
Rough ER:
PROTEINS
Attached ribosomes make _________________
which are modified and transported to Golgi
for export
Smooth ER:
STEROIDS
Makes membrane lipids (__________________)
CALCIUM
Regulates ________________
in muscles
TOXINS
Breaks down _________________
in liver
SMOOTH ER
(no ribosomes)
GOLGI APPARATUS
(BODY)
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu
• Pancake like
membrane
stacks
Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie
GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY)
Looks like a “______________________”
stack of pancakes
membranes
Made of ______________________
FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances
storage
from ER for ______________
or
export
_______________
out of cell
It’s All Connected!
LYSOSOMES
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=pacman&start=100&hl=en&safe=active&sa=X&rls=com.micro
soft:en-us:IESearchBox&rlz=1I7ADBF_enUS270&biw=677&bih=367&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsa&tbnid=nZht
SLKQFQ1WTM:&imgrefurl=http://www.fanpop.com/spots/pacman/images/8970101/title/chasewallpaper&docid=wrSSF7ulrPJG9M&imgurl=http://images2.fanpop.com/image/photos/89000
00/Chase-pac-man-8970101-1440900.jpg&w=1440&h=900&ei=30uFULnCCoXN0AGrkYEY&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=140&sig=10841
5310045876909291&page=8&tbnh=81&tbnw=130&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:14,s:100,i:99&tx=58
&ty=42
Membrane bound sacs
that contain PROTEINS
called digestive enzymes
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html
Digest food, unwanted molecules,
old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc
LYSOSOMES
See
lysosomes
in action:
Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
LYSOSOMES
See LYSOSOME
MOVIE
Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH”
APOPTOSIS
= ______________________
Lysosomes help
digest unwanted
cells
See animation
http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg
http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg
Apoptosis plays a role in:
Embryonic development
Normal body cell maintenance
Immune system responses
Cancer
AIDS infection
Transplant rejection
http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm
LYSOSOMES
Digestive enzymes
Sac containing _________________________
FUNCTION:
food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts;
Digests __________________________________
APOPTOSIS
Plays a role in ____________“Programmed
cell death”
Cell suicide for the good of the organism
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Made of
PROTEINS
called
MICROTUBULES
(9 + 2 arrangement)
Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg
FLAGELLA
Help in cell
movement
CILIA
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
Move cell itself
CILIA
Move substances
past cells
http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
CILIA
• Many
• short
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
FLAGELLA
•Few
•Long
CILIA & FLAGELLA
MICROTUBULES
Made of PROTEINS called _______________
9 + 2
organized in a _________
arrangement
that help with ___________________
MOVEMENT
MANY
SHORT
CILIA =________
& __________
move cells;
FUNCTION: ______________________
move substances past cells
________________________________
FEW & ________
LONG
FLAGELLA =______
Move cells
FUNCTION: _________________
WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT
PLANT CELLS?
•
•
•
•
Cell wall
HUGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
No centrioles
Plant vs Animal cells
CELL WALL
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg
Supports and
protects cell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
Outside of
cell membrane
Made of carbohydrates & proteins
CELLULOSE
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________
CELL WALL
Cell membrane
Found OUTSIDE the ____________________
Provides ____________
& ________________
SUPPORT
PROTECTION
CELLULOSE
___________________
makes plant cells sturdy
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________
instead.
VACUOLES
Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif
Storage space
http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif
VACUOLES
Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg
• Storage space for
WATER, salts,
proteins (enzymes),
carbohydrates, and
waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS
NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA
Contractile vacuoles control excess
water in cells
(HOMEOSTASIS)
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif
1
VACUOLES
carbohydrates,
Storage space for: Proteins,
_______________
water, waste
plant
Huge in __________cells
,
animal
small in _____________
cells,
bacteria
Not in _________________
CHLOROPLASTS
http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif
• Use energy from
sunlight to make
own food (glucose)
http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg
CHLOROPLASTS
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm
• Surrounded by
DOUBLE
membrane
•Thylakoid membrane sacs contain
enzymes for photosynthesis
• Contains own DNA
CHLOROPLAST
DOUBLE
Surrounded by ____________
membrane
Has own ________
DNA
THYLAKOIDS =membrane sacs inside
_____________
Contain CHLOROPHYLL where
_______________________
happens
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PLANT
FOUND ONLY IN _____________
CELLS
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Vacuole
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
envelope
Cell wall
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
Go to
Section:
WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT
BACTERIAL CELLS?
• Cell wall
• NO NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
• DNA is circular
• No membrane
bound organelles
http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm
BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT…
Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg
IT’S MADE OF
DIFFERENT
MOLECULES than
plant cell walls!
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
_______________ NOT CELLULOSE!
More on this in Chapter 18!
BACTERIA are
PROKARYOTES
PLANTS & ANIMALS
are EUKARYOTES
No membrane
bound organelles
Organelles with membranes
WHICH IS BIGGER?
Plant
cell
Animal
cell
bacteria
_________ > _____________ > ___________
Now, With Narration .
..
Now, with music…
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
BACTERIA
Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane
Nuclear membrane
NO cell wall
Cell wall made of
CELLULOSE
Cell wall made of
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes
Has ribosomes
Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple
chromosomes
DNA in multiple
chromosomes
DNA is a single
circular ring
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles
Really big vacuole
NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes
Has lysosomes
NO lysosomes
Has centrioles
NO centrioles
NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
NO chloroplasts
SMALLER
SMALL
SMALLEST
NO nuclear membrane
USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON