Introduction to the Animal Kingdom

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What IS an Animal?

Is Coral an Animal?

• sessile (“rooted”?) • stem, branches, • greenish when alive • Resembles plant Animal-Kingdom-1.ppt

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What IS an Animal?

Multicellular (so are plants, fungi) Eukaryotic (so are plants, fungi) Diploid (usually) (sporophytes are, too)

Meiosis produces gametes

• Sperm, egg are the only haploid cells

Heterotrophic by ingestion Cells lack cell walls.

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Phylogeny of Eukarya

phylogeny of metazoa

Animals are Classified based on….

1. their tissues (sponges do not have true tissues) 2. their symmetry (bilateral, radial or pentaradial) 3. How they develop - whether they are deuteromes or protosomes I will explain each...

What IS an Animal?

• Basic structure (not definition) = Tube-in-tube • Body wall = outer tube • gut (GI tract) = inside tube • mouth • anus 25 Aug. 2014 Animal-Kingdom-1.ppt

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Every animal begins as ZYGOTE and undergoes these three fundamental

1.

processes:

Morphogenesis • Origin of shape, form • (morph- = shape, + genesis = origin) 2.

Differentiation • Process of cells becoming different, and specializing for different functions 3.

Growth • Increase in size, requires input of matter, food 25 Aug. 2014 Animal-Kingdom-1.ppt

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In development animals undergo Cleavage • from Zygote • Division by mitosis • 2 blastomeres → 4 blastomeres → 8 blastomeres → 16 → 32 → 64 → 128 → 256 → 512 • →

Blastula

25 Aug. 2014 Animal-Kingdom-1.ppt

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and animals undergo Gastrulation = formation of a gut; • Major MORPHOGENIC event !!! • Location of cells after GASTRULATION determines further development 25 Aug. 2014 Animal-Kingdom-1.ppt

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Depending on what the gastrula develops into determines if an animal is a deuteromes or protosomes if gastrula forms mouth = protosomes (aceolomates and ceolomates) aceolome = flatworm coelome = space (mollusks, arthropods, annelids, nematodes) if gastrula forms anus = deterosomes (mammals) * 25 Aug. 2014 Animal-Kingdom-1.ppt

Mesoderm Formation • 3 rd "germ layer" • Ectoderm = “outside skin” • Mesoderm = "middle skin" • Endoderm = “inside skin” Details of mesoderm formation vary among phyla !!

25 Aug. 2014 Animal-Kingdom-1.ppt

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Phylogenic tree kingdom animalia

25 Aug. 2014 Animal-Kingdom-1.ppt

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What Is an Animal?

Create the table about animals.

What Animals Do to Survive

What are seven essential functions that animals carry out?

• Circulation • Respiration • Response • Reproduction • Feeding • Excretion • Movement Watch the Battle of Kruger http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2wOhlWeYpY

What Animals Do to Survive

What Animals Do to Survive

What is the difference between a parasite and host?

• A parasite is a type of symbiont that lives within or on another organism, the host. • The parasite feeds on the host, harming it.

Sponges and Cnidarians

What does an animal do when it respires?

• It takes in oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.

Sponge Shape of Life Demonstration of Filtration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ueKlShb9Ls

What does the excretory system of most animals do?

• It either eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it to a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.

• Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells called_____.

https://www.google.com/search?q= nerve+cells+in+animals&safe=activ e&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=667&so urce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=ud 8RVOYUyvbJBIrygPgD&ved=0CA YQ_AUoAQ#facrc=_&imgdii=_&im grc=r0fUcuHMurYhTM%253A%3B 3o_CpZpZIwGkcM%3Bhttp%253A %252F%252Fwww.mstrust.org.uk

%252Finformation%252Fimages% 252Fnerve.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%25 2F%252Fmsms.ehe.osu.edu%252 F2012%252F03%252F22%252Fa breakthrough-in-nerve-cell regeneration%252F%3B437%3B24 4 Video: Nerves in Cnidarians allow them to move and send impulses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fScolnOCtI

What are receptors, and what is their function?

video: 6 mins supersonic echolocation http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/other/videos/extraordinary-animals-supersonic-dolphin.htm

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/20 01_gbio/folder_structure/an/m3/s1/i capability varying greatly between species. Humans have a comparatively weak sense of smell, while some animals may lack one or more of the traditional five senses. Some animals may also intake and interpret sensory stimuli in very different ways. Some species of animals are able to sense the world in a way that humans cannot, with some species able to sense electrical and magnetic fields , and detect water pressure and currents

What does it mean that an animal is motile? • A motile animal is one that can move.

https://online.science.psu.edu/biol1 10_sandbox_8862/node/8980 video: moon jelly life cycle (3mins) http://vimeo.com/40232821

What enables motile animals to move around?

Muscle contraction enables animals to move around, usually by working in combination with a skeleton.

Video: Watch begining of Shape of Life Ultimate Animal (sea star) http://vimeo.com/37295088

What is the process that helps a species maintain genetic diversity.

• sexual reproduction Why is genetic diversity so important?

video 2mins : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn3xluIRh1Y flatworm penis fencing

What does asexual reproduction allow animals to do?

It allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly.

Trends in Animal Evolution

What are four characteristics that complex animals tend to have?

• High levels of cell specialization and internal body organization • Bilateral body symmetry • Cephalization • A body cavity

Trends in Animal Evolution

How have the cells of animals changed as animals have evolved? • Their cells have become specialized to carry out different functions, such as movement and response.

Trends in Animal Evolution

• Groups of specialized cells form______ , which form organs, which form_______.

• Tissues • Organ systems

Trends in Animal Evolution

What does a zygote form after it undergoes a series of divisions. • blastula

Trends in Animal Evolution (worksheet)

What is a protostome?

• It is an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore.

What is a deuterostome?

It is an animal whose anus is formed from the blastopore.

Trends in Animal Evolution Review question

Is the following sentence true or false? • Most invertebrates are deuterostomes.

• False

Review...

In the development of a deuterostome, when is the mouth formed? • The mouth is formed second, after the anus.

Complete the table about germ layers.

Complete the table about body symmetry

Symmetry

In an animal with radial symmetry, how many imaginary planes can be drawn through the center of the animal that would divide the animal in half? Any number of imaginary planes would divide the animal in half.

Anatomical terms to know...

• Anterior - Front end • Posterior -Back end • Dorsal -Upper side • Ventral -Lower side

What do you think?

• A body that is constructed of many repeated and similar parts, or segments, exhibits _______.

• Segmentation

What is cephalization?

• It is the concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front end of the body.

• How do animals with cephalization respond differently to the environment than animals without cephalization? – Animals with cephalization respond to the environment more quickly and in more complex ways than simpler animals can.

What is a body cavity?

• It is a fluid-filled space that lies between the digestive tract and the body wall.

Why is having a body cavity important?

• It provides a space in which internal organs can be suspended so that they are not pressed on by muscles or twisted out of shape by body movements.