Transcript Slide 1

Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
OBIS
Optimising Bike sharing in European cities
www.obisproject.com
Vienna University of Technology
Institute of Transportation
Research Center of Transport Planning and Traffic engineering
www.ivv.tuwien.ac.at
Alberto Castro
[email protected]
ECOMM Graz 2010
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Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
Content
A. Bike sharing
C. Transferability study
a. Definition
b. Evolution
c. Existing EU-projects
B. EU-Project OBIS
a. Partners
b. Objectives & outputs
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Key questions
Sample
Opening hours
Technology
Service throughout the year
Monthly demand
Bicycles per 10,000
Annual rents per bicycle
Obstacles
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
A. Bike sharing. Definition
Bicycle rental system which allows (without
additional charge) to take a bicycle in one point
and to return it in a different one, where the
bicycle can be rented by another user.
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Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
A. Bike sharing. Evolution
1st generation:
White bikes, Amsterdam
• 1st generation, 60s
Image: http://umebike.wordpress.com
– No registration & no fare
• 2nd generation, 90s
2nd generation:
Bycyclen, Copenhagen
– No registration but deposit
• 3rd generation, XXI century
–
–
–
–
Image: http://umebike.wordpress.com
Registration & fare
First scheme: Rennes,1998
First large scale scheme: Lyon, 2005
Biggest scheme: Paris, 2007 (>20,000
bikes)
Nowadays about 300 European cities
are provided with bike sharing
schemes (BSS)
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3rd generation: Citybike Wien
Image: Alberto Castro
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
A. Bike sharing. Existing EU-projects
Part of a Working Group
• NICHES (2004-2007)
New and Innovative Concepts for Helping European transport Sustainability
Own Working Group
• SPICYCLES (2006-2009)
Sustainable Planning & Innovation for biCYCLES
Own Project
• OBIS (2008-2011)
Optimising Bike Sharing in European Cities
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Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
B. OBIS project. Partners
15 Institutions from 9 countries
Public authorities
• City of Berlin (DE)
• City of Barcelona (ES)
PT operators
• DB Rent (DE)
• Transport for London
(UK)
Private companies Research centres
•
•
•
•
•
• Vienna University
of Technology (AT)
• Royal Institute of
Technology (SE)
• CETE Lyon (FR)
Choice (DE)
Altran DSD (ES)
EFFIA (FR)
Car Sharing Italia (IT)
CDV (CZ)
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Associations
• CTC (UK)
• Pomeranian
Association „Common
Europe“ (PL)
• Ökoinstitut Südtirol (IT)
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
B.OBIS project. Objectives & outputs
•
•
•
•
Objectives
Good practices
Success factors
Limits of market potential
Optimized strategies
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Outputs
• Work Package (WP) 2:
Collection of data (finished)
– 10 Country reports
– European transferability fact sheet
• WP 3: Identification of key
attributes (in progress)
• WP 4: Practical cases.
Evaluation and optimization of
9 BSS (in progress)
• WP 5: Manual and
recommendations
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Key questions
Image: Alberto Castro
• There is a wide variety of BSS
models
• Might be successful to transfer a
BSS from a city, like Barcelona,
to another, like a small town in
Sweden?
– Different city-size
– Different climate
– …
Image: Alberto Castro
Different cities require
different models
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Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Key questions
For a given city…
1. What are the most convenient opening hours of a BSS?
2. What is the most convenient technology at the BSS station?
3. Which period of availability is the most convenient?
4. In which season will the BSS manage a peak of demand?
5. How long should be the rental period free of charge?
6. How many bicycles may be necessary?
7. How many yearly rents can be expected?
8. Which obstacles may arise when implementing a BSS?
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Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Sample
Bike sharing schemes (BSS) studied
(N=51)
8
20
BSS in large cities
BSS in medium cities
BSS in small cities
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• 51 BSS were studied
– Large cities: >500,000 inhabitants
– Medium cities: 500,000-100,000 inhab.
– Small cities: <100,000 inhabitans
– 10 countries
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• The BSS were sorted by city-size
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Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Opening hours
Opening hours
(Large N=20, Medium N=23, Small N=8)
75%
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39%
61%
63%
Limited
38%
Roundthe-clock
Small
cities
25%
Medium
cities
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Large
cities
Share of the studied BSS
1. What are the most convenient opening hours of the BSS?
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• The larger the city, the
wider the opening hours
of the BSS
• Reason:
– Technology at the station
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Technology
Share of the studied BSS
2. What is the most convenient technology for the BSS station?
Way to unlock the bike
(Large N=20, Medium N=22, Small N=8)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
15%
17%
9%
25%
38%
85%
74%
38%
Large
cities
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Medium
cities
12
Small
cities
Person in
charge
Mechanic
device
Electronic
device
• The larger the city, the
higher the technology at
the BSS station
• Reasons:
– High-tech BSS are costly
and smaller cities have
limited budget
– Lower technology access
is provided in smaller
cities
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Service throughout the year
3. What is the most convenient period of availability?
Share of the
studied BSS
Availability throughout the year
(<11°C N=20, >11°C N=14)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Limited
7%
55%
93%
All the
year
round
45%
<11°C
>11°C
Average yearly temperature of the
city
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• The warmer the city,
the wider the availability
throughout the year
• Reason:
– Low demand during
winter
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Monthly demand
4. In which season will the BSS manage a peak of demand?
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
"Cold cities"
<11°C
"Warm cities"
>11°C
• Cold cities (<11°C)
– Wide range of
demand
– Peak in summer
– Very low demand in
winter
Month
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December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
• Warm cities (>11°C)
January
Relative monthly rents
Demand throughout the year (N=8)
– Relative constant
demand
– High demand in spring
and autumn
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Period free of charge
5. How long should be the rental period free of charge?
Share of studied BSS
Rental period free of charge
(Large N=20, Medium N=23, Small N=8)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
other fares
10%
39%
50%
unlimited free
25%
60 minutes
45%
30%
30 minutes
Large Medium Small
cities
cities
cities
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0 minutes (no
free rent)
• The larger the city, the
higher the share of BSS
with 30 minutes free of
charge
• The smaller the city, the
higher the share of BSS
with unlimited free rental
• Reason:
– Rental periods without
charge encourage use
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Bicycles per 10,000 inhab.
6. How many bicycles may be necessary?
Bicycles per 10,000
inhabitant
(Large N=11, Medium N=9, Small N=4)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Max
Min
Average
15.6
Large
cities
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14.4
Medium
cities
16
14.0
• Wide rage of values
within each city-size
• Similar average in all
city-sizes
Small
cities
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Annual rents per bicycle
7. How many yearly rents can be expected?
Annual rents per bicycle
(Large N=10, Medium N=9, Small N=4)
2,000
1,500
Max
Min
Average
1,000
500
463
378
235
0
Large
cities
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Medium
cities
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Small
cities
• Wide range of values
within each city-size
• The larger the city, the
higher the number of
rents per bicycle
• Reasons:
– High population density
High PT usage
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Obstacles
8. Which obstacles may arise when implementing the BSS?
Obstacles
Low demand
Background
High bicycle ownership
High cycling modal share
Consequence
Uneconomical BSS
High demand
Large cities
Empty stations
Bad image
Traditional bike
rental
Tourist cities
Competition
Low bicycle ownership
Vandalism
Low cycling modal share
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Solutions
Attractive and
complementary offers
Increase the number of
bicycles & stations
Traditional bike rental
offer new services
BSS do not offer daily or
weekly registration
Reduction of bicycles in
Specification of durable
service
bicycles
Poor system image
High maintenance costs
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
C. Transferability study. Obstacles
8. Which obstacles might arise when implementing the BSS?
Obstacles
Background
Breakdowns
High ratio
rents/bicycle
Redistribution
Topography
Irregular demand
Consequence
Reduction of bicycles in service
Poor system image
High maintenance costs
Unavailability of bicycles or
parking spaces at docking
stations.
Poor system image
Insufficient funding
Bad financial
planning
Closing of the BSS
Lack of public space
for docking stations
Bad planning
Conflict with residents and
businesses adjacent
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Solutions
Specification of
durable bicycles
Avoid elevated
areas for stations
Inexpensive
maintenance
Reliable funding
Study of space
availability
Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson
Transferability of bike sharing
Implementing a new way of transport in European cities
Thank you very much for your attention
Alberto Castro
[email protected]
The sole responsibility for the content of this document lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities.
The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
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Alberto Castro, Janett Büttner, Günter Emberger, Chris Williamson