Transcript New Bentgrasses - Seed Research of Oregon

New Bentgrasses
Dr. Leah A. Brilman
Improving Turfgrass Through Research
Bentgrass Trials
• Combine different species and types one trial
– Differential herbicide/fungicide response
– Different requirements for thatch control
• NTEP Trials at Universities - United States National
Turfgrass Evaluation Program - www.ntep.org
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Most not managed as on golf course
Less mowing, mowing height different
No traffic
More trials this cycle with no or reduced
fungicides
• Fairway and Greens trials - Greens trial on soil and sand
Some varieties in only one trial due to seed
availability
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Bentgrass Trials
Management influences - Four sands / One cultivar
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Creeping bentgrass
• Standard varieties - Lower density, horizontal growth
– Seaside, Penncross, Penneagle, Pennlinks
• Improved varieties - Moderate density for greens, tees
and fairways :
– Providence, SR 1020, Crenshaw, Seaside II, Trueline,
Backspin, Putter, Cato, Century, Princeville, Cobra, Viper,
Grand Prix, Bengal, Mariner, Regent, Imperial, ProCup,
Southshore, 18th Green
• More upright, versatile
• Less thatch for fairways
• Disease and stress resistance important
characteristics for selection
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Creeping bentgrass
• Improved - Moderate high density for greens, tees and
fairways
– SR 1150, SR 1119, Brighton (SR 1120), Sandhill, Ninety-six
two, L-93, LS-44, Alpha, Independence, Bengal, Penneagle II,
Pennlinks II, Benchmark DSR, 13-M
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Higher density than older cultivars - Upright growth
Slightly more potential for thatch - watch fertility
Most moderately fine texture
Select for important disease resistance, color, stress
tolerance
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Creeping bentgrass
• Versatile varieties - High Density for greens, tees and
fairways
– 007 (DSB), MacKenzie, Memorial, Kingpin
• High density but with upright growth so more
versatile
• Low tendency for Bentgrass Bloat - scalping
• Slightly greater thatch management needs
• Low Poa annua invasion
• May be combined with Ultra for greens or improved
types in fairway blends
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Creeping bentgrass
• Ultra varieties - Very high density - greens
– Tyee, Authority, T-1, Shark, CY-2, Declaration - new ones this
type
– Penn G-2, G-6, A-1, A-2, A-4, G-1 - all from selections at
Augusta, GA - very similar genetics
• Some high thatch producers - must have budget and
equipment to control, some newer upright growth
• Slower repair aerification holes, ball marks
• Use smaller diameter holes, topdress frequently
• Upright, dense growth - good at low height
• Good wear tolerance
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Creeping bentgrass
• Divot repair rate
– Variable by cultivar - Penncross not fastest despite
reputation
– Cover may be greater but not fully repaired
• Higher density varieties sometimes ballmark
less but some recover slower
• All bentgrasses - use sand/seed repair mix
• Add Chewings fescue into repair mix for faster
germination
• Waiting for 6 weeks to grow in for repair = Poa annua
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Creeping bentgrass
• Damage control study Clemson, University
– Repair of damage from 2 inch hole in June and August
– Repair rate differed by type - standard and improved typically better than
dense.
Percent repair after 6 weeks 1998
Cultivar
Penncross
Southshore
Putter
Pennlinks
Mariner
Viper
SR 1020
SR 1119
L-93
Dominant
June
43
41
41
41
39
38
37
37
36
34
Aug.
33
36
39
33
28
37
35
34
45
46
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Cultivar
Crenshaw
Penn G-2
Crens/Cato
Cato
Penn A-1
Penn G-1
Providence
Penn A-4
Penn G-6
LSD @ 5%
June
33
32
31
30
30
30
29
29
27
10
Aug.
45
36
37
37
35
30
35
35
33
11
MacKenzie creeping bentgrass
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Versatile type with Ultra Greens performance
Stress tolerant germplasm
High turf quality - Greens, tees and fairways
Very high density - All seasons - less thatch
Bright medium green color
Fine leaf texture
Reduced fertilizer requirement
Winter-active growth
High resistance to dollar spot, brown patch and
Fusarium patch
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MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass
Rutgers Univ.
July, 2004
Fairway Trial
High stress resistance
SR 1119
MacKenzie
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MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass
Utah State University
July, 2005
Comparison with Kingpin
Brighter color, density
SR 1119
Kingpin
MacKenzie
MacKenzie
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MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass
Greens Trial
Caledonia G.C.
Chiba Prefecture
Japan
Kingpin
Mackenzie
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MacKenzie creeping bentgrass
Density of Creeping bentgrass cultivars in Japan. Greens Trial at Caldonian G.C. Chiba
Prefecture Japan. Greenkeeper Mr. Ishii
Seeded May 9, 2006, Data taken on August 25, 2006 (4 reps)
Cultivar
Stems / sq. cm.
MacKenzie
22.8
SR 1150
22.0
Authority
19.0
LS-44
19.0
T-1
18.0
Penn G-2
15.8
Grandprix
15.4
CY-2
15.4
L-93
15.0
Penncross
10.4
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MacKenzie creeping bentgrass
Percent establishment ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars on a green at Raleigh, NC 2003
NTEP – Putting Green
2004 Data
Cultivar
Nov. 03
Mean
007 (DSB)
91.7
96.0
MacKenzie (SRX 1GPD)
85.0
93.2
Pennlinks II
81.7
90.9
Shark
80.0
90.3
T-1
83.3
90.3
Tyee (SRX 1GD)
80.0
88.1
Benchmark DSR
78.3
87.2
Penncross
75.0
85.9
Kingpin
78.3
85.6
Authority
75.0
85.6
Independence
70.0
83.6
Penn A-1
71.7
82.6
Declaration
68.3
80.6
LSD @ 5%
22.7
14.7
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MacKenzie creeping bentgrass
Density of creeping bentgrass cultivars in greens trials. 2003 NTEP Trial 2005 Data
Turfgrass Density ratings 1-9, 9 = Highest Density
Summer
Fall
Cultivar
Density
Density
MacKenzie
7.8
7.5
Tyee
7.5
7.3
Shark
7.4
7.2
Authority
7.4
7.2
Benchmark DSR
7.3
6.6
007
7.3
6.6
T-1
7.3
7.3
CY-2
7.2
6.7
Declaration
7.3
6.8
Memorial
7.1
7.2
Alpha
6.8
6.8
Penn A-1
6.8
6.8
Pennlinks II
6.3
6.2
Penncross
5.7
5.6
LSD @ 5%
0.7
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Through Research
MacKenzie creeping bentgrass
Quality ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars on a soil green at twelve locations.
2003 NTEP – Putting Green
2005 Data
Turfgrass Quality ratings 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf
Cultivar
Quality
Cultivar
Quality
MacKenzie
6.7
Benchmark DSR
6.4
Declaration
6.7
T-1
6.4
Authority
6.7
Penn A-1
6.3
CY-2
6.6
Alpha
6.2
Memorial
6.6
Pennlinks II
5.8
007 (DSB)
6.5
Penncross
5.4
Tyee (SRX 1GD)
6.5
Kingpin
6.5
LSD @ 5%
0.2
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MacKenzie creeping bentgrass
Quality ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars grown on a green at 10 locations
using an 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) or lower cutting height
2003 NTEP – Putting Green
2005 Data
Turfgrass Quality ratings 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf
Cultivar
Quality
Cultivar
Quality
Declaration
6.8
Memorial
6.4
MacKenzie
6.7
T-1
6.3
Authority
6.7
Benchmark DSR
6.2
Tyee (SRX 1GD)
6.6
Alpha
6.0
CY-2
6.6
Pennlinks II
5.5
Penn A-1
6.5
Penncross
5.0
007 (DSB)
6.5
Kingpin
6.4
LSD @ 5%
0.2
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MacKenzie creeping bentgrass
Brown patch ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars on a green at Blacksburg, VA.
2003 NTEP – Putting Green
2004 Data
Brown Patch ratings 1-9, 9 = No disease
Cultivar
MacKenzie (SRX 1GPD)
Kingpin
Alpha
CY-2
Tyee (SRX 1GD)
Memorial
Penncross
Shark
Pennlinks II
T-1
Declaration
Benchmark DSR
Penn A-1
LSD @ 5%
Mean
8.5
8.5
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.5
7.5
7.3
7.2
7.2
1.7
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MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass
Puyallup, WA
July, 2006
Resists Poa annua
MacKenzie
Kingpin
Mackenzie
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MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass
Rutgers, NJ
Fairway trial
August, 2006
38 degrees C
95% humidity
Kingpin
SR 1119
Mackenzie
MacKenzie
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SR 1119 and
MacKenzie
MacKenzie Creeping Bentgrass
Rutgers, NJ
Greens established 2003
August, 2006
38 degrees C
95% humidity
Kingpin
Mackenzie
High Density, growing
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MacKenzie creeping bentgrass
• Benefits
– Excellent performance all year-round
– Very high density but upright growth
– Uniform putting surface
– Excellent wear tolerance
– Excellent summer performance
– Reduced fungicide requirements
– Reduced ball marks
– High performance greens, tees, fairways
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SR 1150 creeping bentgrass
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Moderate high density type
Ideal for green, tees and fairways
Excellent turf quality
Excellent dollar spot and brown patch resistance
Leaf texture and density matches Dominant blends
Vigorous, moderately dense growth
Bright, dark green color
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SR 1150 Creeping Bentgrass
SR 1150
Picture Rutgers Univ., Fairway Trial, July 04
• Rutgers University
– Dr. Stacy Bonos
• Dollar Spot resistant
• Moderately high density for
greens and fairways
• Color, texture match with
SR 1119, Brighton, Sandhill
• High turf quality
• High Brown Patch resistance
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SR 1150 Creeping bentgrass
Percent dollar spot ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars on a fairway or tee at
Lexington, KY. 2003 NTEP – Fairway or tee
2004 Data
Cultivar
% dollar spot
Declaration
0.6
Pennlinks II
3.4
SR 1150 (SRX 1PDH)
5.3
Kingpin
5.4
Mackenzie
7.4
Penncross
8.6
L-93
8.7
SR 1119
8.9
Alpha
9.1
Shark
9.3
T-1
12.2
Independence
17.1
LSD @ 5%
4.5
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SR 1150 creeping bentgrass
Quality ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars grown on a fairway under
Traffic Stress in Madison, WI
2003 NTEP – Fairway/Tee
2005 Data
Turfgrass Quality ratings 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf
Cultivar
Quality
Cultivar
Quality
Shark
7.4
L-93
6.5
SR 1150
7.3
T-1
6.5
Kingpin
7.1
Penncross
6.4
Alpha
6.9
Bengal
6.2
Authority
6.8
Declaration
6.2
LS-44
6.8
Pennlinks II
6.1
Princeville
6.6
Seaside
5.2
Independence
6.5
LSD @ 5%
1.3
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SR 1150 Density
Density of Creeping bentgrass cultivars in Japan. Greens Trial at Caldonian G.C. Chiba
Prefecture Japan. Greenkeeper Mr. Ishii
Seeded May 9, 2006, Data taken on August 25, 2006 (4 reps)
Cultivar
Stems / sq. cm.
MacKenzie
22.8
SR 1150
22.0
Authority
19.0
LS-44
19.0
T-1
18.0
Penn G-2
15.8
Grandprix
15.4
CY-2
15.4
L-93
15.0
Penncross
10.4
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SR 1150 creeping bentgrass
Quality ratings of Creeping Bentgrass cultivars grown on a fairway under
Reduced Fungicides at Farmingdale, NY - Creeping bentgrasses
2003 NTEP – Fairway/Tee
2005 Data
Turfgrass Quality ratings 1-9, 9 = Ideal Turf
Cultivar
Quality
Cultivar
Quality
SR 1150
7.0
T-1
6.6
Pennlinks II
6.9
Kingpin
6.5
Shark
6.9
MacKenzie
6.4
Indepedence
6.8
L-93
6.4
SR 1119
6.6
Authority
6.4
LS-44
6.6
Alpha
6.2
Penncross
6.6
Declaration
6.1
Princeville
6.6
LSD @ 5%
0.4
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SR 1150 Creeping Bentgrass
• Temperature of
38 degrees C
• Humidity 95%
• Low fungicides
• Low N
SR 1150
SR 1119
Picture Rutgers Univ., NJ Fairway Trial, August, 2006
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SR 1150 creeping bentgrass
• Benefits
– Versatile for use on greens, tees and fairways
– Lower maintenance requirements
– High performance
– Reduced fungicides
– Increased genetic diversity
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Creeping bentgrass blends
Testing Blend performance at Rutgers University, NJ
Tyee / 007
SR 1150 / SR 1119
Mackenzie / Sandhill
007 / SR 1150
007 / SR 1119 (Dominant X-treme 7 - N.A.)
007 / Mackenzie
007 / Mackenzie / Tyee
Brighton / Sandhill
Tyee / SR 7200
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Bentgrass Strategies
• Dollar spot resistance - New Michigan State, WI
germplasm
• Stress tolerant - germplasm from AZ with salt and
heat tolerance + improved winter color
• Dense types without excessive thatch
• Improved varieties to blend with current stable
• Salt tolerance
• Snow mold resistance for northern areas
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Kentucky Bluegrass Types
Dr. Leah A. Brilman
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Kentucky Bluegrass
• Strengths
– Self-repairing
– High lateral stability
– High recuperative ability
– Dense stand, high quality
– Excellent mowing quality
– High cold tolerance
– Some cultivars with improved drought tolerance
– Select a blend of types depending on use
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Kentucky Bluegrass
• Weaknesses
– Poa annua invasion - less options in
herbicides - new ones coming on market
– Slow germination and establishment heavier seeding rates better
– Shade tolerance cultivar dependent
– Bluegrass billbugs
– Must mix cultivars carefully - use different
types to match strengths and weaknesses
– Not adapted to some regions
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Kentucky Bluegrass Types
Compact Types
CELA Type
Compact
BVMG Type
Midnight
Shamrock type
America
Cheri Type
Aggressive Type
Julia Type
Bellevue Type
Common Type
Mid-Atlantic Type
Other Type
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Kentucky Bluegrass Types
• These types have been verified by DNA analysis
• Cultivars in most types are closely related
genetically
– Often no or very small DNA differences
• If planting all of one type = all of one cultivar
• Greater DNA differences in Aggressive / Mid-Atlantic
types - based more on performance
• Performance strengths and weaknesses are the
same within a type
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Why Blends and Mixtures
• Kentucky bluegrass apomictic
• Cultivar = Single genotype - other turfgrass
species are mixture of genotypes
• Vegetative cultivars comparison
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Vegetative bentgrasses
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Vegetative bermudas, zoysias, St. Augustine
• Merion Kentucky bluegrass - stripe smut
• Not just for disease resistance
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Blending bluegrasses
Kentucky bluegrass
• Melting-out resistance of blend of two cultivars
intermediate between same cultivars in
monostands
• Inoculum from susceptible cultivar reduced
resistance of resistant cultivar
• Blends of two cultivars generally show
resistance intermediate between each alone
(Vargas and Turgeon, 1980. Proc. Third ITRC 45-52.)
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Blending bluegrasses
Early blend analysis - Dr. Funk, Rutgers
Sprigged out plants to ID
Aggressive types dominated
Aggressive types based on invasion in plots
New DNA techniques allow blend analysis
(Lickfeldt et al, 2002. Crop Sci. 42:842-847.)
3-way blend - Unique, Midnight, Blacksburg
Different management and % of each at seeding
Final composition, 40% U, 46% M, 14% B
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Blending bluegrasses
Why combine types in blends?
Each type has weakness as well as strengths
Single type has weaknesses
Midnight types - powdery mildew, winter
color, rust susceptibility as seedlings
America types - not as dark green
Aggressive - dominate in blends
Shamrock types - billbug susceptible
BVMG - Very stemmy turf, poor winter
performance, stripe smut susceptible
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Conclusions
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Blends do provide benefit
Learning long term blend peformance
Kentucky bluegrasses difficult to breed
Cooperative work breeders and NTEP to define
types and publish
• Looking at competitiveness in different
environments and management
• Never use more than 15% perennial ryegrass to
maintain at least 50% bluegrass
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Kentucky Bluegrass Types
NJ Wear - Spring, summer and fall wear (multi - use field)
High performers
Low performers
Compact
America
Midnight
BVMG
Julia
Cheri
Aggressive
Common
Mid-Atlantic
Repeat with wear, compaction different seasons
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Kentucky Bluegrass Types
WI Wear trial - fall wear
Combined with perennial ryegrass varying
percentages
Only obtained 50% KBG with less than 15% rye
No difference between Midnight types, BVMG
types, Aggressive types
Common types less wear tolerant
Midnight, Fairfax more dominant in blends
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Compact Types
Compact, Midnight, America
Low, compact growth
High quality turf
1/2 inch cutting height
Excellent resistance to Leaf Spot
Long Winter dormancy
Variable under Summer stress
Often purple Winter color
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Compact Type
Argos
Indigo
Glade
Blue-tastic
Alpine
Moonlight
Ram 1
Ascot
Moonshadow
Nugget
Nugget
Hallmark
Blacksburg
P-105
Amazon
Skye
Blackstone
Platini
Apex
Blue Max
Conni
Broadway
Goldstar
Amazon
Wildwood
Diva
Chicago II
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Midnight Type
1.
Characteristics of compact type
2.
Excellent wear tolerance
3.
Very dark green color
4.
Late Spring green-up
5.
Good heat tolerance
6.
Susceptible to powdery mildew
7.
Variable resistance to Summer
Patch
8.
Not good in shade sites
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Midnight Type
Arcadia
Midnight
Barrister
Odyssey
EverGlade
Quantum
Leap
Award
NuGlade
Midnight
Star
Total
Eclipse
Blue Velvet
Awesome
Perfection
NuDestiny Everest
Rhythm
Impact
Tsunami
Ginney
Absolute
Freedom III
Liberator
Midnight II
Beyond
Freedom II
Alexa
Excursion
Rugby II
Bluestone
Courtyard
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Aggressive Type
Aggressive lateral growth
Should have one in Sports Turf
Blends
High shoot density
Very wear tolerant
Quickly knit sod and repair
May predominate in blend
Variable in other characteristics
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Aggressive Type
Cheetah
Julius
Northstar
Orfeo
Bariris
P-104
Touchdown
Mystic
Limousine
Brunswick
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Orfeo Kentucky
• Aggressive cultivar
• Fast germination and establishment germination in 3 - 5 days
• Superior germination with high salt levels
• High wear tolerance
• High sod strength
• Tolerant of low light intensity
• Medium green color
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Salt germination bluegrasses
Germination percentage of Kentucky bluegrass varieties at 5,000 ppm salts
Preliminary data after 3 weeks
Cultivar
Orfeo
SR 2109
Baron
Northstar
Arcadia
STR 2959
Showcase
Ulysses
% Germ
38
36
24
10
8
6
4
4
Cultivar
SR 2284
Spitfire
Bandera
Argos
Moonlight
Moonshadow
Touchdown
LSD @ 5%
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% Germ
4
3
3
3
0
0
0
4
Cheetah Kentucky
• One of the finest Kentucky Bluegrass aggressive-type bluegrass
• Adapted to the low light intensity
• Superior on sports fields
• Very dense growth habit - similar to
Odyssey, Midnight, and Rugby II
• Early spring green-up
• Excellent sod strength
• Very high shade tolerance
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Julia-Type
High turf quality
High wear tolerance
High density
Rapid establishment
Good Summer performance
Moderate Winter performance
Good Leaf Spot, Stripe Smut resistance
Susceptible to Brown Patch,
Dollar Spot
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Julia Type Cultivars
Ulysses
Rampart
Avalanche
Julia
Caliber
Ikone
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Rampart Kentucky
• Julia-type Kentucky Bluegrass
• Larger seed - faster establishment
• Excellent wear tolerance - look best with
wear
• High sod strength
• High heat tolerance
• High drought tolerance
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Ulysses Kentucky blue
• Julia type
• High performance at 1/2 inch cut
• Excellent performance with season-long
wear
• Excellent summer persistence
• Uses: Fairways, Roughs, Sports Fields,
Sod Production, Home Lawns
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America Type
• Characteristics of compact type
• Finer leaf, higher density
• Some with better rhizomes
• Better fall and spring growth
• Moderate Summer recovery
• High Summer Patch resistance
• Resistant to powdery mildew
• Good in shade - should be in
• Fairway mixes
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America Type
Kingfisher
Sonoma
Dynamo
Showcase
Apollo
Unique
SR 2284
Brilliant
Bedazzled
Argos
Bordeaux
Royale
America
Arrow
Boutique
Langara
Mallard
Glenmont
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Argos Kentucky
• American/Shamrock cross
• Compact-America
• Low growing, dense turf
• Shade tolerant
• Rapid establishment
• Aggressive rhizome growth
• High heat tolerance
• Early spring green-up
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Mid-Atlantic Type
• Deep, extensive roots and rhizomes
• New cultivars in 2005 Bluegrass NTEP
• Called RSP-types, some very aggressive
• Vigorous turf & medium-high density
• High Summer stress tolerance
• Early Spring green-up
• Good Winter performance
• Rapid recovery from disease and wear
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Mid-Atlantic Type
Touche’ (STR 23180)
Starburst (STR 2703)
STR 2485
Eagleton
Cabernet
Monopoly
Livingston
Preakness
Plush
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Touche’ Kentucky
Turf Quality with wear of 2004 CTBT Bluegrass Trial established at North
Brunswick NJ. 2005 Rating with Wear 1-9, 9 = Best
Cultivar
Wear .Quality
Touche’ (STR 23180 (Mid-Atl))
STR 2485 (Mid-Atl)
Rhythm (Mid)
Bandera (T x K)
Julia (Julia)
SR 2100 (Shamrock)
Midnight (Mid)
Diva (Compact)
Julius (Aggr)
Eagleton (Mid-Atl)
LSD @ 5%
6.7
6.2
6.2
5.7
5.7
5.3
5.0
5.0
4.2
3.8
1.0
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Touche’ Kentucky
Turf Quality of 2004 CTBT Bluegrass Trial established at Rolesville, NC.
2005-2006 Rating Turf Quality 1-9, 9 = Best
Cultivar
Mean .Quality
Touche (STR 23180)
5.9
STR 2485
5.9
Bandera TxK
5.7
Julia
5.0
Rhythm
4.6
Diva
4.4
Julius
4.3
Midnight
4.3
SR 2100
4.2
Eagleton
3.5
LSD @ 5%
0.6
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Starburst Kentucky
Turf Quality of 2005 CTBT Bluegrass Species Trial established at
Knoxville, TN Quality 1-9, 9 = Best
Cultivar
Starburst (STR 2703 Mid-Atl)
Midnight (Mid)
Touche (STR 23180 Mid-Atl)
America (Am)
Longhorn (T x K)
Livingston (Mid-Atl)
Julia (Julia)
Bandera (SPTR 2LM95 T xK)
Midnight Star (Mid)
LSD @ 5%
Quality
7.4
7.4
7.2
7.1
7.1
7.0
6.9
6.7
6.6
0.7
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Texas X Kentucky bluegrass
• Texas bluegrass heat and drought tolerant, extensive and
deep rhizomes
• Kentucky bluegrass turf quality
• 1st generation low fertility, low germination. Selected
superior progeny
• Some backcrossed to Kentucky bluegrass
• More extensive rhizomes
• Greater heat and drought tolerance
• Must evaluate for diseases, germination vigor, apomixis
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Texas x Kentucky bluegrass
• Many first hybrids poor germination
• Thermal Blue = HB 129 = BH00-6002
• Reveille sod type good performance
• Improved establishment
• High shear strength
• Excellent rhizomes = good recovery
• Good wear tolerance in Ohio - new ones high at Rutgers
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Texas X Kentucky
• Improved germination
• High heat tolerance
• Active summer growth
Bandera
• Need more growth
before vernalization
for seed
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Texas x Kentucky bluegrass
Bandera
DuraBlue
Fire and Ice
Spitfire
ThermalBlue
Longhorn
Fahrenheit 90
Solar Green
Reveille
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Texas X Kentucky bluegrass
• Rhizomes on young
spaced plants
• Deep rhizomes contribute
to recovery
• Bluegrass usage further
south
• Top rated for shear
strength NTEP
Improving Turfgrass Through Research
Bandera T x K bluegrass
• Study was done in Rain Out Shelter at Rutgers
• Bandera (Reported as Sptr 21m95 instead of SPTR 2LM95)
showed less decline than Thermal Blue or Midnight from 10
to 17 days drought, Kept quality longer.
• Maintained photosynthesis longer than Midnight under
drought stress
• Recovered faster than Midnight or Thermal Blue after 41
days of drought and had a difference in stomatal resistance.
Improving Turfgrass Through Research
Spitfire Texas x Kentucky
Turf Quality of 2005 CTBT Bluegrass Species Trial established at
Fayetteville, Arkansas Digital Quality 1-9, 9 = Best
Cultivar
Digital Color
Digital Quality
Midnight (Mid)
6.6
7.6
Spitfire (STR 2844 TxK)
7.3
7.4
Longhorn (T x K)
5.8
6.9
Touche (STR 23180 Mid-Atl)
5.5
6.6
Bandera (SPTR 2LM95 T xK)
5.6
6.6
America (Am)
5.7
6.5
Midnight Star (Mid)
6.3
6.4
Livingston (Mid-Atl)
4.6
6.0
Julia (Julia)
5.9
5.5
LSD @ 5%
0.7
0.8
Improving Turfgrass Through Research
Shamrock Type
• Moderate Winter color
• Good resistance to Leaf Spot
• Good turf quality and sod strength
• Billbug susceptible
• High seed yields
• Less stemmy than BVMG types
• Summer performance variable
• Large seed - quick germination
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Shamrock Type
SR 2100
Champagne
Atlantis
Parkland
Shamrock
Champlain
Brooklawn
Moonshine
Lakeshore
Durham
Mongoose
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BVMG Type
• Wear tolerance poor, not good for sports turf
• Use Shmarock types instead for quick germination
• High seed yields so cheap seed
• Medium-good turf
• Stripe Smut susceptible, Billbug susceptible
• Medium low growth, Medium wide leaves
• Large seed - quick germ
• Very stemmy turf
• Poor Winter performance
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BVMG Type Cultivars
Cannon
Abbey
Fortuna
Marquis
Baron
Gnome
Victa
BlueChip
Goldrush
Clearwater
BlueStar
Baronette
Merit
Crest
Nassau
Envicta
Dragon
Raven
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Common Type
(Midwest Ecotypes)
• Do not use for sports turf
• Erect growth and narrow leaf blades
• Good Summer stress tolerance
(may go dormant)
• High Leaf Spot susceptibility
• Poor Winter color and performance
• Early seed production
• Good for soil stabilization/conservation
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Common Type
(Midwest Ecotypes)
Kenblue
Alene
Huntsville
Park
Garfield
Piedmont
Alene
Geary
S-21
Cache
Ginger
South Dakota
Rhonde
Greenly
Voyager
Newport
Wellington
Argyle
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New Cultivars
• SR 4600 perennial ryegrass
• Harrier perennial ryegrass
• Calypso III perennial ryegrass
• SR 8650 tall fescue
• SR 5250 strong creeping red fescue
• SR 5130 Chewings fescue
• Shoreline slender creeping red fescue
• SR 3150 hard fescue
Improving Turfgrass Through Research