Transcript CAP Mission Pilot Course slides

Mission Aircrew Course
Chapter 9: Search
Planning and Coverage
(Feb 2005)
Aircrew Tasks
O-2004 USE A POD TABLE (P)
 P-2021 DISCUSS HOW ATMOSPHERIC AND
LIGHTING CONDITIONS AFFECT SCANNING
EFFECTIVENESS (S)
 P-2025 DISCUSS COMMON SEARCH TERMS (S)
 P-2026 IDENTIFY WHAT TO LOOK FOR AND RECORD
DURING DAMAGE ASSESSMENT MISSIONS (S)
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Objectives
In basic terms, discuss how search planners
determine the Maximum Area of Probability and
then the Probability Area. {P; 9.2.1 & 9.2.2}
 Given a POD table, discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of various search altitudes and
speeds over the three major types of terrain.
{P; 9.2.3}
 Discuss the importance of proper execution of
search patterns. {P; 9.2.4}
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Objectives
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Optional – Review POD Example {9.3}
Objectives
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Define the following search terms: {S; 9.1}
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Ground and Search Track
Maximum Area of Possibility
Meteorological and Search Visibility
Probability Area
Probability of Detection (POD)
Scanning Range
Search Altitude
Track spacing (S)
Objectives (Con’t)
Discuss how a disaster can effect CAP
operations. {S; 9.4.1}
 Discuss the types of questions you must always
be asking yourself during damage assessment
missions. {S; 9.4.5}
 List typical things you are looking for during a
damage assessment mission. {S; 9.4.5}
 List the information you should obtain when over
a damage assessment site. {S; 9.4.5}
 Discuss the limitations of an air search for a
missing person. {S; 9.5}
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Search Terms
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Ground track is an imaginary line on the ground that is
made by an aircraft’s flight path over the ground
Maximum Area of Possibility is normally a circular area
centered at the search objective’s last know position, with
certain corrections
Meteorological visibility is the maximum distance at which
large objects (e.g., a mountain) can be seen
Probability Area is a smaller area, within the maximum
area of possibility, where there is an increased likelihood of
locating the search objective
Probability of Detection (POD) is the likelihood, expressed
in percent, that a search airplane might locate the
objective
Search Terms
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Scanning range is the lateral distance from a scanner’s
aircraft to an imaginary line on the ground, parallel to the
ground track, that a scanner is expected to have a good
chance at spotting the search objective
Search Altitude is the altitude the aircraft will fly above the
ground (AGL)
Search track is an imaginary swath across the surface
formed by the scanning range and the length of the
aircraft’s ground track
Search visibility is the distance at which an object on the
ground can be seen and recognized from a particular
height
Track Spacing (S) is the distance between adjacent visual
or electronic search legs
Narrowing the Search
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Search Involves
• Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors
• Determining the area to be searched
• Selecting the search techniques to be used
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Maximum Possibility Area
• Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP)
• The radius is equal to the endurance of the aircraft
• Correct for wind
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Probability Area
• Where is the aircraft likely to be
Search Altitudes & Airspeed
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Altitudes
• Maintain a minimum of 500 feet above the ground, water, or
any obstruction within a 1000' radius during daylight hours, and
a minimum of 2000' AGL at night (except for takeoff and
landing). [Refer to CAPR 60-1 for special restrictions for overwater missions.]
• For SAR/DR/CD/HLS reconnaissance, the pilot will maintain at
least 800 AGL.
• Pilots may descend below the designated search altitude to
attempt to positively identify the target (but never below 500
AGL or within 500 feet of any obstructions within a 1000' radius);
once the target has been identified the pilot will return to 800'
AGL or higher.
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Airspeed
• No lower than Vx
Search Factors
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Factors which effect detection
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Weather; terrain; lighting conditions
Sweep Width (W)
Track Spacing (S)
Coverage Factor (C)
Probability of Detection (P)
Determine factors for search area coverage
• Type and number of aircraft available
• Search visibility
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Probability Of Detection (POD)
Determining the Maximum
Possibility Area
No wind endurance
Flight level winds: 330/20
Aircraft Speed:
100 Kts
Endurance:
2 Hours
LKP
Wind vector
Maximum possibility area
200 NM
Corrected for wind
Probability Area
Where was the last point where RADAR had
the aircraft identified?
 Is there an ELT?
 Was there a flight plan (even if not on file with
the FAA)?
 Dead reckoning from LKP and heading
 Reports of sightings
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• Other aircraft
• People living along the intended route of flight
Narrowing the
Probability Area
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Flight plan
Weather information
National Track Analysis Program data
Airports along the intended flight track
Aircraft performance
Pilots flying habits
Radar coverage as a limiting factor
Nature of terrain along the flight track
Position reports — fuel stops, etc.
Most likely within 5 miles of intended track
Search Priorities
Areas of bad weather
 Low clouds and poor visibility
 Areas where weather was not as forecast
 High terrain
 Areas not covered by radar
 Reports of low flying aircraft
 Survival factors
 Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls
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Probability of Detection
(POD)
POD expressed as a “percent” search object
was detected
 Four interrelated factors used to calculate:
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Track Spacing
Search Visibility
Search Altitude
Type of Terrain
Cumulative POD calculated using a chart
 “Effectiveness” must also be considered
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POD Table
(back of 104)
POD Chart - detail
OPEN, FLAT TERRAIN
SEARCH ALTITUDE (AGL)
SEARCH VISIBILITY
Track Spacing
1 mi
2 mi
3 mi
4 mi
500 Feet
0.5 nm
35%
60%
75%
75%
1.0
20
35
50
50
1.5
15
25
35
40
2.0
10
20
30
30
700 Feet
0.5 nm
40%
60%
75%
80%
1.0
20
35
50
55
1.5
15
25
40
40
2.0
10
20
30
35
1,000 Feet
0.5 nm
40%
65%
80%
85%
1.0
25
40
55
60
1.5
15
30
40
45
2.0
15
20
30
35
Cumulative POD Chart
Previous
POD
5-10%
11-20%
21-30%
31-40%
41-50%
51-60%
61-70%
71-80%
80+%
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
85
25
35
45
55
65
70
80
85
45
50
60
65
75
80
90
60
65
70
80
85
90
70
75
80
85
90
80
85
90
95
90
90
95
95
95
95+
5-10% 11-20% 21-30% 31-40% 41-50% 51-60% 61-70% 71-80% 80+%
POD For This Search
QUESTIONS?
Disaster Assessment
Natural and man-made
 Examples of CAP services:
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Air and ground SAR services
Air and ground visual and/or video imaging
Flood boundary determination
Air and ground transportation
Courier flights
Radio communications support
How Disasters Can
Affect CAP Operations
Effects of extreme weather
 Physical landscape may be so altered as to
make maps obsolete or make navigation difficult
 Damage or destruction of area infrastructure
 Effects of biological, chemical or radiological
terrorism (or accidental release)
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Assessment
Flying damage assessment sorties is not much
different from our SAR search patterns
 The big difference is what you look for
 Should be asking questions such as:
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What is the geographical extent and severity of the damage?
Is the damage spreading? If so, how far and how fast?
How has access/egress been affected?
What are the primary and secondary hazards?
Is the disaster threatening critical structures or areas?
Have utilities been affected or are they threatened?
Can you see alternatives to problems?
Assessment
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Some specific things to be looking for are:
• Breaks in pavement, railways, bridges, dams, levees,
pipelines, runways and structures
• Roads/streets blocked by water, debris or landslide
• Downed power lines
• Ruptured water lines
• Motorists in distress or major accidents
• Alternate routes for emergency vehicles or evacuation
• Distress signals from survivors
Assessment
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At each site, besides sketching or highlighting
the extent of the damage and identifying access
and egress routes, you should record:
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Latitude and longitude
Description
Type and extent of damage
Photo number, or time reference for videotape
Status and trends
Aerial survey of WTC
Aerial survey of WTC
Aerial survey of WTC
Aerial survey of WTC
Aerial survey of WTC
Aerial survey of WTC
Aerial survey of WTC
Flooding over levee
Seeping behind levee
Flooded approach
Bridge damage
Tornado
Tornado
Tornado leaves slabs
Close-up of tornado damage
Wide image of train wreck
Chemical
spill
(hazmat)
Close image of train wreck
Close image of train wreck
Infrared image of train wreck
Plume from train wreck
QUESTIONS?