Transcript Diesel Generator – Working Principle

P2 Power Solutions
Diesel Generator Primer
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Diesel Generator – Working Principle
chemical
DIESEL
ENGINE
mechanical
ALTERNATOR
electrical
LOAD
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Diesel Generator – Fuel Consumption Pattern
per Unit Fuel Consumption vs % Loading
250
efficiency
increases
with DG size
litre/month/kVA
200
150
100
maximum
efficiency @
>70% loading
50
0
25%
50%
75%
100%
50 kVA
88
126
175
219
75 kVA
66
106
139
175
250 kVA
51
84
120
158
375 kVA
50
82
117
157
500 kVA
49
81
116
156
750 kVA
48
80
115
156
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Diesel Generator – Operating Guidelines
 Ensure steady load conditions
 Minimize load fluctuations
 Ensure balanced loading
 Minimize load harmonic distortions
 Ensure optimum loading (>70%)
 Ensure air at generator intake is cold and dust free
 Ensure fuel oil storage, handling and preparation as per manufacturers' guidelines
 Calibrate fuel injection pumps frequently
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Diesel Generator – Load Characteristics
 Increased current demand
 Increased winding losses
 Underutilization of capacity: increased capital expenditure, lower efficiency.
 Unbalanced output voltages
 Heating in alternator windings
 Underutilization of capacity
 Overstressing of generators
 Distorted voltage profile
 Heating in alternator windings
 Underutilization of capacity
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Case Study I
Power Factor Improvement on DG
DG Specifications: 3 phase, 415V, 50Hz, 500kVA. Operation: 6000 hours/yr
Contents
Operating Condt.-1
Operating Condt.-2
Power Factor
0.65
0.93
Rated Current in Amps
695.60
695.60
Avg. Load in kW
250.00
250.00
kVA
384.6
268.8
Current in Amps
535
374
Fuel Consumption
3kWh/Lit.
3kWh/Lit.
Full Load Copper Loss in kW
12
12
Copper Loss in kW
12*(535^2)/(695.6^2)=7.1
12*(374^2)/(695.6^2)=3.5
Saving in Copper Losses
7.1-3.5 kW = 3.6 kW
For 6000 hour Operation
3.6 x 6000 kWh = 21,600 kWh
Potential Saving in Fuel
21600/3 lit./yr= 7,200 lit./yr
Potential Savings in Rs.@Rs. 40/lit. = Rs. 2,88,000 per year
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Case Study II
Parallel Operation of DG sets
Contents
Operating Condition-1
Operating Condition-2
Loading Factor
60%
80%
DG in Operation(Parallel)
1*1000kVA & 2*500kVA
1*1000kVA & 1*500kVA
Dg Operationin Hrs
5000
5000
Total Energy Generated(kWh/yr)
4,80,000
4,80,000
Fuel Consumption
3kWh/Litre
3.6kWh/Litre
Power Factor
0.7
0.7
Total Fuel Consumption
1,60,000 Lit.
13,3333.33 Lit.
Cost
6400000
5333333.2
Saving in Fuel Consumption
1,60,000 -13,3333.33 =26666.7 litres
Annual Saving in Rs.
6400000 - 5333333.2=1066668
Total savings per year (5000 hrs. operation) = Rs. 10,66,666.8 Lakhs
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
PF Correction – Benefits
Optimum
capacity
utilization
Efficient
loading
Reduced
heating
KW loading should be
within limits at all
times
Reduction
in Peak
current
demand
Reduced
losses
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
PF Correction – Capability Curve
Red: Critical Zone
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
PF Correction – Traditional Solutions
Large
footprint
Risk of over
compensation
Potentially
damage D.G
Stepped
correction
Voltage
transients
Slow
response
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Active Power Conditioner – Technology
Iactive
Ireactive
Ireactive
ILoad
Iharmonic
Iharmonic
IAPC
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Active Power Conditioner – Technology
ID.G
ILoad
IAPC
D.G
active
Load
reactive +
harmonic
APC
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Active Power Conditioner – Technology
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
COMPARISON SHEET
Active Power Conditioner
Hybrid PF Compensator
Substitute Technology
P2 Power Active Filter
P2 Power Hybrid Compensator
APFC, RTPFC
PERFORMANCE
< 0.2 milli seconds
Speed
< 0.2 milli seconds
Response time in seconds
Technology
Stepless current compensation
Stepless current compensation
Stepped kVAR compensation
Effectiveness
Effective with highly fluctuating loads
Effective with highly fluctuating loads
Ineffective with fluctuating loads
Power Factor (PF) Correction
True PF compensation
Displacement PF compensation
Displacement PF compensation
Leading/Lagging PF
Both Leading/Lagging PF compensation
Both Leading/Lagging PF
compensation
Lagging PF compensation only
Load Balancing
Negative sequence current injection
Negative sequence current injection
No load balancing
Harmonic Compensation
Harmonic compensation
No Harmonic Compensation
No Harmonic Compensation
Neutral Correction
Possible with 4 wire system
Not possible
Not Possible
Size Advantages
Smallest Footprint
Small
Largest Footprint
Installation (per Ampere)
`3400~`4200
`2300~`2800
`1000~`1800
Resource Intensive
Smallest space requirement
Low on space requirements
Increases cost of space
Capital Cost
Reduced failures
Reduced failures
Can increase failures due to resonance
Operating Cost
Low operating cost
Low operating cost
Recurring cost of capacitor replacement
Returns on Investment
High
High
High with non fluctuating loads
Improved PF
Improved PF
Ineffective with fluctuating loads
Better voltage profile
Better voltage profile
Introduces voltage transients
FOOTPRINT
COST
Reduced failures
Reduced failures
MAINTENANCE
Can increase failure due to resonance
Maintenance requirements
Modular design
Modular design
Easy Maintenance
Spare parts requirements
Virtually maintenance free
Virtually maintenance free
Recurring cost of capacitors/contactors
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Thanks!
© P2Power Solutions Pvt. Ltd