Transcript Area Specific IMO Tools - Committees of the MesoAmerican

Area Specific IMO Tools
10/6/2006
IMO Tools Acapulco, Mexico
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Overview
• Types of damage caused by
ships
• IMO: What is it and what
can it do for you?
• The Toolbox
– SOLAS ship routing/reporting
– MARPOL
• Special Areas/SOX Emission
Control Areas (SECAs)
– Particularly Sensitive Sea
Areas (PSSAs)
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Damage Caused by Ships
• Operational
discharges
• Accidental or
intentional pollution
• Physical damage to
marine life and
habitats
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Damage Caused by Ships
• Examples of particular
issues:
– Oil pollution
– Chemicals, Garbage
– Mystery spills
– Anti-fouling systems
– Aquatic nuisance
species
– Groundings
– Collisions
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Damage Caused by Ships
• Specific issues pertinent to
Gulf of Honduras States:
– Increased volume of cargo
into and out of Region
(including oil and hazmats),
increased ship traffic,
increased size of ships and
deeper draft
– Shipping important to
economies of the Region
– Prevention of collisions,
groundings
– Pollution prevention
– Navigation safety
– Hydrography: outdated,
inadequate coverage
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IMO: What is it and what can
it do for you?
• Specialized Agency of the United
Nations
• Motto: “Safe, secure and
efficient shipping on clean
oceans”
• Law of the Sea Convention and
IMO
– “Competent international
organization” (see, e.g.,
Article 211)
– Maintain the balance between
protection of the environment
and navigation rights
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IMO
• Participation:
– 166 Member States
• Large tonnage States
(Panama 21%, Liberia
9%, Bahamas 6%, Malta
5%, Cyprus 4%)
• Regional blocks
(GULAC, EU)
– Observers
• Industry
• E-NGOs
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IMO
MARPOL
COLREGs
SOLAS
AFS OPRC
Ballast Water Managem’t
SUA
STCW
London Convention
CLC
FUND
Load Lines
Codes, Guidelines, Circulars,
Resolutions
…
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Structure:
• Assembly, Council, 4
Committees, 11
Subcommittees
– Working Groups, Drafting
Groups, Correspondence
Groups
• Secretariat functions
– Does not develop policy
– Experts to assist and facilitate
work of Member
Governments
– Depositary for conventions
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IMO
• Maritime Safety
preeminent importance
• Environmental
Protection
– Focus pollution
– Biological concerns with
aquatic nuisance species
transferred through
ballast water
– Individual animal issues
• Ship strikes of right
whales
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The Toolbox
• Existing measures are the
focus of this presentation
• Others may be developed in
the future, depending on
identified need
– Examples of tools developed
in recent past: No Anchoring
Areas, SOX Emission Control
Areas, Ballast Water
Management Areas
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The Toolbox
Existing:
• SOLAS Chapter V/Reg 10:
Ship routing
– e.g., areas to be avoided,
traffic separation schemes, no
anchoring areas
• SOLAS Chapter V/Reg 11:
Mandatory Ship Reporting
• MARPOL: Special Areas,
SOX Emission Control Areas
• Particularly Sensitive Sea
Areas
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• IMO Ships’ Routing Guide
– Part A: General
Provisions on Ships
Routing (GPSR)
– Parts B-F: adopted
ships’ routing systems
– Part G: adopted
mandatory ship reporting
and routing systems
– Part H: archipelagic
sealanes
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
Ships’ routing and
reporting systems
contribute to the safety
of life at sea, the safety
and efficiency of
navigation, and/or the
protection of the marine
environment.
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
Government actions in planning and
designing a routing system:
1.
Para 5.2.7 Should take into account
aids to NAV, hydrographic surveys,
charts in the area
2.
Para 5.7.2 Should consult with
authorities responsible for NAV
aids, hydro surveys, nautical pubs
3.
Para 6.7 State of hydrographic
surveys w/n limits of routing syst
and approaches should be such that
full info on existing depths of water
and hazards to nav is available to
nautical charting authorities.
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1. Paras 3.2.2 and 3.3 Must consider in
adopting/amending a routing scheme
whether state of hydrography is
adequate for purpose of system
2. Para 3.4.3 Not adopt/amend where
system may affect demand for
improvement or adjustment in NAV
aids or hydrographic surveys
Implementation:
Section 9 IMO and IHO—how to
chart routing systems doen in
acordance with IHO legends,
symbold, and notes.
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• Traffic separation
scheme
• Separation zone or line
• Traffic lane
• Roundabout
• Inshore traffic zone
• Archipelagic sealanes
• Two-way route
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•
•
•
•
•
Recommended route
Recommended track
Precautionary area
Area to be avoided
No anchoring area
Established direction of
traffic flow
• Recommended direction
of traffic flow
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• Traffic separation
scheme (TSS): A routing
system aimed at the
separation of opposing
streams of traffic by
appropriate means and by
the establishment of traffic
lanes. GPSR, 2.1.2
• COLREGs Rule 10 applies
for traffic within the TSS
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• Area to be avoided
(ATBA): A routing measure
comprising an area within
defined limits in which
either navigation is
particularly hazardous or it
is exceptionally important to
avoid casualties and which
should be avoided by all
ships, or certain classes of
ships. GPSR, 2.1.12
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• No Anchoring Area
(NAA): A routing measure
comprising an area within defined
limits where anchoring is
hazardous or could result in
unacceptable damage to the
marine environment. Anchoring in
a no anchoring area should be
avoided by all ships or certain
classes of ships, except in case of
immediate danger to the ship or
the persons on board. GPSR
2.1.14
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• Recommended track:
A route which has been
specially examined to
ensure so far as possible
that it is free of dangers
and along which ships
are advised to navigate.
GPSR, 2.1.9.
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• Two-way route: A
route within defined
limits inside which two
way traffic is
established, aimed at
providing safe passage
of ships through waters
where navigation is
difficult or dangerous.
GPSR, 2.1.7.
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• SOLAS, Chapter V/Reg. 11
and MSC.43(64)
• Reporting versus routing:
– Less burdensome on industry,
thus may be more acceptable
– No change in movement of
ship
– Info gathering tool
– Need is for contact w/mariner
– More burden on proposing
State to develop system, no
cost to mariners
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• Define:
– Objectives
– Area and participating ships
• Information requested:
– Limited to info essential to
accomplish objectives
– Generally limited to ship’s
name, call sign, IMO no., and
position
– If justified, info such as
movement through system,
speed, general categories of
hazardous cargo, destination
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The Toolbox: Ship Routing
& Reporting
• Shore-Based Authority
– VTS, satellite
– Shall have capability of
interaction and assist
ships with information
– Concerns of cost, proper
equipment
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The Toolbox: Special Areas &
SOX Emission Control Areas
• MARPOL
– Special Areas
• Annex I: Oil
• Annex II: Noxious
Liquid Substance
• Annex V: Garbage
• A.927 Annex I only
– SOX Emission
Control Areas
• Annex VI, App. III
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The Toolbox: Special Areas &
SOX Emission Control Areas
• Special Areas are certain sea
areas in which, for recognized
technical reasons relating to their
oceanographical and ecological
conditions and to the particular
character of ship traffic, the
adoption of special mandatory
methods for the prevention of
marine pollution is required
• Under MARPOL, Special
Areas are provided with a higher
level of protection than other
areas of the sea
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The Toolbox: Special Areas &
SOX Emission Control Areas
WARNING!!
1. Must show that basic
MARPOL requirements
do not provide adequate
protection
2. Designation does not
enter into force unless
there are adequate
reception facilities in
the area
– Problems gathering data
to justify
– Expensive
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The Toolbox: Special Areas &
SOX Emission Control Areas
• Objective: prevent, reduce,
and control ships’ SOX air
emissions and their
attendant adverse impacts
on land and sea areas
• Specific info that must be
provided includes action
taken on land to address
land-based sources of SOX
emissions
• If approved, ships must use
fuel with only a 1.5% sulfur
content
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The Toolbox: Particularly Sensitive
Sea Areas (PSSAs)
To be designated as a PSSA, an
area must:
(1) Have certain
characteristics
(ecological, socioeconomic, scientific),
(2) Be vulnerable to damage
by international maritime
traffic, and
(3) Have protective measures
adopted by IMO to
address the identified
vulnerability
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The Toolbox: PSSAs
History:
• 1991 PSSA Guidelines
adopted
• Revisions:
• A.885(21)(1999)
• A.927(22)(2001)
• A.982(24)(2005)
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The Toolbox: PSSAs
IMO-designated PSSAs:
1. Great Barrier Reef and
Torres Strait (AUS/PNG
1990 and 2005)
2. Sabana-Camaguey
Archipelago (Cuba 1997)
3. Marine Area Around the
Florida Keys (US 2002)
4. Malpelo Island (Colombia
2002)
5. Wadden Sea (Denmark,
Germany, the Netherlands
2002)
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6. Paracas National Reserve
(Peru 2003)
7. Western European Waters
(Belgium, France, Ireland,
Portugal, Spain, UK 2004),
8. Baltic Sea Area (Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, Germany,
Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Sweden 2005),
9. Canary Islands (Spain
2005)
10.Galapagos Archipelago
(Ecuador 2005)
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The Toolbox: PSSAs
Element One: Ecologic,
Socio-Economic, or
Scientific Criteria
Uniqueness Social or economic
Critical Habitat Cultural Heritage
Dependency Human dependency
Representativeness Research
Diversity Baseline or Monitoring
Productivity
Education
Spawning/Breeding Grounds
Naturalness Fragility
Integrity Bio-geographic
Only one of these characteristics are
necessary for designation!!
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The Toolbox: PSSAs
Element Two:
Vulnerability to damage
by international
maritime traffic
– Document damage or
threats of damage
– Talk to mariners,
fishermen, NGOs
– Clearly identify the
problem in detail
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The Toolbox: PSSAs
• Element Three:
Identification of Associated
Protective Measures
– Tailor measures to address the
threat: linkage issue, incident
history
– Impact on traffic
• Ships to which measure
applies
• Hours/Routes
• Number of ships, types of
ships, traffic patterns, aids to
navigation
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The Toolbox: PSSAs
• Element Three:
– Clearly identify the legal
basis for the measure
– Three options:
• (1) existing IMO
instruments, or
• (2) amendment to existing
IMO instrument or
creation of a new
instrument, or
• (3) UNCLOS (e.g., port
State, Articles 21, 22, 42,
43, 211(6)
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The Toolbox: PSSAs
• PSSA proposals may only
be submitted by Member
Governments
• Always bear in mind
maritime safety and
impact on shipping traffic
• Must submit draft of
application for protective
measure at same time as
PSSA proposal itself
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The Toolbox: PSSAs
There is no legal
significance to PSSA
designation in and of
itself. The legal
significance is derived
from the measure
because it results in a
change to ship
operations.
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Thank You!
[email protected]
202-482-1400
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