Transcript 10th American History - Home | Waverly

10th American History
U.S. Foreign Policy History
Vocabulary for the Word Wall
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Foreign Affairs (Policy):
• Foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline
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how a particular country will interact with the other
countries of the world. Foreign policies generally are
designed to help protect a country's national interests,
national security, ideological goals, and economic
prosperity.
Creating foreign policy is usually the job of the head of
government and the foreign minister (State Department)
International Relations
Imperialism
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Economic reasons- international trade
and need for raw materials from Asia,
Africa and Latin America
Military reasons- to defend their shores
and protect their trade interests
Ideology
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1- Nationalism- enhancing a nation’s power
and prestige.
2- Cultural superiority- Social Darwinists
believed in this. Social responsibility to
“civilize” less developed countries.
Imperialism
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Manifest Destiny- expand westward to the
Pacific, and beyond the shoreline
Hawaii- trade, sugar, bayonet constitution and
annexation
China- trade, Treaty of Wanghia 1844- gave
U.S. most favored nation status, Sphere’s of
Influence, Open-Door Policy and Boxer
Rebellion
Japan- trade, Commodore Matthew Perry,
and the Treaty of Kanagawa.
Spanish American War
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Cuban Unrest
Yellow Journalism
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Maine Explosion- “Remember the Maine”
De Lome Letter
U.S. Sugar interests
U.S. sympathy to the rebel cause and the evil Spanish
Jingoes (Hawks) and the pressure on President McKinley
Outcome
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Teller Amendment on Cuban Independence and Rough Riders and San Juan Hill
U.S. receives Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines in exchange it gives Spain $20
million.
U.S. now has over seas territories, bases for trade and navy.
Annexation of Philippines and three years of revolution. (Independence in 1946)
Anti-Imperialist League 1898- imperialism is a violation of the foundation of American
self government.
Platt Amendment- Cuba (Guantanamo, Protectorate); Foraker Act 1900- Puerto Rico.
T.R. Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson
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Roosevelt and Latin America
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Walk softly and carry a big stick
Great White fleet
Helping Panama to get independence
Building the Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
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Promoting American interests in other countries
Using economic power to achieve American policy goals.
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Rejection of dollar diplomacy
Use of persuasion and American ideals to advance the nation’s interest abroad.
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
Wilson and the Mexican Revolution
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President Wilson would not recognize the de facto government of Gen. Huerta
Wilson used armed force against Mexico in Veracruz and against Poncho Villa
Rise of tariffs
U.S. and the Panama Canal
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U.S. interest in the Canal
Offering Columbia $10 million and $250,000
annually. Rejected
Panama’s revolution against Columbia
Building the Canal
World War I
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“M.A.I.N.E.”- European causes for the war.
U.S. neutrality
Reasons for the U.S. entrance into the war.
America in World War I
America in Post World War I
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Wilson’s fourteen points
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
Impact of World War I
1st Red Scare
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Communist revolution in Russia- 1917 and the
rise of the Bolsheviks
Fear of the “Reds”- communists who promoted
the violent overthrow of the U.S. government.
U.S. Communist parties formed
Bombings- through the mail.
Palmer raids – deportation and incarceration.
Lingering Effects of World War I
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War Debts owed to the U.S.
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Washington Naval Conference- 4 Power, 5 Power and 9
Power treaties.
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$10 Billion owed by Allies to U.S.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff made repayment hard.
Reparation payments by Germany
Agreement to cut back on size of navies
Avoid competition for China
Ending the Arms Race and establishing Peace?
Kellogg-Briand Pact- high ideals- Peace signed by 60
nations. But no system of enforcement, just a promise.
Effect of Great Depression on World
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Fragile European Economies still recovering
from WWI.
World War II
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Isolationism, Pacifism, and Neutrality Act
Roosevelt’s Quarantine Speech
Cash and Carry
Lend-Lease
Atlantic Charter
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Mobilization
World War II
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U.S. in World War II- European Theater
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Atlantic
North Africa
Europe
Holocaust
V-E Day and Nuremberg Trials
U.S. in World War II- Pacific Theater
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Island Hopping and Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Yalta conference
Potsdam conference
President Truman and the Atomic Bomb
V-J Day.
Cold War
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The Spread of Communism and the Iron Curtain
Truman and the Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift
NATO
United Nations- 1945-
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Peace
Human Rights
Trade and economic development (IMF and GATT)
Cold War
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2nd Red Scare after World War II
• Soviets Possess atomic weapons
• Communists had gained control of China- Mao
• H.U.A.C- House Un-American Activities
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Committee. (And the Hollywood 10)
Truman and the Loyalty Plan
Spy Cases
Senator Joseph McCarthy
Korea
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Korea before the war.
How it started.
Role of the U.S. and the U.N.
Pusan and Inchon
MacArthur and his firing
Fighting ends
Peace- Stalemate and Demilitarized Zone- 38th
parallel.
Eisenhower
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Cold War
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Brinkmanship
Massive Retaliation
Nikita Khrushchev
Warsaw Pact and the Hungarian uprising
Summit Meeting- U.S. and Soviets
Cold War Hot spots
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Vietnam and SEATO
Middle East, Suez Canal, METO and Eisenhower Doctrine
Cold War Worries
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Atomic Anziety- Hydrogen Bomb, Arms Race, new bombs and technology
Space Race-Sputnik, Explorer and NASA.
Civil Defense
Limited Test-Ban Treaty
Military-Industrial Complex
President Kennedy
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Bay of Pigs- invasion of Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis and its effects
Berlin Crisis- The Wall and its significamce
Peace Corps
Alliance for Progress
Flexible response- strengthening conventional force
to give alternative to nuclear weapons.
Space Program
LBJ Foreign Policy
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Johnson Doctrine- not allow the establishment of a
communist dictatorship- the U.S. would intervene
Pueblo Incident- North Korea
Vietnam- Increasing U.S. involvement- Tonkin
Gulf Resolution.
Air War, Ground War, Mobilization,
Public Opinion- Media effect; Hawks and Doves;
anti-war movement;
Turning Point- Tet Offensive and credibility gap;
Johnson refuses to run again.
Vietnam War
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Ho Chi Minh and Vietminh
After WWII-
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1st Indochina War- Vietminh v. French
Domino Theory
Geneva Conference and the 17th parallel
Civil War- South Vietnam v. Vietcong (NLF-communists)
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Ngo Dinh Diem- President of South Vietnam
U.S. involvement- The “Domino Theory
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Kennedy- Military advisors and Green Beret with ARVN
Casualties rose
Diem overthrown
LBJ and the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Air War- bombing- “Operation Rolling Thunder”
Ground War- guerilla, pacification, Vietnamization, Search and Destroy, Tunnels
Mobilization- The Draft, Medical, Materials
Public Opinion- media, Hawks and Doves, Anti-War Movement, Credibility Gap
Tet Offensive and its affects and war critics
Peace Initiatives
Vienam and Nixon
Vietnam
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Vietnamazation and bringing the troops home.
Bombing and invasions of Laos and Cambodia- “The
Madman theory” to stop the war.
Increasing Protests- Kent State, Weathermen and My Lai
Massacre and Pentagon Papers
Legacy of Vietnam- Khmer Rouge, domino theory,
environmental damage, dead, refugees, effects on veterans.
War Powers Act 1973
Nixon Foreign Policy
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Henry Kissinger and Realpolitik
Détente
Nixon in China and the U.S.S.R. (S.A.L.T.)
Middle East
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Yom Kippur War- Egypt, Syria and Jordan v. Israel.
Oil Embargo and O.P.E.C.
Kissinger and Shuttle Diplomacy
Ford Foreign Policy
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Foreign policy limited by Vietnam experience.
Helped nearly 250,000 escape Vietnam, but
Congress would allow little more.
Congress refused to allow Ford to aid antiCastro forces in Cuba.
Cargo Ship “Mayaguez” siezed by CambodiaFord sent military raid.
Kissinger, Détente, and reduction of arms with
Soviet Union.
U.S./Soviet joint space project- Docking in space.
Carter Foreign Policy
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No real personal experience in foreign affairs.
Committed to human rights
Soviets- SALT II
Panama Canal Treaties
Formally recognized Communist People’s Republic of
China
Camp David Accords- Israel and Egypt
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
Iranian Hostage Crisis
Events in Iran disrupted the production of oil and prices
shot up.
Reagan Foreign Policy
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Cold War
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The “Evil Empire”- Soviet Union and relations worsened
Reagan increased military spending
Strategic Defense Iniative- “SDI or Star Wars”
Soviet Union weakening- Gorbachev believes only way to
salvage the Soviet economy was to strike a deal with the U.S.
INF Treaty- destruction of a whole class of weapons.
Solidarity in Poland
Latin American civil wars- El Salvador and Nicaragua.
Lebanon- PLO, Israel, Christian, U.S. Marines suicide
bombed.
Grenada and victory
End of Apartheid in South Africa
George H.W. Bush Foreign Policy
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Collapse of the Soviet Union
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Gorbachev- glasnost and perestroika
Eastern European Communist government crumble.
Berlin War- “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall”. Gates opened
1989s and wall comes down.
Soviet republics began to declare independence.
1991- START I; 1993- START II
China- Tiananmen Square massacre- democracy crushed.
Panama- Operation Just Cause
1st Persian Gulf War- Operation Desert Storm
Nelson Mandela and South Africa
Sent Troops into Somalia
Clinton Foreign Policy
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Successes in the Middle East- Oslo Accords
Somalia- Clinton withdrew forces
Clinton did not sent in help to stop the genocide
in Rwanda.
Haiti- troops sent in to bring peaceful political
change.
Former Yugoslavia- Dayton Accords to end
fighting in Bosnia and Herzegovina and stop
serbs.
NAFTA- North American Free Trade
Agreement- no tariff barriers between U.S. ,
Canada and Mexico.
George W. Bush Foreign Policy
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Felt Troops should be used to fight and win war. Military
needs to be prepared.
Cancelled the 1972 ABM Treaty- Danger now from
Terrorist state.
Promised to develop missile defense system.
Worked for better relations with Russia and China.
Critical of North Korea and its buildup of nuclear weapons.
Axis of Evil.
Middle East Road map to peace- two state visionIndependent Palestinian state and Jewish State of Israel.
Sept. 11, 2001 lead to the Department of Homeland
Security, the War in Afghanistan, and Iraq.