Transcript Geography AS - Climate, Environment and People

Geography AS
Managing Change in Human
Environments
Urban
Geography AS
Managing Change in Human
Environments
Quality of Life
Quality of Life
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How do we measure Quality of Life?
• Who’s asking?
• Indicators
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Quality of life across Leicester
Measuring quality of life on
Leicester’s streets
LEDC urban quality of life
Quality of Life Indicators
Economic
Environment
•Economic activity
•Litter
•Unemployment
•Graffiti
•Wealth
•Refuse/dumping
•Income
•Vandalism
•Housing
•Greenery
•Value
•Access to park
•Tenure
•Land use
•Condition
•Rent arrears
•Government assistance
• Free school meals
• Benefits
•Demographics
• Age and gender
• Population change
•Number and type of vehicles
•Local policy
•LEDC/MEDC
Social
•Disaffection
•Crime
•Drugs
•Violence
•Origin and ethnicity
•Redundancy
•People
•Built environment
•Affluence / poverty
•Education
•Social indices
•Deprivation
•Overcrowding
•Infant mortality
•Health
•Demographics
•CCJs
•Insurance
•Exam results
Quality of Life in Leicester
Industry and commerce
Low Quality of Life
Medium Quality of Life
High Quality of Life
Quality of Life in Leicester
Bede Island
Abandoned Industry,
unattractive
1990s regeneration
under City Challenge
Scheme. Includes
housing association
housing.
Anstey Lane – inter and
post war semi’s. Good
housing, low
unemployment, above
ave car ownership
Pre-1970s Clarendon Park
was low status inner city.
Local Council created General
Improvement Area; blocked
streets to thru traffic and
offered 50% grants for home
improvement. Gentrification.
Saffron/Eyres Monsell
the results of 1920s
to 1950s inner city
slum clearance.
Relatively good
housing conditions in
edge of city council
housing. Poor
education and skills.
Vandalism, truancy,
graffiti, single parent
families pose great
challenges.
Warehousing surrounding CBD.
Relocation of industry late 20C to
edge of city e.g. Everards. Led to
run down inner city e.g. Wycliffe.
Small terraced housing, no
gardens, on street parking,
overcrowding, good public
transport, low car ownership.
1960s high rise council
housing e,g, St Matthews.
High unemployment and low
skills. 2nd lowest income in
1996 (£8.7k) and 20%
illness due to stress.
Incorporation of former
villages e.g. Evington.
Strong community,
picturesque housing. 75%
owner occupied.
Stoneygate, Knighton
suburbanised in late
19C and early 20C due
to improved public
transport and
movement of affluent
people.
Industry and commerce
Low Quality of Life
Medium Quality of Life
High Quality of Life
Quality of Life in Leicester
Bede Island
Abandoned Industry,
unattractive
1990s regeneration
under City Challenge
Scheme. Includes
housing association
housing.
Anstey Lane – inter and
post war semi’s. Good
housing, low
unemployment, above
ave car ownership
Pre-1970s Clarendon Park
was low status inner city.
Local Council created General
Improvement Area; blocked
streets to thru traffic and
offered 50% grants for home
improvement. Gentrification.
Saffron/Eyres Monsell
the results of 1920s
to 1950s inner city
slum clearance.
Relatively good
housing conditions in
edge of city council
housing. Poor
education and skills.
Vandalism, truancy,
graffiti, single parent
families pose great
challenges.
Warehousing surrounding CBD.
Relocation of industry late 20C to
edge of city e.g. Everards. Led to
run down inner city e.g. Wycliffe.
Small terraced housing, no
gardens, on street parking,
overcrowding, good public
transport, low car ownership.
1960s high rise council
housing e,g, St Matthews.
High unemployment and low
skills. 2nd lowest income in
1996 (£8.7k) and 20%
illness due to stress.
Incorporation of former
villages e.g. Evington.
Strong community,
picturesque housing. 75%
owner occupied.
Stoneygate, Knighton
suburbanised in late
19C and early 20C due
to improved public
transport and
movement of affluent
people.
Industry and commerce
Low Quality of Life
Medium Quality of Life
High Quality of Life
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Quality of Life in Mexico City
• Research
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Geofile 306
Colour map Fig. 3
How can such a monster be managed?
OCR Mexico case study
Homework – Internet, books etc
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DMI –
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• Six teams;
Mexico City location animation
Shanty Town animation
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Map the Quality of Life across Mexico City
with specific reference to;
Team research;
• A – Population, recent and future growth Ryan
• B – Housing - George
• C – Industry - Kate
• D – Facilities (utilities) - Ashley
• E – Transport - MAE
• F – Environmental issues – SSS
•  BUILD MAP ON THE BOARD
Mapping QoL Mexico City
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Describe Quality of Life
• How
• Spatial
• Solutions
• (Mexico City animation)
Mapping QoL Mexico City
Landsat 7, false colour image. Mexico City
Larry Ford, 1990, Latin America
Mexico City
Naucalpan
Ecatepec
Satelite
Low
Medium
Polanco
Chapultepec
Industry
Commerce
L
Insurgentes
Napoles
University
High
Aeropuerto
Neza
Chalco
Ecatzingo
Mexico City - Review
Zocalo
Satelite
QOL – Medium
Why? – Good services,
Transport, housing
QOL – Medium
Why? – High pop’n
Density, good employment
Ecatapec
QOL – Low
Why? – Industrial sector
Neza
Napoles
QOL – Low
Why? – Peripheria, low
Status, no services or
transport
QOL – Medium
Why? – Green parks,
Commerce and transport
?
Chalco
QOL – High
Why? – Academia and
Green parks
CIUDADES PERDIDOS
QOL – V Low
Why? – Shanty, no services
and high population
pressures
Rapid Urbanisation LEDC
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H/work – SLIDES?
Problems of rapid urbanisation in
LEDCs
• Primate City
• Infrastructure
• Quality of life
• Agricultural decline
• Increased urbanisation
18
16
14
Brazil
12
India
10
Nigeria
8
Indonesia
6
Mexico
4
2
0
1st City
2nd City
3rd City
10th City
Rapid Urbanisation LEDC
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Problems of rapid urbanisation
• Economy
• Economic activity
• Quality of life (shanty town animation)
• Water
• Waste
• Pollution
• Planning
• Video – Brazil Bitesize
shanty05.swf
Rocinha, Rio, Brazil
Rapid Urbanisation LEDC
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Problems - Solutions
Team research;
• A – Population, recent and future growth Ryan
• B – Housing - George
• C – Industry - Kate
• D – Facilities (utilities) - Ashley
• E – Transport - MAE
• F – Environmental issues – SSS
•  BUILD TABLE ON THE BOARD
Rapid Urbanisation LEDC
Return
Problems
Housing
Limited, squalid conditions
Illegal, poorly built shanty homes
Services
Water, sanitation, electricity
Employment
Unemployment/under employment
Informal Sector
Environmental
Pollution, resources, disasters
Transport
Pollution, congestion, conflict of
interest
Government
Services, planning, corruption
Solutions
Housing
Self help – seek legal tenure
Reblocking; site and service
Services
www.habitat.org
Political will, resources, investment
Employment
Regulation, conditions, development
Environmental
Regulation, cleaner resources
Transport
HOV lanes, traffic bans, Public
Transport investment, MOTs
Government
Population growth; Rural
opportunities; Deconcentration
Mexico City
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Housing
Clare, Jon, George
• Western districts are the homes of the upper and middle
classes. Land with services in the west and south
available for wealthier families. Wealthiest areas are
west and southwest e.g. Jardines de San Angel, Las
Lomas de Chapultepe, they have large mansions and
estancia style homes
• The INFONAVIT housing agency was set up to build
houses. State housing programmes are now self-help
schemes on the fringes of the city. Many low income
districts are to the east on unserviced land e.g.
Aeropuerto and Ramos
• New houses for middle and upper classes are Naucalpan
(NW), Polanco and Napoles
• Migrants establish themselves in Colonias, low quality
housing, on the fringes of the city
Mexico City
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Population
• During the 20th Century Mexico’s population
and urban growth increased rapidly
• The population was 13 million by the year
1900. For a lot of the 20th Century the
population increased 2% (a year) this resulted
in the population being 81 million people by
the year 1990 and 97 million by 1997
• Mexico City is one of the largest and fastest
growing cities in the world in terms of size and
population growth. By the year 2000 the urban
total population could reach 26 million growing
by 67% between 1970 and 1980. A further
13% between 1980 and 1994
Mexico City
It is estimated that Mexico city has
2.7 million cars on its poor and out
of date roads
 The government have banned people
driving on some days of the
week to try and cut air
pollution.
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Waste is dumped in open sites,
where the wind blows it onto the
city
In January 1996
ozone levels past
the danger point
12 000 tonnes of gases
produced per day
Increasing
pollution from cars
is causing dry
season periods to
rise
The ozone levels are only
acceptable 20 days of the
year
Open spaces
are only
found in the
rich zones of
the city
Geography AS
Managing Change in Human
Environments
Sustainability
Urban Futures
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What will the future hold for urban
areas?
• New Town policy in UK
• Changing Environments pp 228-232
• U17 – Purpose of New Towns
• Video 219 - Stevenage
Urban Futures
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New Towns
• Urban sprawl and post-war regeneration
• New Towns Act 1946
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Optimum 30-50k
Best Town Planning Practice
Self contained but influenced by Parent City
Most property should be non-profit making
organisation
Social balance (demographics, socioeconomic)
New Towns
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1947 to 1950
• London
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1961 to 1970
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Northampton, Peterborough
Milton Keynes (153k), Telford
Total – 32 New Towns
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Crawley, Hemel Hempstead, Stevenage
2m ppl, 0.5m houses, 50k employers, 1m employees
Investment, leisure, recycling, quality of life
Drawbacks
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Greenbelt land; NIMBY; character; community;
commuter towns (not self contained); remaining
underclass in inner city
Re-imaging Cities
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1990s re-imaged cities
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E.g. Birmingham
Rebuilding, redevelopment, investment,
housing, commerce, conventions
World City
• Global New Towns
• Politics, technology, population pressures,
reclaimed land
Where is this?
Urban Futures
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Activity -
http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Housing/displayarticle.asp?ID=6387
• Notes
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What solutions have been found through
history to generate and regenerate
successful urban environments?
What were the main aims of New towns?
What are the lessons learned from New
Towns?
What are the pros and cons of city reimaging?
Why was New Town policy finally axed?
Sustainable urban environments
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Can urban environments be made
sustainable?
• Changing Environments pp 232-239
• U20 – Sustainable Cities in the 21st
Century
• Homework - Find and describe good
examples of local Sustainability policy
Sustainable urban environments
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Rio (92), Agenda 21
Kyoto (97)
Socio-economic policy should not be
at the expense of future citizens
• Avoiding;
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Decentralisation e.g. sprawl
Water e.g. Mexico City
Waste e.g. MEDC
Underclass
Pollution e.g. industrialising countries
Sustainable urban environments
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Existing cities; make sustainable
Future cities; design sustainability in
Sustainability Schemes;
Sustainability
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Compact Cities
• Multifunctional urban villages
• Brownfield sites, energy saving, less
infrastructure
• But – Urban density (squalor); business
location; fuel conservation via vehicle
design
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Local Sustainability
• Local Plan
Sustainability
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E.g. Curritiba, S E Brazil
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300k to 2.5m over 50 yrs
17 parks and 1.5m trees
Wetland
wildlife reserves
Curitiba's buses carry 50 times more passengers than they did 20
years ago, but people spend only about 10 percent of their yearly
Affordable
public transport
income on transport. As a result, despite the second highest per
capita car ownership rate in Brazil (one car for every three people),
Pedestrianisation
Curitiba's gasoline use per capita is 30 percent below that of eight
comparable Brazilian cities. Other results include negligible
Recycling
waste
(and
incentive
programmes)
emissions levels, little
congestion,
and an
extremely pleasant
living
environment...
Encourage new in-migrants to return home
http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/fellows/brazil1203/index.html
Sustainability
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E.g. Sustainability policies
• Sprawl – Compaction, consolidation
• Congestion – Quotas, HOV, park and
ride, Pedestrianisation, tolls
• Pollution – Policy, guidelines, ZEV
• Water – Reduce waste and consumption
• Waste – Re-use, recycle, prevention
http://www.dismantle.org/cities.htm
Sustainable urban environments
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Activity
• Why is sustainability important?
• What are the five implications of the
concept of sustainability?
• What does Agenda 21 advocate for
realistic sustainability?
• Give an example of a city implementing
sustainable policies
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OWBC Local Plan
Homework - LEDC Quality of Life AS
Question (5b)
Sustainability
Health and Welfare
Housing
Hospitals
• What are the five
implications of
the concept of
sustainability?
Policy
Minimise waste
Decision making
Renewable resources
Environment
Health
Pollution
Biodiversity
Economy
Emplyment
Social and Cultural
Education
Equal Opportunities
Cities Activity
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Look at the selection of maps from
29 cities worldwide
In small teams choose one or two
cities
Complete the table of information as
best you can
Team-mark answers from another
group
Ford 1990 Burgess, 1920
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Hoyt, 1930
Harris & Ullman, 1940
City name and country
Population estimate
Closest urban model
Main river (if applicable)
Main transport types
Development category
Any obvious urban issues
Mann, 1960
City
Population
River
Comment
City
Population
River
Comment
Aberdeen
0.2m
Dee/Don
MEDC, Oil
Hamburg
1.7m
MEDC
Adelaide
1m
Murray
Houston
2m
MEDC, oil
Auckland
0.4m
MEDC,
wine,
tourism
MEDC,
tourism
Istanbul
8.8m
MEDC/LED
C, tourism
Austin
0.7m
MEDC,
state cap
Kuala
Lumpur
1.3m
MEDC/LED
C
Bahrain
0.2m
MEDC, oil
Leeds
0.5m
MEDC
Bangkok
6.3m
Leicester
0.3m
Soar
MEDC
Barcelona
1.6m
LEDC,
tourism
MEDC,
tourism
London
7m
Thames
MEDC,
tourism
Belfast
0.3m
Lagan
MEDC
Mexico City
17.8m
LEDC
Cairo
6.8m
Nile
MEDC
1m
Northampto
n
Oxford
0.2m
Calgary
LEDC,
tourism
MEDC, oil
0.15m
MEDC
Dallas
1.2m
MEDC
Paris
9.6m
Seine
MEDC,
tourism
Dhaka
3.6m
Jamuna
LEDC
Perth
1.2m
Swan
MEDC
Dublin
0.5m
Liffey
MEDC
Sydney
3.5m
MEDC,
tourism
Faro
0.05m
MEDC,
transit
Tehran
6.8m
MEDC/LED
C
Urban Models
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Activity
• Urban Model quiz
• Run in MS Powerpoint 2003
1 Land
use?
Central
Business
District (CBD)
Wholesale and light
industry
Low class
residential
3 Land use?
High class
residential
2 Land use?
Concentric Model
Burgess, 1920s, USA
4 Land use?
Central
Business
1 Land
use?
District (CBD)
Wholesale, light
Manufacturing
Land use?
Low2class
residential
Medium
class
residential
High class
3 Land use?
residential
Heavy
manufactu
-ring
4 Land use?
Sector Model
5 Land use?
Hoyt, 1930s, USA
6 Land use?