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ENERGY AND PROTEIN NUTRITION OF
TRANSITION DAIRY COWS
José Eduardo P. Santos
Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California - Davis
Grouping Dry Cows
• Dry period:
– Far off
– Close up
• Several metabolic and endocrine changes taking place
associated with different nutrient requirements
• Parity
– Primiparous
– Multiparous
• Social interaction, competition, and different nutrient
requirements
Number of cows
Distribution of the Gestation Period of Holstein Cows
(Oetzel, 1998)
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
24 %
250
255
260
265
270
76 %
275
280
Gestation period, d
285
290
295
300
Performance of primiparous when grouped separately from
multiparous cows
Item
Multipar. + Primip.
Primiparous Only
Eating time, min/d
184
205
Eating bouts / d
5.9
6.4
Concentrate intake, kg/d
10.1
11.6
Silage intake, kg/d
7.7
8.6
Lying time, min/d
424
461
Resting periods/d
5.3
6.3
Milk yield, kg/130d
2,383
2,590
Milk fat, %
3.92
3.97
Adapted from Grant and Albright (1997)
Four Major Tasks Must be Achieved During the
Transition Period:
• Adapt the rumen to a high energy diet
– Rumen papillae and microflora
• Minimize the degree of negative EB
• Maintain normocalcemia
• Reduce the degree of immunosuppression around parturition
Average Cross Section Area of Rumen Papillae
Dirksen et al. (1985)
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
mm2
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
week relative to calving
Low energy
High energy
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Dietary Energy Concentration, Papillae Surface
Area and Rate of VFA Absorption (Dirksen et al., 1985)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Low
High
Low
Diet Energy Density
Surface area (mm2)
Absorption rate (mmol/min)
Effect of initiation of lactation on DMI and nutrient requirements
of dairy cows (CPM-Dairy, 1999)
Day Relative to Calving
Item
Multiparous
Primiparous
- 21
0*
-21
0**
BW, kg
720
730
610
620
DMI, kg/d
13.2
9.90
9.50
7.71
DMI, % BW
1.84
1.36
1.56
1.24
Energy, Mcal/d
16.8
20.5
15.5
17.7
MP, g/d
880
3,155
884
2,730
Ca, g/d
13.0
43.0
13.0
36.0
Requirements
 * 13 kg of colostrum with 5% fat and 16% CP
 ** 10 kg of colostrum with 5% fat and 16% CP
Effect of Prepartum DMI on Energy Metabolism of Transition Cows
Control
Force-Fed
D -2
D1
D 28
D –2
D1
D 28
Glucose, mg/dl
63.4
60.3
56.7
76.5**
59.0
50.1
BHBA, mg/dl
11.9
17.6
17.1
12.5
18.1
18.2
NEFA, mEq/l
0.876
0.992
0.395
0.641
1.064
0.534
Total lipid, %
30.7*
30.6
---
23.5
35.1
TG, %
Glycogen, %
23.2**
2.5
26.9
3.6
-----
12.4
4.2
25.3
2.7
Hepatic (DM basis)
Bertics et al. (1992)
Effect of Fatness on DMI
kg / day
14
12
10
Thin Cows
8
Fat Cows
6
-21
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
Days From Calving
Adapted from Hayirili, 1998
0
Energy for Prepartum Cows
Energy Requirements of Heifers and Mature Cows Prepartum
15
11.61
NEL, Mcal/d
12
9.67
9
6
2.88
3.41
3.69
3
0
Heifer
Mature Cow
-60
-21
-1
Predicted DMI (% BW) of Prepartum Holstein Cows
Grummer (1998)
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
-21
-18
-15
-12
Mature
-9
-6
Young
-3
0
Estimated Energy Required by Prepartum Holstein Cows
2.5
NEL, Mcal/kg
2.25
2
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
Day relative to calving
Mature
Young
0
Correlation between individual week
prepartum DMI and postpartum DMI
0.5
0.45
r value
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
-4
-3
-2
-1
Week relative to calving
Putnam et al., (1997), Dann et al, 1999
Manipulation of Energy Content of the Diet
– Utilize better quality forages
– Ratio forage:concentrate
– Increase the level of NFC in the diet
– Supply a CHO source with greater rumen digestibility
– Add fat to the diet
lb/d
Effect of Status and NDF on DMI of Transition
Cows
49
46
43
40
37
34
31
28
25
22
19
16
13
10
-21
-17
-13
-9
-5
-1
1
5
9
13
17
days relative to calving
Multi-HF
Multi-MF
Prim-MF
21
25
30
Interaction Between Parity and Prepartum
Dietary Fat on DMI (Hayirli et al., 1999)
2
P < 0.001
DMI, % BW
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
LF
HF
Primiparous
Multiparous
Interaction Between Concentration of Dietary Fat
and NDF on Prepartum DMI (Hayirli et al., 1999)
2
P < 0.001
DMI, % BW
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Low NDF
Low Fat
High NDF
High Fat
Effect of Grain Processing on Performance of Transition
Cows
Prepartum
Postpartum
Cracked
Flaked
Cracked
Flaked
DMI, kg/d
13.6
14.6
18.4
19.6
BW, kg
754
759
652
671
Milk, kg/d
---
---
41.8
42.8
Fat, %
kg/d
-----
-----
3.64
1.60
3.69
1.65
Protein, %
kg/d
-----
-----
2.92
1.29
2.93
1.32
Dann et al. (1998)
Steam-flaked corn decreased NEFA by 40% (P < 0.05)
Prepartum DMI
DMI (% of BW)
2.4
13.6 vs 14.6 kg DMI; P<0.12
2.2
x = 1.88%
SE = 0.06
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
CC
SFC
1
-28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8
Day Relative to Parturiton
-6
-4
-2
0
Prepartum Treatment Effect on Milk Production
55
Milk (kg/d)
50
45
40
35
Pre CC
Pre SFC
30
+1.90 kg milk
25
1
2
Pre P = 0.08
3
4
5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Week of Lactation
Effect of NFC and Niacin on Prepartum DM and Energy Intakes
Diet
LNFC
HNFC LNFC + N HNFC + N Contrast
DMI, kg/d
10.2
13.0
10.1
12.6
NFC***
NEL intake,
Mcal/d
EB, Mcal/d
13.5
21.2
13.5
20.4
NFC***
0.10
7.39
-0.24
6.76
NFC***
Minor et al. (1998)
Effect of Prepartum Diet on Plasma and Liver Metabolites of
Transition Cows
Diet
LNFC
HNFC
LNFC + N
HNFC + N Contrast
Glucose, mg/dl
59.4
62.2
61.0
64.0
NEFA, M
378
293
389
225
NFC***
BHBA, mg/dl
11.4
8.0
11.0
7.8
NFC***
Glycogen, %
4.5
6.8
4.5
8.2
NFC***
TG, %
5.0
4.1
7.9
4.3
NFC*
Hepatic
Minor et al. (1998)
Effect of Supplemental Fat Prepartum on Performance of Dairy Cows
DMI
Milk
FCM
Fat
Prep.
Postp.
Control
Fat
11.7
12.1
21.8
21.6
38.4
42.0
36.3
39.3
3.14
3.15
3.00
2.87
Niacin
Niacin+Fat
12.1
11.3
19.8
21.3
36.3
41.3
34.5
38.2
3.19
3.12
2.87
2.89
17.9
18.4
18.7
35.1
35.7
35.5
30.0
29.5
32.0*
3.11
2.89
3.38**
2.96
3.13*
3.07
Control
Medium
High Fat
Low
High Grain
High
kg/d
Protein
%
Reference
Skaar et
al. (1989)
Grum et
al. (1996)
Effect of Diet Composition on DMI Prepartum
Grum et al. (1996)
15
14
13
kg/d
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Week relative to calving
Control
High Fat
High Grain
Calving
NEL, Mcal/d
Effect of Diet Composition on Energy Intake Prepartum
Grum et al. (1996)
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
Week relative to calving
Control
High Fat
High Grain
Calving
Effect of Supplemental Fat Prepartum on Hepatic Metabolism
Hepatic
Total Lipids, %
TG, %
-3 wk
0 wk
5 wk1
-3 wk
0 wk
5 wk1
Reference
Control
Fat
13.7
13.2
22.4
24.9
21.9
26.0
2.1
1.8
14.3
13.4
10.5
14.4
Skaar et
al. (1989)
Niacin
Niacin+Fat
14.1
15.2
29.8
30.1
26.2
31.8
1.4
2.9
17.5
19.3
16.1
23.0
Control
High Fat
High Grain
5.2
5.4
5.3
12.5
11.5
5.5**
11.3
11.3
4.2**
0.5
0.8
0.6
7.3
5.8
1.5**
6.3
5.4
1.2**
1
Grum et al. (1996) = day 21 postpartum
Grum et
al. (1996)
Effect of Dietary Fat on Liver TG Depletion During Feed Restriction
Treatment
Item
Control
Fat
d 3 TG, %
18.7
24.3
d 6 TG, %
13.8
20.0
NEFA, mEq/L
0.272
0.345
Glucose, mg/dl
62.9
57.7
Bertics and Grummer (1998)
What about twin
requirements?
pregnancy
and
nutrient
Effect of twin pregnancy on performance (Different diets)
Single
n = 38
Item
Twin
n=6
Prepartum
Single
n = 38
Twin
n=6
Postpartum
DMI, kg/d
14.7**
12.5
23.6
22.5
BW, kg/d
717***
623
658***
575
BCS, 1-5
3.81**
3.44
3.50***
2.55
Van Saun and Sniffen (1995)
Protein for Prepartum Cows
• NRC (1989) may underestimate protein requirements of close-up
cows (Goff and Horst, 1998; Van Saun and Sniffen, 1996; Van
Saun et al., 1993).
• Curtis et al. (1985) concluded that close-up cows receiving diets
with more than 11% CP had less RFM and ketosis
• Amino acid requirements for fetal growth and for synthesis of
colostrum may deplete maternal protein reserves
• Amino acids can be used as gluconeogenic precursors
• Enhance complete oxidation of FA by the hepatic tissue
– Reduce TG infiltration into the liver
– Reduce ketogenesis
CP Requirements for Heifers and Mature Cows Prepartum
600
500
538
487
479
449
362
CP, g/d
400
300
200
100
0
Heifer
Cow
-60
-21
-1
Predicted DMI (% BW) of Prepartum Holstein Cows
Grummer (1998)
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
-21
-18
-15
-12
Mature
-9
Young
-6
-3
0
Estimated CP % Required by Prepartum Holstein Cows
Grummer (1998)
18
16
CP, %
14
12
10
8
6
4
-25
-20
-15
-10
Day relative to calving
Mature
Young
-5
0
Fractional Protein Synthetic Rate in The Liver of Holstein
Cows (Bell, 1995)
Hepatic protein synthesis (%/d)
40
30
20
10
0
-47
-9
6
Day relative to calving
44
Effect of Supplemental Methionine on Hepatic Metabolism
Item
Treatment
Hepatic
TG, mg %
NEFA,
mEq/l
Glucose, Reference
mg/dl
Control
23.0
0.270
61.2
13 g Met
20.0
0.346
59.4
Control
12.7
0.820
58.0**
13 g Met
15.4
1.076**
50.3
Bertics and
Grummer, 1998
Bertics and
Grummer, 1997
Effect of Supplemental Methionine or Methionine + Lysine on
Hepatic Metabolism (Socha, 1994)
Item
Treatment
Hepatic TG, mg %
NEFA,
mEq/l
Glucose,
mg/dl
wk 1
wk 3
Control
28.6
26.7
0.399
80.8*
10.5 g Met
24.8
24.6
0.374
78.3
10.2 g Met. + 16 g Lys
35.6
27.7
0.461
73.8
Control
21.5
24.2
0.377
80.1*
10.5 g Met
24.8
24.9
0.447
79.0
10.2 g Met. + 16 g Lys
26.2
25.5
0.431
74.1
16 % CP
18.5 % CP
Effect of CP/RUP on Hepatic TG of Multiparous Transition Cows
Treatment
(Diet CP, %)
11.7
(26.5 % RUP)
15.5
(43.2% RUP)
20.6
(51.5% RUP)
Prepartum
0.55
0.75
1.04
Postpartum
5.6
7.0
7.0
Hepatic TG, %
Huyler et al. (1999)
Nitrogen balance
Effect of Prepartum CP on Postpartum Performance
DMI
Treatment
Milk
Fat
kg/d
Protein
%
Reference
Control
High CP
20.8
20.1
38.4**
34.6
4.05
3.91
3.06
3.11
Crawley and
Kilmer, 1995
Low CP
Medium CP
High CP
11.0
10.5
11.1
40.8
39.2
40.2
3.80
3.66
3.76
2.98
3.09
3.01
Putnam and
Varga, 1998
Low CP
High CP
22.0
19.5
44.0*
39.0
No
effect
No
effect
Greenfield
et al., 1998
Effect of Protein Degradability on Performance of Prepartum Cows
Intake, kg/d
MP
balance
Milk
Fat
Protein
Reference
RUP
DM
CP
RUP
g/d
kg/d
%
Low
High
9.7
9.2
1.20
1.40
0.32
0.54
- 14
+ 102
25.1
24.6
3.57
3.74
2.96
3.18
Van Saun et
al. (1993)
Low
High
14.4
14.5
2.02
2.16
0.68
0.89
+ 539
+ 740
41.1
40.8
3.61
3.64
2.85
2.89
Wu et al.
(1995)
Low
High
14.5
15.4
2.00
2.29
0.71
0.97
+ 793
+ 949
46.8
45.4
NA
NA
2.83
2.88
Carson et al.
(1998)
Low
High
16.2
15.5
2.19
2.33
0.685
0.909
NA
NA
36.5
36.0
3.98
4.11
3.09
3.11
Crawley and
Kilmer, 1995
Effect of Prepartum Dietary Protein Content on
Lactation Performance of Dairy Cows (Santos et al., 2001)
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
kg/d
kg/d
TRT x Parity: P < 0.05
44
42
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
FCM
Milk
PM
PH
MM
MH
PM
PH
MM
MH
Effect of Prepartum CP on Colostrum Composition
(Santos et al., 2001)
Moderate CP
High CP
Treatment
Prim.
Mult.
Prim.
Mult.
Total solids, %
27.36
24.91
29.02
22.86
CP, %
17.15
15.52
17.31
15.02
Ash, %
1.11
1.00
1.14
1.01
Total IgG, g/dl
6.65
5.89
6.25
5.36
P > 0.15
Recommendations
• 2 groups of dry cows: far off and a close up
• Group primiparous separated from multiparous cows
– Social interaction
– Different nutrient requirements
• Feed a more nutrient dense diet during the close up period
– High quality forage (low K for close ups)
– High NFC diet
– Grain source of high rumen digestibility
– Fat ?
• 12% CP (35% RUP) prepartum seems adequate to
multiparous cows
• Primiparous cows should be fed diets with 14 to 15% CP
– Consider using a high RUP source to increase CP
and to raise RUP to 38 to 40% of the total CP
• Avoid extreme nutritional changes during transition
• Maximize DMI
Guidelines for Feeding Transition Cows
Far Off
Close Up
Fresh
Cows
Heifers
0.60 - 0.65
0.70 – 0.75
0.70 – 0.75
0.78
12 – 13
12 – 13
14 - 15
19.0
RUP, % CP
32
35
35
39
RDP, %
8.0
8.0
8.5
11.0
Fat, %
3.0
4.0
4.0
5.0
NFC, %
32
38 - 42
38 - 42
< 42
ADF, %
25
22.0
22.0
21.0
NDF, %
40
32 - 35
32 - 35
31
NDFPE, %
26
23
23
22
> 0 (?)
-100 to - 50
?
350 to 400
NEL, Mcal/lb
CP, %
DCAD, mEq/kg
Minerals and Vitamins
• Macro minerals*:
– Ca, P, Mg, K, S, Na, and Cl
• Trace minerals*:
– Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Co, and I
• Fat Soluble Vitamins*
– A, D, and E
• Water Soluble Vitamins (?)
– Vitamins B (thiamin, biotin, niacin, etc)
– Vitamin C
Guidelines for Feeding Transition Cows
Item
Far Off
Close Up
Fresh
Ca, %
P, %
Mg, %
K, %
Na, %
S, %
Cl, %
0.6
0.30 - 0.4
0.4
1.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
1.0 – 1.2
0.35 - 0.4
0.4
< 1.2
< 0.1
0.35
0.5 – 0.7
0.8
0.40 - 0.45
0.4
1.6 to 1.8
0.4 – 0.5
0.2
0.3
20
60
60
20
60 - 80
60 - 80
20
80
60
I, ppm
Se, ppm
Co, ppm
Vit. A, IU/d
0.8
0.3
0.2
100,000
0.8
0.3 – 0.5
0.3
150,000
0.8
0.3
0.2
100,000
Vit. E, IU/d
500 - 1,000
1,000 – 4,000
1,000 – 2,000
Cu, ppm
Mn, ppm
Zn, ppm