Transcript [Organisation of the education system in Italy]

[Organization of the education system in Netherlands]
a cura di Lino Milita e Annalisa Ribecco
 Pre-primary education
 Compulsory education
 Post-compulsory education/upper secondary and
post-secondary level
[Pre-primary education]
Age 0-4
Almost all four year-olds (99 %) in the Netherlands attend Basisschool
primary school, although this is not compulsory until children reach the
age of five.
The Netherlands does offer pre-primary education, named early childhood
education for children from two to five who are at risk of educational
disadvantage. This target group includes children with poorly educated
parents and ethnic minority children.
The aim is to tackle educational disadvantage at an early age and prevent
that they start primary education with a disadvantage.
[Compulsory education ]
Primary education (Primair onderwijs)
Primary education consists of primary school (Basisschool) and
special school for primary education (Speciale school voor
basisonderwijs).
Age 5-12
Secondary education (Voortgezet onderwijs)
Pre-university education (Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs
– VWO) consisting of gymnasium and atheneum
Age 12-18
Senior general secondary education (Hoger algemeen voortgezet
onderwijs – HAVO)
Age 12-17
Pre-vocational secondary education (Voorbereidend middelbaar
beroepsonderwijs – VMBO)
Age 12-16
Special secondary education (Speciaal voortgezet onderwijs)
Age 12 to 18-20
Practical training (Praktijkonderwijs)
Age 12-18
Every child must attend school full time from the first school day of the month following its fifth birthday.
Children must attend school full time until the end of the school year in which they turn sixteen.
From then on all pupils up to the age of eighteen will be required to continue learning until they have
obtained a basic qualification (a HAVO, VWO or MBO level 2 certificate – qualifications at ISCED level 3).
[Compulsory education ]
Admission criteria
Primary education: Children must be aged at least four to enter primary school.
Secondary education:
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Pupils are admitted to secondary school after leaving primary school or a special
school for primary education, at an average age of twelve.
Decisions on admission to VMBO, HAVO or VWO are made by the competent
authority (school board), which may appoint an admissions board to take such
decisions in its behalf. The admissions board consists of the head and one or more
teachers from the school. It may also include heads and teachers from primary
schools. The head of the pupil's primary school is required to draw up a report on
his or her educational potential and level of attainment (educational report).
For admission to VMBO, HAVO and VWO, pupils are assessed to establish their
suitability. Most common is to test pupils the final year of primary school, using
tests developed centrally to measure pupils' level of knowledge and
understanding.
Practical training is intended for pupils who need extra help because they are
disadvantaged or face structural problems. Pupils in this category who follow one
of the learning pathways, possibly in combination with learning support
(leerwegondersteunend onderwijs), are not awarded a VMBO diploma. Practical
training prepares pupils for jobs in the regional labour market below the level of
training to assistant level.
Post-compulsory education/
upper secondary and post-secondary level
Admission criteria
Pupils who have passed the third year in HAVO and VWO can continue their education
in those types of education in upper secondary education;
- VMBO pupils who have successfully completed the theoretical programme can
transfer to the 4th year of HAVO. For some specialised components there are additional
requirements;
- Pupils with HAVO certificates may be admitted to the 5th year of VWO;
- MBO: Under the qualification structure the admission criteria are:
o for a course at assistant (assistentopleiding) or basic vocational training
(basisberoepsopleiding) level anyone is able to enrol, without any requirements
regarding previous education;
o for a course at professional (vakopleiding) or middle-management
(middenkaderopleiding) level:
- a certificate of pre-vocational secondary education (VMBO) or:
- a certificate of junior general secondary education (MAVO) or:
- proof that the first three years of senior general secondary education (HAVO) or preuniversity education (VWO) have been successfully completed;
o for a course at specialist level (specialistenopleiding): admission is possible with
a professional training qualification for the same occupation or occupational
group.
Block or day release courses (BBL) are open to persons above school leaving age only.
Post-compulsory education
upper secondary and post-secondary level
Curricular control and content
General Secondary Education (HAVO and VWO)
Pupils entering the 4th year of HAVO and the 5th year of VWO have to choose one of the following subject combinations:
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culture and society
economics and society
science and health
science and technology
Each group of subjects includes:
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a common component which is the same for all pupils, apart from chosen subject combinations. This
component takes up just over one third (HAVO) or nearly half (VWO) of the time of the curriculum.
a specialised component, taking up nearly half (HAVO and VWO) of the curriculum and consisting of subjects
relating to the chosen subject combination.
an optional component which takes up the remaining time of the curriculum. Pupils are free to choose from the
subjects offered by the school, including subjects provided through an arrangement with other schools. The
number of optional subjects depends on the study load in the specialised component.
Curricular control is the school’s responsibility.
Post-compulsory education
upper secondary and post-secondary level
Secondary Vocational Education (MBO)
The courses that make up the national qualification structure for
vocational education are divided into four levels. Students can take
these courses consecutively, the diploma from one course serving
as the entry requirement for the next.
For each course there are in principle two learning pathways:
 vocational training (BOL) where practical training will take up
between 20 % and 60 % of the course;
 block or day release (BBL) where practical training will take up
more than 60 % of the course.
The curricula in the qualification structure vary according to the
content of the course; 700 qualifications have been registered at
the moment.
Post-compulsory education
upper secondary and post-secondary level
Assessment, progression and qualifications
In general secondary education, the school-leaving examinations for HAVO and
VWO are in two parts: a national examination held in the final year and a
school exam. For some subjects there is a school exam only.
In secondary vocational education, pupils are awarded leaving certificates for
partial examinations they have passed. After they have passed all tests for the
course and acquired the accompanying certificates, the certificates are replaced
by a diploma. It is up to the institutions themselves to organise courses and
teaching in such a way that students are able to obtain a diploma.
As previously explained, since August 2007 there is a basic qualification
requirement which requires that all young people up to eighteen years attend
school until they attain a basic qualification. A basic qualification is a HAVO,
VWO or MBO level 2 certificates.