Transcript A Structure for In-Depth, Phenomenological Interviewing

Group 3
Name: 9310002A Joshua 9310004A Emily
9310012A Daniel 9310020A Zoe
9310038A Lydia
Instructor: Mavis Shang
* Survey interviews with:
• Preset
• Standardized
• Normally closed questions
 The primarily way of interview is open-ended
questions.
 The major task is to explore the participants’ responses
to those questions.
 The goal is to have the participant reconstruct his or
her experience within the topic under study.
* The three-interview series:
1.
Focused Life History
2.
The Details of Experience
3.
Reflection on the Meaning
Interview one
:
Focused Life History
 The task is to put the participant’s experiences in
context by asking them as mush as possible about their
experiences according to the topic.
Interview Two: The Details of Experience
 Purpose: to focus on the concrete details of the
participants’ experience
 Ex. dialogue journal writing
→ ask the participants what they do on the process
(ask their experiences rather than opinions)
→ eliciting details
Questions
 Which kind of course do you use dialogue journal?
 How often do you write dialogue journal per week?
 Did your teacher may help you to correct your
grammatical errors/ spelling errors?
 After the correction, can you write more proficiency?
Interview Three: Reflection on the Meaning
 Purpose: to reflect on the meaning of their experience
 “Meaning” → thinking
 Making sense/ making meaning
→ how the factors influence participants’ present lives
 We need to focus on the participants’ understanding
of their experience.
→ to let their thinking become meaningful
 Ex. to renew details of their experience
→ they may tell us from the past to now
Questions
 Before you practice dialogue journal, how was your
writing performance?
 Does dialogue journal writing could help you to
improve your writing ability? Why? How?
 Did your teacher may take grades on your writing?
 Do you write with more comfort after practicing
dialogue journals for the duration?
RESPECT THE STRUCTURE
 The sequence of interviews requires that interviewers
to adhere to the purpose to each.
 A logic to the interview
→ to lose control of their direction is to lose the power
 Interviewer
→ providing times for participants to tell the stories,
and focus to allow the interview structure to work
LENGTH OF INTERVIEWS
 Dolbeare & Schuman (1982) used a 90-minute format.
“Oh, that’s too long!”
“How will we fill that amount of time?”
“How will we get a participant to agree to be
interviewed for that length of time?”
 For younger participants
→ use a shorter period may be appropriate
 The interview has at least a chronological order.
Beginning
middle
end
 Remember, “Time” is very important!
 Open-ended time
undue anxiety
SPACING OF INTERVIEWS
 From 3 days to a week
to mull over the preceding interview
 After few times talking, it may increase the
relationship between interviewer and participants.
ALTERNATIVES TO THE STRUCTURE AND
PROCESS
 Structure
→ to reconstruct and reflect on their experience
 Interviewer
→ arrange the time for the participants
Whose Meaning is it? Validity and reliability
 Interviewer plays an important role in
interview.
 To avoid participants reconstructing their
experiences.
 The human interviewer is a good
instrument to gather information.
Is it anybody’s meaning?
 People are variable.
 Using the three-interview structure to
incorporate features to enhance the
accomplishment of validity.
1. Place participants' comments in context.
2. After one to three weeks, check whether
their opinions are the same or not.
3. Connect their experiences and check the
participant who is different with others.
4. The goal of the process is to understand
how our participants understand and make
meaning of their experiences.
An example of Approach Validity
 What should be included with transcript of
authenticity interviews?
A. Verbal aspects
a. syntax
b. diction
B. Nonverbal aspects
a. pauses
b. the groping for words
c. the self-effacing laughter
• To have Validity interview-
1. kept quiet
2. do not interrupt
3. do not redirect interviewees thinking
Warning:
What we need is the thought from
interviewees, but not from interviewer.
Experience the process yourself
First interview: ask them “HOW”?
technique, shorten
90-30 minutes
Second interview:
ask about the details
Third interview:
what your peer participant’s experience
means to him/her.
Cont.
1st:
how did you come to your work?
2nd:
What is your work?
3rd:
What does your work mean to you?
What is it like for you to do it?
 Team up with peer
 Arrange appointments (and in return)
 Tape-record
 Interviewing and being interviewed
 Connect to the possibilities of the process
Thanks for Your Listening