Transcript Slide 1

Accessibility
in Mind
UNIVERSAL DESIGN
The design of products and
environments to be usable by all
people, to the greatest extent
possible, without the need for
adaptation or specialized design.
PRINCIPLE ONE:
Equitable Use
The design is useful and marketable
to people with diverse abilities.
– Provide the same means of use for all
users: identical whenever possible;
equivalent when not
– Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any
users
– Provisions for privacy, security, and
safety should be equally available to all
users
– Make the design appealing to all users
PRINCIPLE TWO:
Flexibility in Use
• The design accommodates a wide
range of individual preferences
and abilities.
– Provide choice in methods of use
– Accommodate right- or left-handed
access and use
– Facilitate the user's accuracy and
precision
– Adapt to the user's pace
PRINCIPLE THREE:
Simple and Intuitive Use
Use of the design is easy to
understand, regardless of the
user's experience, knowledge,
language skills, or current
concentration level.
– Eliminate unnecessary complexity
– Be consistent with user expectations and
intuition
– Accommodate a wide range of literacy
and language skills
– Arrange information consistent with its
importance
– Provide effective prompting and
feedback during and after task
completion
PRINCIPLE FOUR:
Perceptible Information
The design communicates
necessary information effectively
to the user, regardless of ambient
conditions or the user's sensory
abilities.
– Use different modes (pictorial, verbal,
tactile)
– Provide adequate contrast
(background/foreground)
– Maximize "legibility"
– Differentiate elements in ways that can be
described (instructions or directions)
– Provide compatibility with a variety of
techniques or devices used by people with
sensory limitations
PRINCIPLE FIVE:
Tolerance for Error
The design minimizes hazards and
the adverse consequences of
accidental or unintended actions.
–Arrange elements to minimize
hazards and errors: most used
elements, most accessible;
hazardous elements eliminated,
isolated, or shielded
–Provide warnings of hazards and
errors
–Provide fail safe features
–Discourage unconscious action in
tasks that require vigilance.
PRINCIPLE SIX:
Low Physical Effort
The design can be used efficiently
and comfortably and with a
minimum of fatigue.
– Allow user to maintain a neutral body
position
– Use reasonable operating forces
– Minimize repetitive actions
– Minimize sustained physical effort
PRINCIPLE SEVEN:
Size and Space for Approach
and Use
Appropriate size and space is
provided for approach, reach,
manipulation, and use
regardless of user's body size,
posture, or mobility.
– Provide a clear line of sight to important
elements for any seated or standing user
– Make reach to all components
comfortable for any seated or standing
user
– Accommodate variations in hand and grip
size
– Provide adequate space for the use of
assistive devices or personal assistance
The Issues
• Individuals with disabilities
• Universal user access
• Legal mandates
• Business productivity
Individuals with Disabilities
• Adults, youth and children in every
social sector and ethnic group
• Largest minority in the U.S. – and
growing
– Currently 55 million people in U.S.
– 18.7% of population, not including LD
– 75 million people worldwide
• Responsible for over $1 trillion in
aggregate income
Business Productivity Issues
• Increase your share of the market
• Qualify for government contracts
• Distinguish yourself from the
competition
• Improve general usability
• Bragging rights
Users Who Are Blind
• Alternate methods to access text
• Graphics descriptions
• Tactile/auditory signals
Users Who Are Blind
• Screen reader programs (text to
speech)
– JAWS
(http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/
software_jaws.asp)
– IBM Home Page Reader
(http://www-3.ibm.com/able/hpr.html)
– ReadPlease 2000
–
(http://www.readplease.com/)
– Connect OutLoud (web access)
– (http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/
software_connect.asp)
Vision Impairment
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Enlarged print
High contrast
Appropriate use of color
Tactile markings
Graphics
Courtesy Rules
• I’m an ordinary person, who just happens to be
blind. You don’t need to raise your voice or
address me as if I were a child. Don’t ask my
companion what I want – ask me.
• I may use a white cane or a guide dog; or I may
ask to take your arm. Let me decide. I’ll take
your arm and walk a half-step behind to
anticipate curbs and steps.
• You don’t need to remember some “politically
correct” term. Keep it simple and honest – just
say blind.
• When you speak to me, tell me who you are. Also
introduce me to others, including children, and tell
me if there’s a pet present.
• A door that is left partially open is a hazard to me.
• At dinner I won’t have trouble with ordinary table
skills.
• Don’t avoid words like “see.” I use them too. I’m
always glad to see you.
• In a new location, show me the bathroom, closet,
windows, other doors – and the light switch too. I
like to know whether the lights are on or off.
• I’ll discuss blindness with you if you’re curious,
but it’s an old story to me. I have as many other
interests as you do.
Users Who Are
Color-Blind or Color-Sensitive
• Potential problems
– Red/green deficiency
– Sensitivity to certain colors or bright lights
www.visibone.com/colorblind/
http://more.btexact.com/people/rigdence/colours
("ENTER" to advance)
Users Who Have Seizure
Disorders
Potential Problems
– Flashing lights, moving graphics
Seizures can be triggered by flashing lights in the
range of 2Hz to 55Hz in people with
photosensitive epilepsy (animated gifs, Flash
screens, etc.)
WARNING! Flash example of flicker
http://ncam.wgbh.org/richmedia/flicker_demo.html
("ENTER" to advance)
Users Who Are Deaf/Hard of
Hearing
Potential problems
– Sound effects
– sound cues
– Audio descriptions
– Background music
Courtesy Rules for Lipreaders
• Attract my attention before you start speaking to me,
so I won't miss any of what you say.
• Don’t speak louder – it doesn’t help.
• Make sure I can see your face when you speak.
• Don't hide your lip movements when you are
speaking by waving your hand or holding a cup in
front of your face, etc. Remove gum or other objects
from your mouth.
• Keep your head still while speaking.
• Speak clearly and slowly, but don’t exaggerate your
speech.
Courtesy Rules for Lipreaders
• Try to make the subject of the conversation clear.
• Be patient – you might need to repeat or rephrase
something if I don’t understand it the first time.
• Keep a paper and pencil handy in case we need to
write some things down.
• In the group, repeat what you have said to both
sides, remembering your immediate neighbours.
• Try not to speak when someone else in the group is
talking as its impossible to lipread two people at the
same time.
Courtesy Rules for Sign
Language Users
• Speak directly to me, not to the interpreter.
• Allow the interpreter time to sign what you
say.
• In a group, identify yourself by name when
you speak so the interpreter can tell me who
is speaking.
• Don’t try to sign if you don’t know how; it’s
more confusing than helpful.
Users With Manual Impairment
Potential problems
• Limited range of motion
• Limited manual dexterity
• Alternate input devices
– Voice recognition technology
– Switches, buttons, touch screens, light
beams, on-screen keyboard, TAB key
Users With Manual Impairment
• Adaptive Software
– IBM Viavoice
• http://www-4.ibm.com/software/speech/
– Dragon Systems Naturally Speaking
• http://www.dragonsys.com/naturallyspeaking
Users With Cognitive Disorders
• Potential problems
– Reading
• Provide alternative graphics which explain the
text
• Use the clearest and simplest language
appropriate for a site’s content
• Divide large blocks of information into more
manageable groups where natural and
appropriate
– Visual cues
• Provide alternative sound cues
Users With Cognitive Disorders
• Potential problems
– Complicated navigation
• K.I.S.S.
• Group text with related content
• Provide simpler alternative navigation
links
• Clearly identify links and what they are
for
• If search functions are provided, enable
different types of searches for different
skill levels and preferences
You’ve been a great
audience. Thanks for letting
me speak with you today!