Transcript Lab animals

Lab Animals
Introduction

Laboratory animal medicine is the specialty field
within veterinary medicine that is concerned with
the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
diseases in animals used in research, testing,
and teaching.
 Laboratory animal science is the body of
scientific and technical information, skills and
techniques that apply to laboratory animal care
and use
 This includes husbandry, nutrition, behavior,
health, production and management of
laboratory animals
Laboratory animals
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Human beings use animals for a wide variety of
purposes, including research.
 The approximately 260 million people in the
United States keep about 60 million cats and
about 52 million dogs as pets. Including birds
and horses, just these types of American pets
total nearly 130 million.
 More than five billion animals are consumed
each year as food.
 It’s estimated that about 17 million animals are
used for biomedical research annually.
WHY USE ANIMALS?
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In research, animals are used to learn more
about biological systems and the illnesses that
afflict human beings and other animals. They
serve as surrogates for humans in obtaining
information that cannot be gained in any other
way.
 Some animals have biological similarities to
humans that make them particularly good
models for specific diseases such as rats for
cancer, rabbits for atherosclerosis and
nonhuman primates for polio.
Laboratory Animal Testing
What’s animal testing?
 Animals used in Lab. Facilities*
 Test’s performed on some of the animals*
 Places where experiments take place*
 Standards and Restrictions
What is Animal Testing ???
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Animal Testing is the use of non- human animals
in scientific experimentation
What kind of animal are used?
 Small
Animal (dogs, cats)
 Large Animal (pigs, sheep, goats, etc)
 Exotic Animal (ferrets, nonhuman
primates, guinea pig, rabbits, mice,
snakes, geckos, etc)
 Avian (chickens, pigeons, songbirds, etc)
 Wildlife (armadillos, owls, bats, etc)
 Aquatic (zebrafish, frogs, goldfish, etc)
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMONLY
USED ANIMAL MODELS?
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Animal: Cat
System/Condition: Auditory
Why Is It Studied?: Like humans, cats have
very well-developed hearing systems and brain
mechanisms for hearing. They can be trained to
respond to many behavioral cues given through
auditory stimuli. Cats also experience naturally
occurring hearing defects and are susceptible to
environmentally induced defects, as are
humans.
(Taken from Unit II, Chapter 2, of the Rx for Science Literacy teacher manual.)
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMONLY
USED ANIMAL MODELS?
 Animal:
Primate
System/Condition: Immune
Why Is It Studied?: Primates possess
striking immunological similarities to
humans. They are susceptible to similar
diseases and often react to the same
infectious agents as humans.
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMONLY
USED ANIMAL MODELS?
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Animal: Dog
System/Condition: Cardiovascular
Why Is It Studied?: A dog’s cardiovascular system is
structured quite similarly to humans. They suffer from
many inherited cardiovascular defects that affect
humans. Since they possess inherited defects nearly
identical to those seen in humans, hematology, the study
of the blood, is also practiced using dogs.
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System/Condition: Endocrine
Why Is It Studied?: Dogs naturally experience diabetes
like humans. Diabetes can also be easily induced in
dogs to aid research. In addition, dogs share other
diabetes-induced deficits such as glaucoma, that occur
in humans.
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMONLY
USED ANIMAL MODELS?
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Animal: Mouse
System/Condition: Aging
Why Is It Studied?: Mice age 30 times more
rapidly than humans, with several body systems
declining with age in the same manner as those
systems do in humans. Genetic composition and
environmental conditions can be precisely and
easily duplicated and controlled — a vital
consideration in interpreting data.
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMONLY
USED ANIMAL MODELS?
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Animal: Rat
System/Condition: Aging
Why Is It Studied?: Rats are available in a
number of purpose-bred strains and have been
the focus of intensive physiological and
biochemical research. Rats show major,
spontaneously developing and age-related
damage in most major systems of the body that
commonly are seen in humans. However, in rats
these deficits occur faster and are easily studied
during a rat’s lifetime.
WHICH ANIMALS ARE STUDIED FOR
THEIR UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS?
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Organism: Armadillo
System Studied: Reproduction, Developmental
biology
What is Studied & Why: Armadillos can give
birth up to three years after fertilization. They
experience delayed implantation of the fertilized
ovum and give birth to identical quadruplets.
Their low body temperature allows leprosy to
grow.
Human Counterpart: Twinning, menopause,
infertility, leprosy
WHICH ANIMALS ARE STUDIED FOR
THEIR UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS?
 Organism:
Ferret
System Studied: Immune system
What is Studied & Why: Both ferrets and
humans are affected by closely related
bacteria.
Human Counterpart: Gastritis and
stomach ulcers
WHICH ANIMALS ARE STUDIED FOR
THEIR UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS?
 Organism:
Seal
System Studied: Respiratory and Nervous
systems
What is Studied & Why: Young seals
exhibit similar characteristics to humans
when they hold their breath for long dives
or when sleeping under water.
Human Counterpart: Sudden infant death
syndrome (SIDS)
What kind of tests are performed ?
Genetics
Toxicology Tests
Experiments
Cosmetic Tests
And More !!!
What are some places that perform
these Experiments?
 Universities
 Pharmaceutical
Companies
 Commercial Facilities
 Farms
 Medical Schools- Vet Tech Institute
 Defense Establishments
Federal Requirements for Animal
Testing:
 Several
federal laws require that the public
be protected from hazardous products. To
ensure this, federal regulations exist to
implement these laws. These regulations
require animal testing, either explicitly or
implicitly. There are four principal federal
agencies involved in administering these
regulations:
 Pages 14-26 Laboratory Animal book
Food and Drug Administration
(FDA):
 The
FDA is responsible for administering
statutes regulating human and animal food
and drugs, medical devices, biological
products, cosmetics, color additives and
radiological products. The FDA requires
that laboratory animal tests be conducted
for prescription and over-the-counter drugs
before they can be tested in humans
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA):
 The EPA uses data derived from animal
tests and other sources to identify and
regulate substances in the environment,
such as air or water pollutants and wastes,
that might be hazardous to humans and
animals.
Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC):
 The CPSC relies on animal data in
identifying and regulating risks to
consumers from household and other
products.
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA):
 OSHA
uses data from animal tests and
other sources to set regulations that
protect workers in the workplace
In 1984, representatives from all federal
agencies that use or fund biomedical research
developed a set of principles that underpin the
current system of federal regulations.
These include requirements that:
-procedures involving animals be relevant to
human or animal health;
-the minimum number of animals be used to obtain
valid results;
-alternatives to animals be considered;
-animal pain or distress be avoided or minimized;
-living conditions for animals be appropriate for
their species;
-research scientists and those caring for the
animals be properly trained and qualified.
Any Laws that protect Lab Animal
Welfares?
Public Law 99-198 Food Security Act of
1985, Subtitle F- Animal Welfare
Public Law 99-198 Food Security Act of
1985, Subtitle F- Animal Welfare
 Passed
December 23, 1985
 Animal Testing Importance
 Regulations for Laboratories using animals
for experimental use
 Technological Development*
Food Security Act of 1985:
Animal Testing Importance
 Animal
Testing is important in the
advancement and educational purpose of
scientific development of cures and
treatment for animal & human diseases
Food Security Act of 1985:
Regulations for Lab. Animal Testing
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Humane handling, care, treatment, & transportation of animals by
dealers, research facilities & exhibitors [including general care such
as feeding, watering, sanitation, ventilation, shelter from extremes
weather & temps, adequate vet. Care, & separation by species
where the Secretary finds necessary for humane handling care, or
treatment of animals]
Provide exercise for K9s
Provide adequate physical environment to promote psychological
well being of non human primates
Minimize pain & distress to the animal during experiments &
consider alternatives to any procedure likely to produce pain to or
distress in an experimental animal
A DVM should be consulted in the planning of procedures with the
use of: tranquilizers, analgesics, anesthesia for pre- or post- surgical
care by lab workers, in accordance with established vet. Medical &
nursing procedures
The withholding of tranquilizers, anesthesia, analgesia, or
euthanasia when scientifically necessary shall continue for only the
necessary period of time
Food Security Act of 1985
Regulations of Lab. Animals
 No
animal should be used in more than 1
major operative experiment from which it
is allowed to recover except in case of
“scientific necessity” or circumstances
determined by USDA
 Such exception has to be detailed &
explained in a report & filed with the
Institutional Animal Care Committee
Food Security Act of 1985
Technological Development

Methods of testing w/o the requirement of
animals are being & continue to be developed
 Faster
 Less expensive
 More accurate than animal testing
 Further opportunities exist for the
development of these methods of testing
 The less they replicate experiments on animals,
Federal funds can be used more productively
Animal Welfare Act (AWA):
 The AWA was enacted into law in 1966
and has been amended by the U.S.
Congress several times, most recently in
1991. The act applies to all public and
private research facilities in this country.
USDA licensing, reporting and
inspection requirements:
 All research facilities covered by the law must be
registered with the USDA and comply with the USDA
animal welfare regulations. Each facility must report to
the USDA annually, verifying compliance and indicating
the number and species of animals used.
 The USDA is required to inspect each facility at least
once a year on an unannounced basis to ensure
compliance with these standards.
 More frequent unscheduled inspections are made if
significant deficiencies are identified. If the USDA
inspectors find violations of any part of the act, they will
allow the facility a limited time to correct them. If the
violations are not corrected, the USDA can levy a fine
against the institution or close the facility.
Animal Care and Use Committee:
 The 1985 amendments to the AWA
required all research facilities to establish
an Institutional Animal Care and Use
Committee (IACUC) that is responsible for
reviewing and approving procedures
involving animals before they take place
and for inspecting facilities twice a year for
compliance with the AWA.
Texas Medical Center
Laboratory Animal Medicine
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High demand
Diverse jobs
Good pay
Flexible hours
Specialty Boards (not required/encouraged)
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American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine
(ACLAM)
American Association for Laboratory Animal
Practitioners (ASLAP)
Tour in a Lab Facility
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SGy1Q
HPyvtM
Who takes care of animals used in
research?
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Animals used in biomedical research are taken care of
by technicians, who act somewhat like nurses in a
hospital setting.
They check on each animal’s health daily, and they
control the animal’s environment.
They are responsible for making sure the research
animals are comfortable. This may mean monitoring heat
and humidity, noise, light and the use of chemicals and
detergents.
Some technicians also take blood samples and X-rays,
give medications or other therapy, assist in surgery and
provide care after surgery.
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Most animal care technicians are trained in twoyear or four-year college programs, and many
research institutions have in-service training. In
addition, the American Association for
Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS) ensures
high quality standards in animal care by
certifying technician candidates at three levels.
 The technicians are supervised by a veterinarian
who, in most cases, specializes in laboratory
animal medicine or a related area.
 Videos
on careers
M.D. Anderson
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Req #: mdac-00024132
Job Title: Research Asst II
Job Category: Research
Sub Category: Research
Department: Surgical Oncology - Research
Salary: $27200.00 - $40800.00
Employment Status: Full Time
Work Week: Varied
Shift: Days
Scope:
Responsible for performing technical laboratory duties in accordance with specific
research protocols. Will be responsible for care and handling of small animals and
their environment in accordance with institutional, USDA, AAALAC, and NIH
accreditation standards of operating procedure.
Conducts experiments in the area of therapeutic, as well, as extended animal
husbandry of mice and rats to be used in these experiments. Discusses goals of each
project with MDACC investigators and receives verbal and/or written instructions from
them on how to conduct an assay or experiment to achieve the goals of the project.
Organisms in Space
History - Dogs in Space
A Russian stray dog named Laika was the first
biological specimen to orbit the Earth. She
flew aboard the Sputnik 2 spacecraft launched
on November 3, 1959.
Laika became an international
celebrity, with several countries,
from Romania to Mongolia,
celebrating the event with
commemorative stamps.
History - Primates in Space
Ham
Chimpanzee
January 31, 1961
Sam
Rhesus monkey
Two flights:
1959 & 1963
Enos
Chimpanzee
November 29, 1961
Two orbits
Timeline: Key Milestones (1)
‘Enos’
Mercury 5
1961
First
primate in
orbit
‘Laika’
Sputnik II
1957
First
organism in
orbit
‘Felix’
AG1
(France)
1963
John Glenn
Mercury 6
1961
First American
in orbit
Yuri Gagarin
Vostock I
1961
First human
in orbit
First cat
in orbit
Biosat II
1967
First seeds
germinated
in orbit
Biosat I
1966
Bion 1
1973
First of 11
unmanned
Russian
biological
research
capsules
‘Arabella’
Skylab 3
1973
Spacelab 3
1985
First reusable
animal
laboratory in
orbit
NASA/Mir
1995-98
Neurolab
1998
First dedicated
neurology
research
program in
orbit
Future milestones
(ISS and beyond):
• First mammal born in
space
First
bacteria
in orbit
First
student
experiment
in orbit
First seedto-seed
growth of
plants in
orbit
• First biology
experiments beyond
Earth orbit
• First multi-generational
mammalian studies in
space
• First self-sustaining
ecosystem in space
Some Organisms Studied in Space
Bacteria
Aeromonas proteolytica
Bacillus mycoides
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus thuringiensis
Burkholderia cepacia
Chaetomium globosum
Deinococcus radiodurans
Escherichia coli
Nematospiroides dubius
Rhodotorula rubra
Salmonella typhimurium
Trichophyton terrestre
Invertebrates
Acheta domesticus (Cricket)
Araneus diadematus (Spider)
Biomphalaria glabrata (Snail)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode)
Cynops pyrrhogaster (Newt)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly)
Habrobracon juglandis (Wasp)
Manduca sexta (Tobacco hornworm)
Pelomyxa carolinensis (Amoeba)
Pothetria dispar (Gypsy moth)
Tribolium confusum (Beetle)
Trigonoscelis gigas (Beetle)
Plants
Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Horse chestnut)
Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress)
Avena sativa (Oat)
Brassica rapa (Field mustard)
Capsicum annuum (Ornamental pepper)
Ceratodon (Moss)
Ceratopteris (Fern)
Ceratophyllum demersum (Hornweed)
Cucumis sativus (Cucumber)
Dactylis glomerata L. (Orchard grass)
Daucus carota (Carrot)
Digitalis lanata (Foxglove)
Digitalis purpurea L. (Foxglove)
Elodea (Waterweed)
Flammulina velutipes, Agaricales (Fungus)
Glycine max (Soybean)
Haplopappus gracilis (Haplopappus)
Helianthus annuus L. (Sunflower)
Hemerocallis (Daylily)
Lepidium sativum (Garden cress)
Linum usitatissimum (Flax)
Lycoperscion esculentum (Tomato)
Neurospora crassa (Fungus)
Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco)
Oryza sativa (Rice)
Physarum polycephalum (Slime mold)
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)
Pseudotsuga taeda (Loblolly pine)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast)
Tradescantia (Spiderwort)
Triticum aestivum (Wheat)
Triticum vulgare (Wheat)
Vigna radiata (Mung bean)
Zea mays (Corn)
Vertebrates
Canis familiaris (Dog)
Felix maniculata (Cat)
Homo sapiens (Human)
Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey)
Macaca nemestrina (Pigtail macaque monkey)
Mus musculus (Mouse)
Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit)
Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee)
Perognathus longimembris (Pocket mouse)
Rattus norvegicus (Rat)
Saimiri sciureus (Squirrel monkey)
Testudo horsfieldi Gray (Tortoise)
Birds
Coturnix coturnix (Quail)
Gallus gallus (Chicken)
Aquatic species
Arbacia punctulata (Sea urchin)
Aurelia aurita (Jellyfish)
Fundulus heteroclitus (Killifish)
Lytechinus pictus (Sea urchin)
Opsanus tau (Toadfish)
Oreochromis mossambicus (Cichlid fish)
Oryzias latipes (Medaka fish)
Rana catesbeiana (Bullfrog)
Rana pipiens (Frog)
Strongelocentrotus pupuratus (Sea urchin)
Xenopus laevis (Frog)
Xenopus laevis Daudin (South African toad)
Xiphophorus helleri (Swordtail fish)
Benefits of Studying Different Organisms
Benefits to Space Exploration
• Risk mitigation
• Medical care
• Life support
Benefits to Life on Earth
• Biology
• Medicine
• Technology
• Education
Rodents
Housing & Husbandry Requirements
Habitat
Sensors
Temperature
Humidity
Food/Water
Population Density
Light
Ventilation
Wastes
Rodent cage: ventilated and kept free of contaminants from urine & feces
O2 , CO2 , temperature, activity (video)
18°C - 26°C
30 - 70%
Irradiated food bars (rodent chow) with long shelf-life / automatic watering
manifolds or water bottles
6 rats or 10 mice per cage
8-10 hours/day exposure during circadian cycle
Control O2 , CO2 , particulate contaminants, animal odors
Urine, feces
must be contained
Finding a Training Program
 Visit
the AALAS website
http://www.aalas.org/index.aspx
 Visit
the ASLAP web site
http://www.aslap.org/OnePage.php
 Visit
the ACLAM web site
http://www.aclam.org/education/training/location.html
 Talk
to a lab animal vet
 Do an externship…more info later.