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CHURCH HISTORY II Lesson 26 The 2nd Great Awakening Circa 1790’s – 1840’s Church History Ancient Church History Ca. 30AD Medieval Church History 590 AD Apostolic Church The First Medieval Pope Apostolic Fathers The Rise of the Holy Rom Emp Church Councils The Crusades Golden Age of The Papacy in Decline Church Fathers The Pre-Reformers Modern Church History 1517 AD Reformation & Counter Reformation Rationalism, Revivalism, & Denominationalism Revivalism, Missions, & Modernism ? Four Periods of ‘Awakening’ Activity I. The Great Awakening (1730’s-1750’s) II. The 2nd Great Awakening (1790’s-1830”’s) III. Prayer Meetings through New Pentecostalism (1857-1910’s) IV. 1940’s – 1950’s Billy Graham The 1st Great Awakening The Great Awakening was a glorious work of God whereby He caused a period of intense spiritual revival and conversions that enlarged the church with true members and quickened them to Christian duty. 1720’s - The Middle Colonies 1730’s – The New England Colonies 1740 – 1750’s – The Southern Colonies EVANGELICAL: •Authority of scripture •Necessity of new birth •Intent to spread the gospel •True conversion worked out in the believer’s life Results of the Great Awakening POSITIVE: 1. Conversions 2. Increase in churches and church membership 3. Increase awareness of the necessity of the new birth 4. No tolerance for an unconverted minister 5. Building of new evangelical schools: Princeton Dartmouth Rutgers Brown 6. Calvinism strengthened and preserved in American churches for another hundred years Jonathan Edwards Charles Chauncy America’s ‘two-party” religious system View On “Old Lights” “New Lights” Revival Anti Pro Final authority Reason Bible is all and all! Bible as rule book Human Nature Basically good, needing education Sinful needing conversion JESUS Good moral teacher Full Diety Most important emphasis Morality New Birth Why did religious fervor fade after the 1st Great Awakening? The Disruption of the American Revolution The Rise of Deism & French Skepticism The Scottish revivalist Thomas Chalmers had put it this way: "moonlight preaching ripens no harvest." Religion had become so tepid in the hands of rationalists like Chauncy and Deists like Jefferson, that it had almost no power to change the individual. Just enough of the old faith remained to inoculate people from catching the real thing. Why did religious fervor fade after the 1st Great Awakening? The Disruption of the American Revolution The Rise of English Deism & French Skepticism Religious Freedom vs. Uniformity & Establishment Western Migration Mass Migration to the Continent The 2nd Great Awakening East Coast Western Frontier New England The East Coast Colleges Hampton- Sidney College – 1787, students pry for revival Yale – 1802, Timothy Dwight Princeton – 1813 Daniel Baker, Pry Mtg 1813 – 1815 40 converted Harvard, Bowdin, Brown, Dartmouth, Middlebury, Williams, and Andover Methodism The Frontier Camp Meeting Logan, Ky - 1797 Cane Ridge, Ky - 1801 The Frontier Camp Meeting Logan, Ky - 1797 Cane Ridge - 1801 Presbyterian Split The Cumberland Presbyterian Church The Christian Church The Church of Disciples Methodist Circuit Riders The Circuit Riders went after the frontier people. Francis Ashbury/Peter Cartwright - Peter Cartwright Preached, not theological discourses or speculations, but sermons on hell. His preaching was for the frontier person who was not attracted to intellectual religion, but emotional faith. The Frontier Camp Meeting Logan, Ky - 1797 Cane Ridge - 1801 Presbyterian Split The Cumberland Presbyterian Church The Christian Church The Church of Disciples Methodist Circuit Riders The Circuit Riders went after the frontier people. Francis Ashbury/Peter Cartwright Baptist Farmer/Sunday Preacher New England Asahel Nettleton Calvinistic Preacher Charles Finney (1792-1875) Lawyer turned evangelist Important shift to revivalism as a technique and organized program. You can plan and announce revivals. “New Measures” Surprising work of God vs. a planned event Shift to Arminianism away from Calvinism Social reform must become immediately apart of Christian life The Results of the 2nd Great Awakening The American Revolution established a new context for the churches, in which voluntary patterns for survival and growth had to be established. The Circuit Rider came into its own as an institution of the American frontier. These men rarely lived to reach middle age. Francis Asbury was the exception. Most died very young and were encouraged not to marry. While the personal price was high, this strategy of intinerating ministers allowed Methodists to direct resources to where settlements were occurring. This afforded a rapid response to population changes, permitting the Methodists to gather persons into a church, and move on. When the circuit rider would revisit--which he did with regularity--he would preach, as well as conduct weddings. A parallel development among Baptists was the ease with which a group of people could gather and call an articulate brother to serve as pastor. This person would farm during the week, and preach on weekends. What these men lacked in education, they made up in sincerity and earnestness, and closeness to his flock. The Results of the 2nd Great Awakening The American Revolution established a new context for the churches, in which voluntary patterns for survival and growth had to be established. The Rise of revivalism – the idea that revivals could be planned. Where the First Great Awakening had been a spontaneous outpouring, the Second Great Awakening quickly became one that was promoted and organized. Techniques that worked were quickly copied such as the Camp Meeting or calling sinners in the congregation by their name. Music and hymns came to be way congregations learned theology. In an environment where there were no opportunities for education, few books, and most did not know how to read, songs could be easily memorized. This was done through "lining" in which someone who could read would line out the song for the other congregants, who would then repeat it. Hymnody gave people a sense of theology in which Divine Providence looks after and cares for human kind. They also reflected the rising anthropology of the frontier. Where people once sang "Devote your sacred head for such a worm as I," the lyrics evolved to "Devote your sacred head for a wretch such as I," to "Devote your sacred head for one such as I." With each change, man's status gets better. The Results of the 2nd Great Awakening The American Revolution established a new context for the churches, in which voluntary patterns for survival and growth had to be established. The Rise of revivalism – the idea that revivals could be planned. The Democratization of Christianity – Christian organizations based upon the individual. Away from creeds, confessions. We will see divisions and the rise of denominations and para-church organizations. The Decline of Calvinism – it will be replaced by Arminian Evangelization The 2nd Great Awakening will delay the dissent into paganism