Transcript Ecodriving - Care4Air | South Yorkshire Clean Air Campaign

SPEED LIMITS AND ECO-DRIVING
Lower Speed Limits, Strict Enforcement & Stimulating Eco-Driving for Better Air Quality &
Reducing CO2 Emissions in the Netherlands
Care4Air, A Clearer Future
Sheffield, September 21st, 2005
Martin Kroon
Ministry of the Environment
The Netherlands
[with support from Henk Stoelhorst, RWS]
NL air quality policies
the Netherlands most polluted EU country due to
50%-80% transboundary pollution from UK/B/F/D
+dense population,cars/trucks/shipping volumes
Many urban NO2/PM10 hotspot road sections
10 high density highway hotspots Randstad
900 M Euro air quality package 2005 – 2015
National/local measures [traffic/infra/town
planning, stricter Euro standards essential]
Priority for diesel DPF subsidies /retrofit
History of current speed limits (1)
The NL highway network designed for a (safe) maximum
speed of 120 km/hr [HDV: 80 km/hr]
Since the 1973 energy crisis the general speed limit on
all motorways is 100 km/h [other: 80/50/30 km/hr]
Due to poor enforcement, faster cars and lower fuel
prices, real speeds in 1986: V50=112 km/hr.
Left – right controversy over raising limit [1983-1987]
New speed limits since 1988 based on Safety + Env :
- 100 km/h near Randstad urban areas (17% net.)
- 120 km/h general speed limit (83% network)
In vehicle km: 30% (100 km/hr) : 70% (120 km/hr)
Policy target set at V50 = 106 km/hr [all network]
History of current speed limits (2)
Multiplied enforcement [fines up to 2 M/yr!] + tactics
+ communication campaigns: drop in real speeds
after 1988; speeds stable at V50=109 km/hr =
2%- 4% CO2/NOx traffic emissions reduction,
as of 2000 extra Euro 11 M /yr to enforcement
[Climate Change Policy budget; funding < fines]
Since 2000 extra speed limit reduction discussed due
to local air quality problems: 80 km/hr pilot
project at Rotterdam-Overschie since 2002
2004: after positive evaluation in-depth analysis of 9
top hotspots and strategic review of speed limits
80 km/hr speed limit at Motorway A13 near Rotterdam
(Overschie) proves effective in all respects [2003 evaluation]
Air quality, noise, safety and flow benefits
Speed limit enforcement with electronic
section control [av.speed check]:100%
Speeding offences: only 2%!
V50 dropped from <100 to <80 km/hr
Reduction NOx emissions: 15-25%
Reduction NO2 concentrations: 5-10% [5 mgr]
Reduction PM10 emissions: 25-35%
Reduction PM10 concentrations:<5% [3 mgr.]
Accident reduction: >50%!
Traffic calming [keep-your-lane] better flow
Local people and politicians happy
Hotspots local air quality
In-depth analysis of 9 urban air quality hotspots :
80 km/hr most effective at 5 out of 9 locations
No easy job [modelling, methodology, input!]
Effects differ per location due to congestion/traffic/background:
Reduction local NOx traffic emissions: 4 - 20 %
Reduction total local NO2 concentrations: 0,5 – 6 %
Noise reduction: circa 1 dB(A)
Accident reduction: 20 – 50 %
Throughput: more stable
Traffic flow/driver behaviour effect promising [ecodriving]
Communicating use of top gear at 80 km/hr needed for effects
Parliament 2004 decision: 80 km/hr with strict enforcement at:
A10 West Amsterdam, A20 Rotterdam, A12 Utrecht, A12 The Hague
Analysis hotspots: variation of effects
Location
Motorway section
Average reduction
NO2 concentration
Average reduction
road traffic NOx
emission
A10 West Amsterdam
3 - 6%
12 - 20%
A20 Rotterdam
1 - 3%
7 - 9%
A13 Overschie
4 - 6%
10 - 14%
A16 Dordrecht
0,5 - 2%
4 - 7%
A12 The Hague/Voorburg
2 - 3%
7 - 10%
A9 Badhoevedorp
1 - 2%
10 - 14%
A12 Utrecht 80/100
2 - 3%
6 - 10%
A16 Rotterdam
1 - 2%
7 - 9%
Dutch speed limits – conclusions
[see www.verkeershandhaving.nl]
• NL highway speed limits based on road
safety, network design [traffic flow], the
environment and feasability of
enforcement: 120,100, 80 km/hr
• Speed reduction through section control
is effective instrument for local air quality
and noise, to combine with ecodriving
• Strict and effective enforcement [plus full
electronic processing] is feasible
• Win-win effects overcome conflict of
interests: reducing pollution, accidents,
noise, congestion and costs through
lower speeds [travel times still OK!]
VEHICLES AND DRIVER BEHAVIOUR TRENDS
VEHICLE TRENDS [cars]
Constant upgrading in safety, weight, power and performance
Average new car: 1700 cc, 100 HP, 200 km/hr, 1200 kg [NL]
Electr. engine man. + 3way cat.= low pollution in testcycle
DRIVER BEHAVIOUR TRENDS =driver<>vehicle interaction
Old fashioned driving style dominant [low gears/high RPM]
Aggression, fun [“Top Gear”!], self expression, risk compensation
Speed and vehicle dynamics dominant risk/pollution factors
More driver self-restraint needed than ever before [hp/km/acc.]
POLLUTION TRENDS [ road traffic]
Traffic [diesel!] emissions dominate local hotspots
Hard measures [tech.] promising, soft measures [behav.] ready
Fuel economy/CO2/NOx reduction potential
ECO-DRIVING advanced training
 Up to 25% individual fuel savings potential
 5-10% savings in fleet owner practice
ECO-DRIVING.... HOW?
Less engine speed: gear change at 2000 – 2500 RPM
[cars, LDV]
Less vehicle dynamics (acceleration/ deceleration/
speeding/ overtaking/ aggression: anticipation)
less idling / cold start short trips, tyre pressure +10%
CAPACITY >>Training, communication, in-car devices
(on-board computer, cruise control, RPM, MDD, GSI)
ECCP: EU 15 reduction estimates:
10% fuel costs = 25 billion litres / Euro = >50 Mton CO2
Specific power/fuel efficiency engine map
[turbocharged-petrol] source: TNO
275
250
100 [kW]
80 [kW]
60 [kW]
50 [kW]
120 [kW]
40 [kW]
225
242.5
30 [kW]
Torque [Nm]
200
175
245.0
242.5
20 [kW]
150
250.0
260.0
125
280.0
15 [kW]
260.0
300.0
100
75
10 [kW]
280.0
350.0
300.0
400.0
50
5 [kW]
25
0
1000
350.0
400.0
500.0
2000
600.0
3000
4000
Engine speed [rev/min]
5000
6000
Fuel economy in gears [petrol 1,8 l.]
18
16
1th gear
14
2nd gear
12
3rd gear
10
287*
8
4th gear
6
5th gear
382*
4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120 km/h
Gear change pattern eco-driving vs. the old way
5th
4th
3rd
120
gears
100
2nd
80
60
1st
40
20
0
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
revs/min
How Gear Shifting Affects Fuel
Consumption
Seat Ibiza 1,4 l. 55 kW at 50 km/hr:
in 2nd gear = 3600 RPM = 8 km/l
in 3rd gear = 2600 RPM = 12 km/l
in 4th gear = 1900 RPM = 17 km/l
in 5th gear = 1400 RPM = 21 km/l
In-car driver feedback/support devices
Feedback unit
Communicating eco-driving today!!
“You can save 10% - 25% fuel today when you:”
1) Keep your engine speeds between 1200 – 3000 RPM
2) Change gears (up) at 2000 – 2500 RPM [“80 in 5!”]
3) Avoid strong accelerations and full throttle
4) Use your RPM meter / board computer / cruise control
5) Live up to (highway) speed limits or max.120 km/hr
6) Add 10% to standard tyre pressure
7) Less use of airco [= >10% f.c.] or set >21°C.
8) Use your bike for short trips [cold start = 300% f.c.]
ECO-DRIVING program implementation
•
Eco-driving part of CO2 / hotspot policy
•
Eco-driving part of road safety/speed limit policies
•
ECO-DRIVING programming and networking
•
PARTNERS: business organisations and institutions
[car business, HDV transport, fuels, driver training,
insurance, car lobby, media, lease/fleet owners, NGO’s,
local govts., road safety lobby, consumer org. ]
•
www.ecodrive.org + www.hetnieuwerijden.nl priority:
 Training of professional drivers [national, corporate]
 Driving licenses and training the trainers [national, EU]
 Awareness raising and mass media communication [id.]
 Fuel saving in-car devices [EU + car industry]
 Tyre pressure, speed limit enforcement [EU/ACEA, nat.]