Transcript Document
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ Федеральное государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования Сибирский федеральный университет Красноярск, 2008
Т. Н. Ямских Р. А. Короленко Ю. В. Глущенко Профессиональный английский язык Красноярск, 2008
УДК ББК Я58 8020 81.2
Я58 Электронный учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине «Профессиональный английский язык» подготовлен в рамках инновационной образовательной программы «Создание института экономики и управления в рамках Сибирского федерального университета», реализованной в ФГОУ ВПО СФУ в 2007 г.
Рецензенты: Красноярский краевой фонд науки; Экспертная комиссия СФУ по подготовке учебно-методических комплексов дисциплин
Ямских, Т. Н.
2008.
Профессиональный английский язык. Презентационные материалы. Версия 1.0 [Электронный ресурс] : наглядное пособие / Т. Н. Ямских, Р. А. Короленко, Ю. В. Глущенко. – Электрон. дан. (4 Мб). – Красноярск : ИПК СФУ, – (Профессиональный английский язык : УМКД № 197-2007 / рук. творч. коллектива Т. Н. Ямских). – 1 электрон.
опт. диск (
DVD
).
– Систем. требования :
Intel Pentium
(или аналогичный процессор других производителей) 1 ГГц ; 512 операционная система
Microsoft
Мб оперативной памяти ; 4 Мб свободного дискового пространства ; привод
Windows
2000
SP
4
/ XP SP
2
/ Vista
(32 бит) ; ISBN 978-5-7638-1106-3 (комплекса)
Microsoft PowerPoint
2003
DVD
; или выше.
ISBN 978-5-7638-0962-6 (пособия) Номер гос. регистрации в ФГУП НТЦ «Информрегистр» 0320802622 от 08.12.2008 г. (комплекса) Номер гос. регистрации в ФГУП НТЦ «Информрегистр» 0320802624 от 08.12.2008 г. (пособия) Настоящее издание является частью электронного учебно-методического комплекса по дисциплине «Профессиональный английский язык», включающего учебную программу, конспект лекций, практикум, учебное пособие по самостоятельной работе, контрольно измерительные материалы «Профессиональный английский язык. Банк тестовых заданий».
Представлена презентация (в виде слайдов) теоретического курса «Профессиональный английский язык».
Предназначено для студентов направления подготовки бакалавров 080300.62 «Коммерция» укрупненной группы 080000 «Экономика и управление».
© Сибирский федеральный университет, 2008 Рекомендовано к изданию Инновационно-методическим управлением СФУ Разработка и оформление электронного образовательного ресурса: Центр технологий электронного обучения информационно-аналитического департамента СФУ; лаборатория по разработке мультимедийных электронных образовательных ресурсов при КрЦНИТ Содержимое ресурса охраняется законом об авторском праве. Несанкционированное копирование и использование данного продукта запрещается. Встречающиеся названия программного обеспечения, изделий, устройств или систем могут являться зарегистрированными товарными знаками тех или иных фирм.
Подп. к использованию 01.09.2008
Объем 4 Мб Красноярск: СФУ, 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 79
Contents
Part I. Grammar review
Unit 1
Unit 2
Профессиональный английский язык 4
Contents
Part I. Grammar review
Unit 3
Present Simple &Present Continuous
Modal verbs can/could may/might
Modal verbs must/have to/be to
Unit 4
Профессиональный английский язык 5
Contents
Part I. Grammar review
Unit 5
• • Present Perfect Continuous Past Continuous Past Perfect &Past Perfect Continuous
Unit 6
• Purpose, Reason & Result Clauses
Профессиональный английский язык 6
Contents
Part I. Grammar review
Unit 7
Reported orders, requests, suggestions Reported questions
Unit 8
Профессиональный английский язык 7
Contents
Part II. Language check
Unit 1
Unit 2
Symbols and conventions used in Dictionaries
Профессиональный английский язык 8
Contents
Part II. Language check
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Профессиональный английский язык 9
Contents
Part II. Language check
Unit 6 Unit 7
• •
The guidelines to write e-mail
Unit 7
Профессиональный английский язык 10
Contents
Part II. Language check
Unit 8 Unit 7
How to write a CV (resume) in English
Bibliography
Профессиональный английский язык 11
Part I. Grammar review
12
Part I. Grammar review
Past Simple FORM:
[VERB+ed]
or irregular verbs
• • •
You called Debbie Did you call Debbie? You did not call Debbie
Профессиональный английский язык 13
Part I. Grammar review
Past Simple is used to denote:
Completed Action in the Past
I checked the reports yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim
A Series of Completed Actions Duration in the Past Habits in the Past
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00 A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour They never went to school, they always skipped class
Past Facts or Generalizations
People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past
Профессиональный английский язык 14
Part I. Grammar review
Present Perfect FORM:
[has/have + past participle] • • •
You have seen that movie many times Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times
Профессиональный английский язык 15
Part I. Grammar review
Present Perfect is associated with the following topics:
Experience Change Over Time Accomplishments
I think I have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages You have grown since the last time I saw you. The government has become more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom
Профессиональный английский язык 16
Part I. Grammar review
Present Perfect is associated with the following topics
An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
James has not finished his homework yet. Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate
Multiple Action sat Different Times
The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester
Профессиональный английский язык 17
Part I. Grammar review
Countable & uncountable nouns
• Countable nouns refer to people, places, or things that can be counted (one dollar/two dollars, one house, two houses) • Uncountable nouns often refer to beverages, substances, or abstractions (meat, tea, steel, information) food,
Профессиональный английский язык 18
Part I. Grammar review
Common Uncountable English Nouns
Food and Drink: Nonfood Substances
bacon, beef, beer, bread, broccoli, butter, cabbage, candy, cauliflower, celery, cereal, cheese, chicken, chocolate, coffee, corn, cream, fish, flour, fruit, ice cream, lettuce, meat, milk, oil, pasta, rice, salt, spinach, sugar, tea, water, wine, yogurt air, cement, coal, dirt, gasoline, gold, ice, leather, paper, petroleum, plastic, rain, rubber, silver, snow, soap, steel, wood, wool Профессиональный английский язык 19
Part I. Grammar review
Common Uncountable English Nouns
Abstract nouns Others Others
advice, anger, beauty, confidence, courage, employment, fun, happiness, health, honesty, information, intelligence, knowledge, love, poverty, satisfaction, truth, wealth work, biology, clothing, equipment, furniture, homework, jewelry, luggage, lumber, machinery, mail, money, news, poetry, pollution, research, scenery, traffic, transportation, violence, weather Профессиональный английский язык 20
Part I. Grammar review
The Indefinite article a/an
• in front of any word that begins with a consonant or consonant-like vowel sound • conversely,
an
sound or a mute
'
is put in front of any word that begins with a pure vowel
h
'
• Note that spelling is not a reliable indicator of when to use
a
or
an
!
• in front of a countable noun that is being mentioned for the very first time. Once introduced, all further references to it can be preceded by the definite article
the
Our town has a theatre, a university, a large park and a conference hall.
Many Chinese still believe an Englishman always carries an umbrella.
It's an old custom.
It's a strange old custom The coastguard received an SOS. He spent an hour standing in line I have two cars: a Ford and an Audi.
The Ford is white and the Audi is silver
Профессиональный английский язык 21
Part I. Grammar review
The Indefinite article a/an
• in front of professions • instead of the rate or pace of something
per
when giving
She is an architect and he is a doctor He earns $200 a day She swims twice a week He drove at 60 miles an hour
• Note too that
little
and
few
become a whole lot more positive when preceded by the indefinite article!
She has a little money and a few friends, so she'll probably get by. Compare: She has little money and few friends, so I doubt if she'll get by
Профессиональный английский язык 22
• Part I. Grammar review
The Definite Article
in front of any noun the
the
I have two cars: a Ford and an Audi.
The Ford is white and the Audi is silver
listener or reader already knows about
•
when the existence of something is common knowledge or comes as no surprise because of the context in which it is mentioned
•
in front of things generally regarded as unique
•
in front of nouns preceded by superlative adjectives and ordinal numbers
Last week a fighter plane crashed into a field but the pilot managed to eject safely. Yesterday I spent the afternoon at home.
I put my clothes into the washing machine and went outside to sit in the garden The sun, the moon, the sea, the sky, the Arctic Circle, the environment, the capital, the air, the ground, etc.
It was the worst day of my life! The captain was the first person to leave he burning tanker. AmE June twenty-first. BrE June the twenty-first. The twenty-first (day) of June
Профессиональный английский язык 23
Part I. Grammar review
The Definite Article the
•
in front of countable nouns representing a whole class or category of something
•
in front of oceans, seas, rivers, island and mountain chains, deserts, countries with plural names, and noun forms of points of the compass
•
in place names and titles including of
The computer has changed our lives. It is left up to the consumer to decide which one to buy The Pacific, the Mediterranean, the Amazon,the West Indies, the Rockies, the Sahara, the Netherlands, the Far East, etc It is unlikely the Queen of Denmark has ever swum in the Bay of Bengal. Margrethe II is (the) Queen of Denmark. Donald was elected chairman of the board
Профессиональный английский язык 24
Part I. Grammar review
The Definite Article the
•
in proper names consisting of noun(s) and/or adjective(s) + noun
•
in hotel names
•
for newspapers
• •
for many larger organizations and institutions (not commercial enterprises), including those with initials that are normally spelled out for currencies
The Empire State Building, the English Channel, the White House, the Festival Hall, the Rolling Stones, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, the British Museum, etc. The Hilton Hotel, the Savoy, the Sheraton The Times, the Baltimore Sun, the Daily Mail The Commonwealth, the Fed, the EU, the WHO, the BBC, the FDA, the IAEA, etc. Compare: OPEC, NATO, ICANN, etc. The U.S. dollar has risen against the yen but fallen against the euro
Профессиональный английский язык
Part I. Grammar review
The Definite Article the
•
in front of people's names, however, the is only used to avoid confusion
•
with the names of musical instruments
•
instead of a possessive form when referring to parts of the body and items of clothing
•
with some forms of entertainment (not the medium of television )
I'm the David Appleyard that lives in Japan Richard Clayderman plays the piano She was hit on the head by a snowball (=a snowball hit her head).
Joe grabbed the youth by the collar (=Joe grabbed the youth's collar) I go to the cinema/movies, the theatre, the circus, the ballet and the opera.
In the daytime I listen to the radio, but in the evenings I like to watch television
Профессиональный английский язык
Part I. Grammar review
The Zero Article
• before abstract nouns used in a general sense • for most places consisting of just the name of a person, or the name of a person/place followed by a noun
Inflation is a growing problem in developing countries Harrods, Macys, McDonald's, Lloyds Bank, St. Paul's Cathedral, Buckingham Palace,Kennedy Airport, Waterloo Station, Cambridge University, etc.
• • in front of company names • in official job titles, if there is only one person holding this position at any given time in front of
most
squares or bridges roads, streets, parks, •in the names of single mountains • before the names of meals, unless it is a formal occasion
Cisco Systems, Microsoft, CBS, EMI, Hitachi, Lufthansa, etc Gordon Brown is (the) Chancellor of the Exchequer. Compare: minister Gordon Brown is a cabinet Queen's Road, Oxford Street, Central Park, Times Square, Tower Bridge, etc.
While in New Zealand I climbed Mount Cook Roger had breakfast in his hotel room. Compare: Club I attended a dinner at the Rotary
Профессиональный английский язык 27
Part I. Grammar review
The Zero Article
•for the names of games or sports •in more abstract expressions of situation like
to/at sea
, t
o/at/out of work
,
in/out of town
,
in/out of office
, etc. if not talking about somewhere concrete •before television as a medium, only as an appliance
He plays tennis to keep in shape
This government has been
in office
for about a year now.
Compare:
She didn't get out of the office much before 7 o'clock
Carol saw her brother on television Compare:
She had an indoor antenna on the television •before a noun followed by a categorizing letter or number •in the titles of books, movies, music and other works of art •in headlines
The students have just read section C.
The Her flight leaves from gate 32 "Have you read 'Lord of the Rings'?" "Iraqi Head Seeks Arms" "Stolen Painting Found by Tree" "Police Confirm Shotgun Attack on Bullet Train"
Профессиональный английский язык
Part I. Grammar review
Possessive case of nouns `s is used:
• to express a relationship between a person or animal and another person, animal or thing. eg.
Peter's friends
• to show that something belongs to or is associated with a group of people, a place or an organization. eg.
our company's policy
• with nouns referring to the duration of an event or a specific time. eg.
yesterday's newspaper
• with noun that specifies a part of an object or a quality it has. eg.
the computer's memory
Профессиональный английский язык 29
Part I. Grammar review
• Compound
Compound nouns
nouns are commonly formed by placing two or three nouns together. The first noun classifies the second Eg.
an assembly line, a credit card
• In expressions of measurement with a numeral, the first noun is singular Eg.
a fifty-dollar bill, a five-day course
• We tend to combine two nouns with - of - when referring to more abstract concepts Eg.
the history of business
Профессиональный английский язык 30
Part I. Grammar review
Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison
• • 1. er/-est
adjectives with one syllable
clean cleaner the cleanest
adjectives with two syllables and endings - y,-er,-le,-ow
dirty clever simple narrow dirtier cleverer simpler narrower the dirtiest the cleverest the simplest the narrowest Профессиональный английский язык 31
Part I. Grammar review
Adjectives. Degrees of Comparison
Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est
large big sad dirty shy larger bigger sadder dirtier shyer the largest the biggest the saddest the dirtiest the shyest leave out the silent -e double the consonant after short vowel double the consonant after short vowel change -y to – i (consonant before -y) here -y is not changed to – i (although consonant before y)
2. more-the most
adjectives with more than one syllable difficult - more difficult - (the) most difficult Профессиональный английский язык 32
Part I. Grammar review
Irregular adjectives
good bad much many little far old better worse more less farther further older elder
Профессиональный английский язык
the best the worst the most the least the farthest the furthest the oldest the eldest
33
Part I. Grammar review
Constructions:
as…as (to copare similar objects)
My salary is as high as yours
not so…as (to compare different objects) less…than + comparative adjective the least…of (or in) + superlative adjective
My salary is not so high as yours The income this year is less than the year before The economic situation in African countries is the least stable of the rest countries
- gradual increase - parallel increase
Finding a job is getting easier and easier Finding a job is getting more and more easy The more we invest, the more we get
Профессиональный английский язык 34
Part I. Grammar review
Adverbs. Degrees of Comparison
hard - harder - (the) hardest carefully - more carefully - (the) most carefully
Irregular adverbs
well badly much little late far better worse more less later farther further the best the worst the most the least the last the farthest the furthest Профессиональный английский язык 35
Part I. Grammar review
Plural of nouns
Single noun
Countable nouns
Add –s or -es
Uncountable or taken from other language nouns
Use special rules
Профессиональный английский язык 36
Part I. Grammar review
Variations of final -s rule
• • • •
Nouns that end with -s, -z, -x, -sh, -ch, add
-es
glass/glasses, buzz/buzzes, box/boxes
Nouns that end in - o , add -es :
potato/potatoes, echo/echoes, hero/heroes
exceptions:
piano/pianos auto/autos, kangaroo/kangaroos, memo/memos,
either:
buffalo/buffalo(e)s, cargo/cargo(e)s, motto/motto(e)s, volcano/volcano(e)s
Nouns that end in a consonant + -y and add -es
baby/babies, spy/spies, poppy/poppies
, change -y to -i Nouns that end in -f, or -fe , change the -f add -es to
shelf/shelves, wolf/wolves, knife/knives, wife/wives
-v and
Профессиональный английский язык 37
Part I. Grammar review • •
Exeptions
children/ child ox/oxen
• • • • • •
foot/feet goose/geese man/men woman/ women mouse/mice tooth/teeth
Профессиональный английский язык 38
• • • • • • • • Part I. Grammar review
Nouns adopted from other languages
Singular ends in –is / plural ends in -es
analysis/analyses, axis/axes, basis/bases, crisis/crises
Singular ends in –um / plural ends in -a
bacterium/bacteria, curriculum/curricula, datum/data, erratum/errata
Singular ends in –on / plural ends in -a
criterion/criteria, phenomenon/phenomena, automaton/automata
Singular ends in –a / plural ends in -ae
formula/formulae, antenna/antennae, vertebra/vertebrae
Singular ends in -ex or –ix / plural ends in -ices
appendix/appendices, cervix/cervices, index/indices, matrix/matrices
Singular ends in -us / plural ends in -i
bacillus/bacilli, cactus/cacti, focus/foci, fungus/fungi, nucleus/nuclei, octopus/octopi, radius/radii
Singular ends in -us / plural ends in -a
corpus/corpora, genus/genera
Singular ends in -eau / plural ends in -eaux
bureau/bureaux, beau/beaux
Профессиональный английский язык 39
Part I. Grammar review
both and each
Quantifiers
Both (of the) documents have to be sent in triplicate
few (not many) a few (some/a small number of) little (not much) a little a small amount) much (uncountable nouns) many (plural nouns)
Jf there are few opportunities for promotion, young high-flyers will look for another job. Few people like their boss interfering with their work We'll all be doing our shopping by computer in a few years' time. You'll settle in after a few weeks There is little time left for discussion so we need to make a decision right away. There's very little space in my office I need a little more time to think about your proposal How much money have you got?
How many people work in your firm?
a lot of, a great deal of, plenty of, lots of (informal situations)
A great deal of the money we earn is from repairing old bicycles
Профессиональный английский язык 40
Part I. Grammar review
Relative clauses
A relative clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a relative pronoun
(who, which, whose, that) Students who can develop independent learning skills often achieve good academic results
Профессиональный английский язык 41
• • • • •
Part I. Grammar review
Relative pronouns
who
for people
that
for both people and things
What’s the name of the person who/that first landed on the moon?
which
for things
The ELC, which provides language support to students, is located on the first floor
whom
as the object of a relative clause
This is Dr. Perkins, whom we met at a conference in Canada last year
whose
to indicate possession
All students whose registration numbers begin with 374 should immediately go to the library for a tour
Профессиональный английский язык 42
Part I. Grammar review
Present Simple
VERB + s/es in the third person singular is used to denote: Repeated Actions
She always forgets her purse
Facts or Generalizations Scheduled Events in the Near Future
California is in America. California is not in the United Kingdom The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. When do we board the plane?
Now (Non Continuous Verbs)
He has his passport in his hand Do you have your passport with you?
Профессиональный английский язык 43
Part I. Grammar review
Present continuous am/is/are + present participle is used:
• •
to express the idea that something is happening now to denote longer actions happening now
Why aren't you doing your homework? Are you working on any special projects at work?
• •
to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future to show repetition and irritation with "Always”
Is he visiting his parents next weekend? I don't like them because they are always complaining
Профессиональный английский язык 44
Part I. Grammar review
Present simple versus continuous present
is used to express general truths and habitual actions which are in or around the present
KEY WORDS
The frequency adverbs:
rarely, hardly ever
,
never always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom,
, every (
week, day, ...)
Note: Frequency adverbs can be used with tenses other than present simple, depending on the meaning
John Lennon always wore glasses
is used to express
temporary
actions which are in or around the present
KEY WORDS Now, right now, presently, at the moment
EXCEPTIONS: used in the continuous tenses. These verbs are: Certain verbs are rarely
be, seem, need, owe, want, verbs of possession (have, own, possess, belong), verbs which express thoughts (think, remember, forget, know, believe), involuntary sense verbs (see, taste, feel, hear, smell)
Профессиональный английский язык 45
Part I. Grammar review
Present simple versus continuous present
is used to express general truths and habitual actions which are in or around the present Note: There are many examples where an action can be considered both habitual or temporary. Your choice of tense will depend on what kind of emphasis you want
I am studying at UQAM. I study at UQAM.
Both sentences have the same basic meaning, but the first sounds more temporary than the second When we talk about where we work and where we live, the two tenses are used interchangeably.
I live in Montreal = I am living in Montreal He works at Bell = He is working at Bell
is used to express
temporary
actions which are in or around the present Note: a) When the verb
HAVE
possession, it can be used in the continuous tenses. does not signify They are having a meeting right now b) Voluntary sense verbs, such as
listen
, can be used with continuous tenses
At the moment, she is listening to the news
Профессиональный английский язык 46
Part I. Grammar review
Can
Can
is used: • to express ability
He can speak Spanish , but he can't write it very well
• to express permission
Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room?
• to express theoretical possibility
American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there's a profit in it
Профессиональный английский язык 47
Part I. Grammar review
Could
Could
is used
:
• to express an ability in the past
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids
• to express past or future permission
Could I bury my cat in your back yard?
• to express present possibility
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking
• to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstance
If he studied harder, he could pass this course
Профессиональный английский язык 48
Part I. Grammar review
May and might
• In the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the past tense of may
May I leave class early?
• In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable for present and future forms might + have + past participle is used for the past form:
She might be my advisor next semester She might have advised me not to take sociology
Профессиональный английский язык 49
Part I. Grammar review
Need
Modal
• • The use of restricted
NEED
to as a modal verb is negative interrogative sentences mostly and The use of
NEED
as a modal verb is more common when we talk about one particular occasion
e.g. Need I stand up now?
Профессиональный английский язык 50
Part I. Grammar review
Need
Regular
•
NEED
as a modal verb has many tense forms and regular negative and interrogative forms. It combines either with a noun or with the to + Infinitive
e.g. Do I need to do it everyday?
• It is used in all types of sentences and is more common • It is used mainly when the following Infinitive denotes habitual repeated action
e.g. Do I need to stand up every time you come into the room?
• In affirmative sentences
NEED
is used to show necessity but it may be used in negative and in question sentences
e.g. Do you need to work so hard all the time?
• As for the form, didn’t need to do smth is equivalent to didn’t have to do smth
e.g. She didn’t have to spend money. She had no money at all
Профессиональный английский язык 51
Part I. Grammar review
Must / to have to / to be
concrete imperative
Real necessity (mt)
e.g. I must see the head teacher because I want to discuss something with her
Circumstantial necessity (have to, have got to)
e.g. I have to see the head teacher because she’s called me to her office
Order, admonition (must)
e.g. You must come and see her
Strict order (to be to)
e.g. You are to come and see her
Prohibition
e.g. You mustn’t do it
suppositional
Near certainty about the present smb must do\be doing smth
e.g.
know her She must
Near certainty about the past doing smth smb must have done\have been
e.g.
have done it She must
Профессиональный английский язык 52
Part I. Grammar review
Must / to have to / to be
concrete
a) Prearranged necessity (to be to)
e.g. The lecture is to begin at 9.30
b) A prearranged action that was not fulfilled
e.g. She was to have taken part in the new film but fell ill
imperative
Strict prohibition
e.g. You are not to do it! You may not do it!
suppositional Note!
Must expressing near certainty is not used with the future time reference. Instead we use “probably” and “evidently”
e.g. He will probably be a good student
Note!
In negative forms negative meaning is conveyed with the help of negative affixes, pronouns or lexically with the help of the verb “to fail”
e.g. She must have failed to do it e.g. No one must have seen him
Профессиональный английский язык 53
Part I. Grammar review
Should / ought to
The modal verbs ought to and should are used to express: • expectation
I'm in a meeting at the moment. We should / ought to / expect to finish by 3 p.m. and I'll call you back then
• probability
You should / ought to receive the goods on Tuesday
• desirability
You should / ought to have stayed for the last day of the conference, it was very interesting
• an obligation or duty, giving advice
You should / ought to look at our prices, they are very competitive
Профессиональный английский язык 54
Part I. Grammar review
Active- and Passive-Voice Verbs
Active-voice verbs show the subject performing the action
Examples
:
Most major employers require drugtesting
(Active voice; the subject is acting)
Dr. Smith recommended Tina for the job
(Active voice; the subject is acting) Профессиональный английский язык
Part I. Grammar review
Active- and Passive-Voice Verbs
In passive-voice sentences, the subject is being acted upon. Passive-voice verbs require helper verbs
Examples:
Drug testing is required by most major employers
(Passive voice; the subject is being acted upon)
Tina was recommended for the job by Dr. Smith
(Passive voice; the subject is being acted upon) Профессиональный английский язык
Part I. Grammar review
How to identify passive voice
• Usually contains a combination of a form of
be
and the past tense (or past participle) of an action verb –
am, is, are, was, were
–
+ thrown, made, given …
• Ask “Is or was a subject being acted upon?” (by someone or something) • Ask, “Who or what was responsible for the action?” – If you can’t identify who or what is responsible for the action visited upon someone or something, it’s probably passive Профессиональный английский язык 57
Part I. Grammar review
Using Active- and Passive-Voice Verbs
• Use the active voice for most business writing • Use the passive voice to emphasize an action or the recipient of the action – rather than the actor
(Specialists were hired; Laura was honored)
• Use the passive voice to break bad news
(Although your lease cannot be renewed, we can offer . . . )
Профессиональный английский язык
Part I. Grammar review
Passive Voice Verb Forms
Present Simple Present Continuous Past Simple Past Continuous
Once a week, Tom checks the sales figures Right now, Sarah is writing the report Sam repaired the car The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store
Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect
Many clients have visited that office Recently, John has been doing the work George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license Once a week, the sales figures are checked by Tom Right now, the report is being written by Sarah The car was repaired by Sam The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store That office has been visited by many clients Recently, the work has been being done by John Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license
Профессиональный английский язык 59
Part I. Grammar review Past Perfect Continuous Simple Future Future Perfect
Passive Voice Verb Forms
Bob had been preparing reports for two years before he moved to Paris.
The reports had been being prepared by Bob for two years before he moved to Paris Someone will finish the work by 5:00 PM They will have completed the project before the deadline The work will be finished by 5:00 PM The project will have been completed before the deadline
Used to
Jerry used to pay the bills
Would Always
My boss would always write memos
Future in the Past
I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM The bills used to be paid by Jerry The memos would always be written by my boss I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM
Профессиональный английский язык
Part I. Grammar review
Future Simple
Will will + verb
You will help him later Will you help him later? You will not help him later
Be Going To am/is/are + going to + verb
You are going to meet Jane tonight Are you going to meet Jane tonight? You are not going to meet Jane tonight
Профессиональный английский язык 61
Part I. Grammar review
Will or be going to?
• to express a voluntary action • to express a promise Will
Will send
you the information when I get it.
I
will translate
the email, so Mr. Smith can read it
I will call
you when I arrive. If I am elected President of the United States, I
will make
sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance Be going to Профессиональный английский язык 62
Part I. Grammar review
Will or be going to?
Will Be going to • to express a plan • to express a prediction A: When
going to are
we
meet
each other tonight?
B: We
are going to meet
at 6 PM The year 2222
will be
a very interesting year. The year 2222
is going to be
a very interesting year. John Smith
will be
the next President John Smith
to be is going
the next President Профессиональный английский язык 63
Part I. Grammar review
Conditional 0 Situations that are always true if something happens
if clause
the present simple
result clause
the present simple
If you buy more than 200 calculators, we give you 20% discount
Профессиональный английский язык 64
Part I. Grammar review
Conditional 1 Real or possible situations
if clause
the present simple
result clause
will+ verb (base form)
We will send you the first consignment of goods in April if we sign the agreement now
Профессиональный английский язык 65
Part I. Grammar review
Conditional 2 Unreal, impossible or improvable situations
if clause result clause
the past simple would+ verb (base form)
I would forbid smoking during the day if I were the director of our company
Профессиональный английский язык 66
Part I. Grammar review
Conditional 3 Past situations with hypothetical results
if clause result clause
the past perfect would have+ past participle
If I had known that boss was watching I wouldn’t have played videogames on the working place
Профессиональный английский язык 67
Part I. Grammar review
Present Perfect Continuous
has/have + been + present participle
You have been waiting here for two hours.
Have you been waiting here for two hours?
You have not been waiting here for two hours
Профессиональный английский язык 68
Part I. Grammar review
Present Perfect Continuous is used :
• to talk about activities that started happening in the past and are still happening now with for, since, and How long ...? , for five minutes, for two weeks, since Tuesday, …
They have been coordinating network development for 5 years
• to talk about an activity that was in progress, but has just finished and about recently finished activities
The ground is very wet. It has been raining
• when something is still going on
I've been writing a report about international characters usage
Профессиональный английский язык 69
Part I. Grammar review
Past Simple vs Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous
The Past Simple We normally use the simple past to talk about actions that took place at a time that is separated from the present. It is used with expressions like
yesterday, on Monday, last week, in 1998
, etc.
Last month Vodafon
launched
a takeover bid for Airtouch. He
did
his PhD at Delft Technical University We can use the simple past and
for
to talk about something that happened during a period that has now finished He
lived
in Amsterdam for five years; then he
came
back to England The Present Perfect to talk about the present result of past actions and recent events, and often used with words like
ever, never, just, already, yet
, and phrases of unfinished time such as
so far
A2000
has cut
installation price for Internet over TV cable network by 30%.
Have
wine you
ever tried
Swiss Профессиональный английский язык 70
Part I. Grammar review
Past Simple vs Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous
• The Present Perfect +
for
and
since
with
for
and
since
and stative verbs, or to refer to actions that are seen as long term or permanent .
We use
for
to talk about the duration of the period of time and
since
to talk about the starting point of an action or state.I
have been
with my department
for
three years.I
have been
in Internet technologies
since
1992 • It is also used in the negatives with
for
and
since
to talk about the last time something took placeI
haven't met
him for six month .I
haven't been feeling
well recently Профессиональный английский язык 71
Part I. Grammar review
Past Simple vs Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous
• It is used with
since
to talk about completed action.The Commission
has launched
three new programs
since
December • The Present Perfect ContinuousThe present perfect continuous can be used with
for
and
since
to talk about activities that have gone on repeatedly or continuously for a period of time, and are still going on.
The Commission
has been coordinating
network development
for
5 years Профессиональный английский язык 72
Part I. Grammar review
Past Continuous
was/were + present participle
You were studying when she called. Were you studying when she called? You were not studying when she called
Профессиональный английский язык 73
Part I. Grammar review
Past Continuous is used:
• to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted Sammy
was waiting
for us when we got off the plane. While I
was writing
the email, the computer suddenly went off. A: What
were
you broke your leg?
doing
when you B: I
was snowboarding
• to express the idea that parallel actions were happening at the same time
I wasn't paying
attention while I
was writing
the letter, so I made several mistakes. What
were
you
doing were waiting
?
while you Профессиональный английский язык 74
Part I. Grammar review
Past Continuous is used
:
• to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past • to expresse the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. When I walked into the office, several people
were
busily
typing
, some
were talking
on the phones, the boss
was yelling
directions, and customers
were waiting
to be helped. One customer
was yelling
at a secretary and
waving
his hands. Others
were complaining
to each other about the bad service He
was constantly talking
. He annoyed everyone. I didn't like them because they
were always complaining
Профессиональный английский язык 75
Part I. Grammar review
Past Perfect
had + past participle
You had studied English before you moved to New York Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York
Профессиональный английский язык 76
Part I. Grammar review
Past Perfect is used:
• to express the idea that something occurred before another action in the past
Had
Susan ever
studied
moved to Thailand? Thai before she We were not able to get a hotel room because we
had not booked
in advance. A :
Had
you ever
visited
your trip in 2006?
the U.S. before B : Yes, I
had been
to the U.S. once before
• to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past
By the time Alex finished his studies, he
had been
in London for over eight years. They felt bad about selling the house because they
had owned
it for more than forty years
Профессиональный английский язык 77
Part I. Grammar review
Past Perfect Continuous
had been + present participle
You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived
Профессиональный английский язык 78
Part I. Grammar review
Past Perfect Continuous is used:
• to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past • before another action in the past to show cause and effect
She
had been working
at that company for three years when it went out of business. How long
had
the bus? you
been waiting
to get on Mike wanted to sit down because he
had been standing
all day at work. James
had been teaching
at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia Jason was tired because he
had been jogging
Sam gained weight because he
had been overeating.
Betty failed the final test because she
had not been attending
class
Профессиональный английский язык 79
• Part I. Grammar review
Purpose clauses
to state the purpose of the action in the independent clause. The most common type of purpose clause is a to-infinitive clause
Sarah went to the computer lab to print out her research report
•
In formal writing,
in order to
and
so as to
are often used
The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its clients’ views
•
In formal writing,
so that
or
in order that
can be used These finite purpose clauses usually contain a modal
Dr Green adjusted the overhead projector so that the students would be able to see the chart more clearly
Профессиональный английский язык 80
Part I. Grammar review
Reason clauses
•
to explain why something happens, you can use a reason clause introduced by the conjunctions
because
,
as
or
since
As she wanted to practice her spoken English, Carrie regularly took part in the ELC’s Big Mouth Corner
•
to express reason use the prepositional phrases
because of
and
on account of
We were unable to carry out the experiment on account of a malfunction in the computer
Профессиональный английский язык 81
Part I. Grammar review
Result clauses
•
to indicate the result of an action or situation, you can use a result clause. Result clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as
so
,
so... that
, or
such
…
that The lecture was boring and irrelevant, so some of the students began to fall asleep
•
to talk about the result of an action or situation you may prefer to use and
as a result
or
with the result that The lecture was boring and irrelevant, and as a result some of the students began to fall asleep
Профессиональный английский язык 82
Part I. Grammar review
Direct Speech
‘Direct’ reported speech ‘Indirect’ reported speech He said, Our boss told us to finish project till Friday He said that their boss had told them to finish project till Friday Профессиональный английский язык 83
Part I. Grammar review
Backshift of tenses
Present Simple Past Simple Present Perfect Past Perfect will can may Past Simple Past Perfect would could might Peter: "We invest much in R&D." Peter: "We invested much in R&D." Peter: "We have invested much in R&D." Peter: "We had invested much in R&D." Peter: "We will invest much in R&D." Peter said that they invested much in R&D Peter said that they had invested much in R&D Peter: "We can invest much in R&D." Peter: "We may invest much in R&D." Peter said that they would invest much in R&D Peter said that they could invest much in R&D Peter said that they might invest much in R&D Профессиональный английский язык 84
Part I. Grammar review
Backshift of tenses
would, could, might, should, ought to am/are/is was/were has been had been would, could, might, should, ought to was/were had been Peter: "We would invest much in R&D." Peter said that they would invest much in R&D Peter: "We are investing much in R&D Peter said that they were investing much in R&D." Peter: "We were investing much in R&D." ."Peter: "We have been investing much in R&D." Peter said that they had been investing much in R&D ." Peter: ""We had been investing much in R&D." Профессиональный английский язык 85
Part I. Grammar review
Shifting of expressions of time
this (evening) today/this day these (days) now (a week) ago last weekend → → → → → → here next (week) → → tomorrow → yesterday → that (evening) that day those (days) then (a week) before the weekend before / the previous weekend there the following (week) the next/following day the day before Профессиональный английский язык 86
Part I. Grammar review
Reported orders, requests, suggestions
Patterns:
• to report an order or request
verb + indirect object + to-clause
“
Bring me the file, please.”
→
secretary to bring her the file She told the
• to report a request for objects
ask + for + object
“
Can you call him later? He is at meeting” → Secretary asked him to call later
Профессиональный английский язык 87
Part I. Grammar review
Verbs
•
tell, command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid , urge
with
a to-clause
“ Do not leave this file in the office!.” → He advised not to leave that file in the office
•
suggest, insist, recommend, demand, request, propose
are usually make a reported speech with
a that-clause
“So lets work twice intensive to finish project till Friday.” → It was suggested to work twice intensive to finish project in time
Профессиональный английский язык 88
Part I. Grammar review
Reported questions
• yes/no questions →
if оr whether “Will you bring me some coffee, please?” → He asked her if she would bring him some coffee
• Questions beginning with a question word → subject → to subject + verb verb +
"Where are you staying?" - Peter asked me where I was staying
Профессиональный английский язык 89
Part I. Grammar review
Gerund
Functions
Subject
Indicators
Part of a compound nominal predicate modal Part of a compound verbal predicate After the verbs and verbal phrases denoting modality:
can’t stand, cant help
Patterns
Riding a bicycle is my favorite pastime.
It’s no use crying over split milk All he wanted was getting out of here I can’t help smiling.
I like reading at meal times
Профессиональный английский язык 90
Part I. Grammar review
Functions
Part of a compound verbal predicate aspect Object (Direct and Prepositional) Attribute
Gerund
Indicators Patterns
After the verbs denoting the beginning, duration or end of an action:
begin, cease, commence, go on, continue, finish, give up, keep on, stop,proceed, etc.
The baby started crying.
He kept on asking till she agree Would you mind my opening the window?
She didn’t apologize for being late
Always preceded by a preposition
He had no desire of seeing her again
Профессиональный английский язык 91
Part I. Grammar review
Gerund
Functions
Adverbial modifier of manner time attendant circumsta nces
Indicators
With the prepositions
by, in
With the prepositions
after, before, on (upon), in, at
With the preposition
without
Patterns
David interrupted the boy by talking him by the elbow On hearing the bell, she went to open the door She could talk about impersonal things without turning the conversation into a lecture
Профессиональный английский язык 92
Part I. Grammar review
Gerund
Functions
Adverbial modifier of purpose condition
Indicators
With the preposition
for
With the prepositions
without, in case of
cause/reason With the prepositions
for, for fear of, owning through, because
concession With the preposition
in spite of
Patterns
This room is used for studying He couldn’t enter without being invited Through being careless, he met with an accident In spite of being tired, he continued working
Профессиональный английский язык 93
Part I. Grammar review
Infinitive
• An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to + verb and functioning as a noun , adjective , or adverb
to go to do to speak to read
• In a sentence the infinitive can function as a subject, part of a predicate, an attribute, an object, and an adverbial modifier
Профессиональный английский язык 94
• • • •
•
Part I. Grammar review
The bare infinitive (without to) is used:
after most auxiliaries
She can't speak to you
after verbs of perception , with the pattern verb + object + bare infinitive
He saw her fall from the cliff
after the verbs 'make' and 'let'
Her parents let her stay out late
, with the pattern make/let + object + zero infinitive after the expression 'had better‘
She had better ask him not to come after the expression 'would rather' when referring to the speaker's own actions Не said he would rather stay at home
Профессиональный английский язык 95
Part I. Grammar review
Predicative constructions wth the infinitive
The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction Infinitive + N (common case) / pron (objective case) after perception; verbs denoting sense
I haven't heard anyone call me
- after verbs denoting mental activity;
I know you to be the most honest, spotless creature that ever lived
- after verbs of declaring:
She declared him to be the most disobedient child in existence
after verbs intention and after denoting wish “I would like” and The Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction Infinitive + N (common case)/ pron ( nominative case) with verbs perception; denoting sense
Mr. Mc'Cord was heard to laugh heartily
- with verbs denoting mental activity;
He was thought to be honest and kindly
- w ith verb “to make” Профессиональный английский язык 96
Part I. Grammar review
Predicative constructions wth the infinitive
The For-to-Infinitive Construction, the Absolute Infinitive
Infinitive + N/pron preceded by
for
The Absolute Infinitive
with
+
to Infinitive Functions: - s ubject, often with the introductory “it”;
I sometimes think it is shame for people to spend so much money this way
- predicative;
That was for him to find out.
- attribute;
There is nobody for him to speak with
- complex object Functions: - an adverbial modifier of attending circumstances
Mr Brown is below, Sir, with a car to take you to the airport
Профессиональный английский язык 97
Part I. Grammar review
Participles
Participle I
present participle
Participle II
past participle V+
ing
regular verbs - V+ ed irregular verbs - III form
Active Passive
Indefinite Perfect writing having written being written having been written
returned discussed written Having returned from a business trip, he suggested new methods of work The project, which had been discussed at the workers' meeting, was soon approved by the directors of the factory
Профессиональный английский язык 98
Part I. Grammar review
Predicative Constructions with Participle
The Objective Participial Construction
Please, help me to start these mechanisms working
The Subjective Participial Construction
- with participle I of the active voice - after the verbs
to make, to get, to like, to want
the construction is used only with participle II
He soon made his presence felt They were seen speaking to the head teacher
Профессиональный английский язык 99
Part I. Grammar review
Predicative Constructions with Participle
The Absolute Participial Construction The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
Functions as an adverbial modifier of time, reason, condition, manner or attendant circumstances Functions as an adverbial modifier of manner or attendant circumstances
Her luggage registered, he went to the platform We spent the summer in theircottage, they ocupying the front room and we having the verandah at our disposa With the clock chiming seven times, she jumped out of bed and hurried to the kitchen
Профессиональный английский язык 100
Part I. Grammar review
Punctuation marks
apostrophe ( ’ ' ) brackets ( ), [ ], { }, < > colon ( : ) comma ( , ) dashes ellipsis ( ‒, –, —, ― ) ( …, ... ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) guillemets ( « » ) hyphen ( -, ‐ ) question mark ( ? ) quotation marks ( ‘ ’, “ ” ) semicolon ( ; ) slash/stroke solidus ( ∕ ) ( / ) Профессиональный английский язык 101
Part I. Grammar review
General typography
ampersand (
&
) asterisk (
*
) at (
@
) backslash (
\
bullet (
•
) ) caret (
^
) currency (
¤
degree (
°
) ) ¢ , $ , € , £ , ¥ , ₩ , ₪ dele ( ) emoticons (
☻
) inverted exclamation point (
¡
) inverted question mark (
¿
) number sign numero sign (
#
(
№
) ) percent and related signs ( %, ‰, ‱ pilcrow (
¶
) ) prime (
′
) section sign (
§
) tilde/swung dash (
~
) umlaut/diaeresis (
¨
) underscore/understrike vertical/pipe/broken bar (
_
) (
|
,
¦
) Профессиональный английский язык 102
• • • • • • • Part I. Grammar review
Always follow these rules of punctuation:
Put one space after punctuation Put no spaces before punctuation, but always put a space between words Put two spaces after colons and between sentences Put end-of-sentence punctuation inside quotation marks Put commas and other sentence punctuation outside of parentheses Put a comma (plus a space) before and, but, or, and nor when they join two sentences In general, if you use an adjective-plus-noun (or adverb adjective) phrase to modify another noun the adjective and noun should be joined with a hyphen Профессиональный английский язык 103
• • • Part I. Grammar review
Always follow these rules of punctuation:
Names of newspapers, books, movies, ships, magazines, journals, and poems are usually italicized or underlined Ellipsis (...) is used to show that something has been omitted For quotes within quotes, use single quotes Профессиональный английский язык 104
Part II. Language check
105
Part II. Language check
Word formation in English
Affixation Compounding Coinage
adding a prefix to the root to change the meaning of the word
a.
suffixes: care ful , Russ
ian
b.
prefixes: dis connect, super market
joining two or more words into one new word
skateboard, whitewash, cat lover
some suffixes can be used to create or coin new words
health-conscious, money-minded
Профессиональный английский язык 106
Part II. Language check
Word formation in English
Zero derivation Stress shift
adding no affixes; simply using a word of one category as a word of another category
butter, referee, proposition
no affix is added to the base, but the stress is shifted from one syllable to the other. with the stress shift comes a change in category
cómbine - combíne , transport transpórt
Clipping
shortening of a polysyllabic word
bro (brother), pro (professional)
Профессиональный английский язык 107
Part II. Language check
Word formation in English
Acronym formation
forming words from the initials of a group of words that designate one concept
NATO (north atlantic treaty organization)
Blending Backformation
parts (which are not morphemes!) of two already existing words are put together to form a new word a suffix identifiable from other words is cut off of a base which has previously not been a word; that base then is used as a root, and becomes a word through widespread use
motel (motor hotel) brunch (breakfast & lunch) pronunciate (pronunciation pronounce)
Профессиональный английский язык 108
Part II. Language check
Word formation in English
Adoption of brand names as common words
a brand name becomes the name for the item or process associated with the brand name
xerox, kleenex, band aid, kitty litter
Onomatopoeia Borrowing
words are invented which (to native speakers at least) sound like the sound they name or the entity which produces the soun a word is taken from another language. it may be adapted to the borrowing language's phonological system to varying degrees
hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, buzz, beep, ding-dong skunk, tomato (from indigenous languages of the americas)
Профессиональный английский язык 109
Part II. Language check
Cinquain poetry
• A cinquain is a type of poetry. In many ways it is similar to a Japanese haiku • A cinquain goes by the number of words in each line. It was invented by US poet Adelaide Crapsey. She named her new construction cinquain, based on the French word for "five" • The cinquain is always made up of five lines. Modern forms of the cinquain often use word counts Профессиональный английский язык 110
Part II. Language check
The layout for a cinquain
• Title ________ • Line 1 (one noun) ________________________________________ • Line 2 (two adjectives describing the noun) __________________________________ • Line 3 (three “ing” verbs describing the noun) ________________________________ • Line 4 (statement about the noun) __________________________________________ • Line 5 (repeat the noun or give a synonym) ___________________________________ Профессиональный английский язык 111
Part II. Language check
Eagles Peaceful, Precious Soaring, Rising, Dying Symbol of freedom and glory Eagle
Профессиональный английский язык 112
Part II. Language check
How to write a summary
Steps
1.
3.
Read through the whole piece - carefully. Annotate as you read
2.
Look back for the 1-2 sentences that state the author's main point. Write it/them down Reread the selection, dividing it into sections of thought
4.
5.
Write a sentence or two summarizing each section of thought Write a first draft of your summary
6.
8.
Check your draft against the original piece for accuracy
7.
Revise the summary. In other words, link your section summary sentences together with good transitional words or phrases Proofread and spellcheck Профессиональный английский язык 113
Part II. Language check 1.
Word patterns
The title of the article (book, text) I ’m going to speak (to write) about is … 2.
3.
4.
As the title presumes, the article is about … The article deals with … The author of the article touches upon the problem(s) of … 5.
The author of the article raises such urgent (acute, important, series, complicated, vital) problems (questions, issues) as...
6.
The prime objective/target of the author is to attract the reader ’s attention to the problem of...
7.
The author starts with the statement of the problem and then logically passes over its possible solution 8.
The author begins his article with the statement (comment, idea, question, remark) on/about...
Профессиональный английский язык 114
Part II. Language check
Word patterns
9.
10.
11.
The author continues with the idea(s) (views, facts, figures) about...
The author concludes with the idea(s) (statement) that...
The article says “...” The article runs “...” 12.
The author refers to the data/the results of the research/the fact(s) that...
13.
14.
15.
The idea (point of view, viewpoint, standpoint) of the author is the following...
The author’s opinion is that...
The article is informative (significant, profound, thought provoking, captivating, urgent, acute...).
16.
The message of the article is that...
17.
The main idea of the article is the following...
Профессиональный английский язык 115
Part II. Language check
Measures of Length
Imperial
1 inch [in] 1 foot [ft] 1 yard [yd] 1 mile 12 in 3 ft
Metric
2.54 cm 0.3048 m 0.9144 m 1760 yd 1.6093 km
Metric
1 millimetre [mm] 1 centimetre [cm] 10 mm
Imperial
0.03937 in 0.3937 in 100 cm 1.0936 yd 1 metre [m] 1 kilometre [km] 1000 m 0.6214 mile 1 int nautical mile 2025.4 yd 1.853 km Профессиональный английский язык 116
Part II. Language check
Measures of Area
Metric Imperial Imperial
1 sq inch [in 2 ] 1 sq cm [cm 2 ] 100 mm 2 0.1550 in 2 1 sq m [m 2 ] 1 hectare [ha] 10,000 cm 2 10,000 m 2 1.1960 yd 2 2.4711 acres 1 sq [ft 2 ] foot 1 sq [yd 2 ] 1 acre yd 144 in 2 9 ft 2 4840 yd 2
Metric
6.4516
cm 2 0.0929 m 2 0.8361 m 2 4046.9 m 2 1 sq km [km 2 ] 100 ha 0.3861 mile 2 1 sq mile [mile 2 ] 640 acres 2.59 km 2 Профессиональный английский язык 117
Part II. Language check
Measures of Volume
Metric 1 cu cm [cm] Imperial 0.0610 in 3 Imperial 1 cu inch [in 3 ] Metric 16.387 cm 3 1 cu decimetre [dm 3 ] 1,000 cm 3 0.0353 ft 3 1 cu metre [m 3 ] 1,000 dm 3 1.3080 yd 3 1 litre [l] 1 dm 3 1.76 pt 1 hectolitre [hl] 100 l 21.997 gal 1 cu foot [ft 3 ] 1,728 in 3 0.0283 m 1 fluid ounce [fl oz] 1 pint [pt] 28.413 ml 20 fl oz 0.5683 l 3 1 gallon[gal] 8 pt USA measure 1 fluid ounce Metric 1.0408 uk fl oz 29.574 ml 1 pint (16 fl oz) 0.8327 uk pt 0.4731 l 1 gallon 0.8327 uk gal 3.7854 l
Профессиональный английский язык
4.5461 l
118
Part II. Language check
Measures of Mass
Metric 1 milligram [mg] Imperial 0.0154 grain 1 gram [g] 1,000 mg 0.0353 oz 1 kilogram [kg] 1,000 g 2.2046 lb 1 tonne [t] 1,000 kg 0.9842 ton Imperial 1 ounce [oz] 437 grain Metric 28.35 g 1 pound [lb] 16 oz 0.4536 kg 1 stone 14 lb 6.3503 kg 1 hundredweight [cwt] 1 long ton (uk) 112 lb 20 cwt 50.802 kg 1.016 t
Профессиональный английский язык 119
Part II. Language check
Temperature
• To change temperature given in Fahrenheit (
F
) to Celsius (
C
) : • Start with (
F
) • Subtract 32 • Multiply by 5 • Divide by 9 • The answer is (
C
) • To change temperature given in Celsius (
C
) to Fahrenheit (
F
): • Start with (
C
) • Multiply by 9 • Divide by 5 • Add on 32 • The answer is (
F
) Профессиональный английский язык 120
Part II. Language check
Reading English Numerals
"a" instead of "one" • 100 - "a hundred" • 1/2 - "a half " • 11/2 - "one and a half "
Профессиональный английский язык 121
Part II. Language check
Fractions & decimals
• • • • • • • 1/8 one eighth 1/5 one fifth 1/4 one quarter 3/4 three quarters 1/3 one third 2/3 two thirds 1/2 one half • • 1.36 one point thirty six 0.06 nought point oh six Профессиональный английский язык 122
Part II. Language check
0 in English
0 = oh
when we use it
after a decimal point in bus or room numbers in phone numbers in years
for example:
9.02 = "nine point oh two" room 101 = "room one oh one" bus 602 = "bus six oh two" 9130472 = "nine one three oh four seven two" 1906 = "nineteen oh six" Профессиональный английский язык 123
Part II. Language check
0 in English
0 = nought 0 = zero 0 = nil 0 = love
when we use it for example:
before a decimal point in temperature for the number 0.06 = "nought point oh six" 0 = zeroin temperature -10 °c = "10 degrees below zero" 0 = "zero" in football in tennis chelsea 2 manchester united 0 = "chelsea two manchester united nil" 20 - 0 = "twenty love" Профессиональный английский язык 124
Part II. Language check
Symbols
Sums:
Word (common term in brackets)
+ x ÷ = .
% 1 + 6 - 2 x 2 ÷ 2.5=4 10% 100=10 Plus (And) Minus (Take away) Multiplied by (Times) Divided by Equals (Is) Point Percent One plus six minus two multiplied by two divided by two point five equals four. / One and six take away two times two divided by two point five is four. Ten percent of one hundred equals ten.
Профессиональный английский язык 125
Part II. Language check
Dates
•
June 1, 1977 – (US) June first, nineteen seventy seven
•
1 June 1977 (GB) the first of June nineteen seventy-seven
•
What day is it? It is the twenty-sixth of February (GB).
•
It’s February twenty-sixth (US) – 2/26/1978
Профессиональный английский язык 126
Part II. Language check
Numbers in Writing Spell out
• numbers of one hundred or less • numbers that are rounded to hundreds • any number that begins a sentence • a fraction that stands alone without a whole number (one-half, two-thirds, three quarters, etc.) • ordinal numbers (first, second, third, ....) • an expression of time unless it is a specific time using A.M. or P.M. Профессиональный английский язык 127
Part II. Language check
Symbols and conventions used in dictionaries We use dictionaries
• • • • • • to learn meanings of unfamiliar word to find correct spellings to find out how to correctly use a word – as what part of speech to find the pronunciation for a word to find the derivation of a word (the origins of the word) to find the correct spellings of derivatives Профессиональный английский язык 128
Part II. Language check
Dictionary entry Mobility
/ m
U ə
‘bil
ə
ti; AmE mo
U
-/
1.
2.
The ability to move easily from one place, social class, or job to another: social/geographical/ career mobility-see also UPWARD MOBILITY The ability to move or travel around easily:
An electric wheelchair has given her greater mobility
* Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, Oxford university press 8-th ed.,2004. P.818
Профессиональный английский язык 129
Part II. Language check
Some useful abbreviations:
• abbrev - abbreviation • adj - adjective • adv - adverb • agric - agriculture • bus - business • coll - colloquial • conj.- conjunction • econ - economics • e.g. - for example • esp -especially • etc. - and so on • id - idiomatic • i.e. -that is • interj.-interjection Профессиональный английский язык • n - noun • opp - opposite to • pl - plural • pron.- pronoun • pv - phrasal verb • sb - somebody • sing - singular • sl - slang • sth - something • tdmk -trademark • UK - british english • us - american english • usu -usually • vb.- verb 130
Part II. Language check
Linking Words
Function
Giving examples Giving a result Adding information Summarising
Word Example for example; for instance; namely therefore; so; consequently; this means that; as a result
There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time The company are expanding. Therefore they are taking an extra staff
and; in addition; as well as; also; too; furthermore; moreover; apart from; in addition to; besides in short; in brief; in summary; to summarise; in a nutshell; to conclude; in conclusion
We discussed training, ducation and the budget To summarise this result we have found the necessary configuration of parameters
Профессиональный английский язык 131
Part II. Language check
Linking Words
Function
Sequencing ideas Giving a reason Contrasting ideas
Word the former … the latter; firstly, secondly, finally; the first point is; lastly; the following due to / due to the fact that; owing to /owing to the fact that; because; because of; since; as but; ; however; although / even though; despite / despite the fact that; n spite of / in spite of the fact That; nevertheless; nonetheless; while; hereas; Unlike; in theory… in practice… Example
Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25% He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much
Профессиональный английский язык
Part II. Language check
Negotiating in English
Rules to successful negotiations
• Always try to negotiate for at least 15 minutes • Always offer to let the other party speak first • Always respect and listen to what your opponent has to say • Asknowledge what the other party says • Pay attention to your own and your counterpartner's body language Профессиональный английский язык 133
Part II. Language check
Language to use…
Language to use…
…
to show understanding/ agreement on a point:
•
I agree with you on that point
•
That's a fair suggestion
•
So what you're saying is that you...
•
I think we can both agree that...
…
for objection on a
• •
point or offer: The way I look at it...
I'm afraid I had something different in mind
•
From my perspective...;
•
Is that your best offer? …in closing:
•
Let's leave it this way for now
•
I'm willing to work with that
•
I think we both agree to these terms
•
I'm satisfied with this decision
Профессиональный английский язык 134
Part II. Language check
Body language in negotiating
Body Language Avoiding Eye Contact Serious Eye Contact Touching the face/fidgeting Nodding Shaking the head/turning away Possible meaning •Lying •Not interested •Not telling the whole truth •Trying to intimidate •Showing anger •Nervousness •Lack of confidence •Submission •Agreeing •Willing to compromise •Frustrated •In disbelief •Disagreeing with a point Профессиональный английский язык 135
Part II. Language check
The words and terms for telephoning
• • • • • • • • • • •
Answering machine
-something that you can record a message on if the person you are calling isn't home
Answe
r - to say "hello" into the phone when it rings
Call
-a telephone conversation; to telephone
Calle
r -the person who telephones
Call back/phone back
-to call someone who called you first
Call display
-a screen that shows you who is calling
Cellular phone/cell phone
-a telephone that you can take with you away from your house; mobile phone
Dial
-to press the buttons on the phone
Operator
- a person who answers telephone related questions when you dial "0“
Phone
-a telephone; to telephone
Ring
-the sound a phone makes when somebody calls; to make that sound Профессиональный английский язык 136
Part II. Language check
Answering the phone Introducing yourself Asking to speak with someone
• Hello? (informal) • Thank you for calling Boyz Autobody. Jody speaking How can I help you? • Doctor's office • Hey George. It's Lisa calling. (informal) • Hello, this is Julie Madison calling • Hi, it's Gerry from the dentist's office here • This is she • Speaking • Is Fred in? (informal) • Is Jackson there, please? (informal) • Can I talk to your sister? (informal) • May I speak with Mr. Green, please? • Would the doctor be in/available? Профессиональный английский язык 137
Part II. Language check
Connecting
•
someone
• •
Just a sec. I'll get him. (informal) Hang on one second. (informal) Please hold and I'll put you through to his office
•
One moment please
•
All of our operators are busy at this time
•
Please hold for the next available person
Leaving a message on an answering machine Finishing a conversation
•
Hey Mikako. It's Yuka. Call me! (informal)
•
Hello, this is Ricardo calling for Luke. Could you please return my call as soon as possible. My number is 334-5689. Thank you
•
Hello Maxwell. This is Marina from the doctor's office calling I just wanted to let you know that you're due for a check-up this month. Please give us a ring/buzz whenever it's convenient.
•
Well, I guess I better get going. Talk to you soon
•
Thanks for calling. Bye for now
•
I have to let you go now
•
I have another call coming through. I better run
•
I'm afraid that's my other line
•
I'll talk to you again soon. Bye
Профессиональный английский язык
Part II. Language check
Meetings in English
• • • • • •
Well, since everyone is here, we should get started Hello, everyone. Thank you for coming today I think we'll begin now. First I'd like to welcome you all Thank you all for coming at such short notice I really appreciate you all for attending today We have a lot to cover today, so we really should begin
Профессиональный английский язык 139
Part II. Language check
Meeting
Introducing new people
•
I'd like to take a moment to introduce our new tour coordinator.
•
I know most of you, but there are a few unfamiliar faces.
•
Stella, would you like to stand up and introduce yourself?
•
Hi everyone. I'm Judy Strauss. I'll be acting as Amanda's assistant while Nancy is away on maternity leave.
Discussing
•
If I could just come in here...
•
I'm afraid I'd have to disagree about that.
•
Could I just say one thing?
•
I'm really glad you brought that up, Kana.
•
I couldn't agree with you more. (I agree)
•
Jane, could you please speak up. We can't hear you at the back.
•
If I could have the floor (chance to speak) for a moment...
Taking the meetings
•
I think we've spent
enough time on this topic.
•
We're running short on time, so let's move on.
•
We're running behind schedule, so we'll have to skip the next item.
•
We only have fifteen minutes remaining and there's a lot left to cover.
•
If we don't move on, we'll run right into lunch
Attendance
•
It looks like everyone is
•
here today.
If you notice anyone missing, please let Jane know so that she can make a note of it.
•
Unfortunately, Ken cannot join us today. He has been called away on business
•
Mike will be standing in to take the minutes today, as Lisa is at home with the flu.
Voting
•
All in favour? (Those who agree raise their hands or say "Aye".)
•
All opposed?
•
Motion to hire more tour guides, moved by Thoma s
Профессиональный английский язык
Keeping the discussion focused
•
Let's stick to the task at hand, shall we?
•
I think we're steering off topic a bit with this.
•
I'm afraid we've strayed from the matter at hand.
•
You can discuss this among yourselves at another time.
•
We've lost sight of the point here.
•
This matter is not on today's agenda.
•
Let's save this for another meeting.
•
Getting back to item number 5...
•
Now where were we? Oh yes, let's vote
140
Part II. Language check
Closing the meeting
•
It looks like we've run out of time, so I guess we'll finish here
•
I think we've covered everything on the list
•
I guess that will be all for today
•
Well, look at that...we've finished ahead of schedule for once
•
If no one has anything else to add, then I think we'll wrap this up
•
I'm afraid we're going to have to cut this meeting short. I've just been informed of a problem that needs my immediate attention
Профессиональный английский язык 141
Part II. Language check
Writing memos
a hard-copy (sent on paper) document used for communicating inside an organisation
A memo is:
contains To, From, Date, Subject Headings and Message sections usually short Профессиональный английский язык 142
Part II. Language check
Memo
A 'To' section ( Health & Safety Committee)
To:
A 'From' section. (Joe Chan, Chairperson, H&S Ctte)
From:
A 'Date' section.
Date:
A Subject Heading (Room change for next meeting) Health & Safety Committee Joe Chan, Chairperson, H&S Ctte 12 December 2007
Subject:
Room change for next meeting The message Signature (optional) The meeting on has been changed to Room 101 Профессиональный английский язык 143
Part II. Language check
How to write an essay
•
Here's How
• • Select the topic of your essay Outline your essay into introductory, body and summary paragraphs • Use one sentence to introduce every body paragraph to follow • Finish the introductory paragraph with a short summary or goal statement • The penultimate sentence should restate your basic thesis of the essay • In each of the body paragraphs the ideas first presented in the introductory paragraph are developed • • • Body paragraphs should develop the central idea and finish with a summary of that idea. There should be at least two examples or facts in each body paragraph to support the central idea Профессиональный английский язык 144
Part II. Language check
Tips
• Use strong verbs and avoid modals to state your opinion • Do not apologize for what you are saying.
An essay is about your opinion • Do not translate from your mother tongue, it will quickly get you into trouble!
Профессиональный английский язык 145
Part II. Language check
Phrasal verbs
• A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb
I ran into my teacher at the movies last night
• Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object
He suddenly showed up
• Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb can be followed by an object
I made up the story
Профессиональный английский язык 146
Part II. Language check
Phrasal verbs
• Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed between the verb and the preposition.
She looked the phone number up
• Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. The object is placed after the preposition
I ran into an old friend yesterday.
They are looking into the problem
• Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places
I looked the number up in the phone book.
I looked up the number in the phone book
Профессиональный английский язык 147
Part II. Language check
To get + …
•
direct object
•
- to obtain, to receive, to buy
place expression
•
- reach, arrive at a place
adjective
- to become, show a change of state
Профессиональный английский язык 148
Part II. Language check
To get + preposition
Phrasal Verb Meaning get at
try to express
get away with
escape punishment for a crime or bad action
get by get down get off get on get out of get over get through get up get up to
manage (financially) descend; depress leave a form of transport (train, bus, bicycle, plane) enter/sit on a form of transport (train, bus, bicycle, plane) have a relationship with someone manage avoid doing something, especially a duty recover (from an illness, a surprise) use or finish the supply of something leave your bed do – usually something bad Профессиональный английский язык 149
Part II. Language check
Expressions with GET
•
- to get rid of something → to throw it away
• •
I'm going to get rid of all these old newspapers
- to get out of the wrong side mood → to be in a bad
He got out of the wrong side of the bed this morning and he's been horrible all day
- to get your own back or punish someone → to have your revenge
She's getting her own back for all those rude things you said at the party last night
Профессиональный английский язык 150
Part II. Language check
Get + adjective or Past Participle
•
I got sick after eating the red meat
(I became sick)
•
They will get married tomorrow
(They changed from single to married)
•
He got killed in the accident
(Something caused him to die)
Профессиональный английский язык 151
Part II. Language check
A standard business letter has 10 elements:
• Return Address • Date • Inside Address • Salutation • Body • Closing • Signature • Name • Position • Abbreviations at the end of a letter Профессиональный английский язык 152
Part II. Language check
Full Block Format
XYZ COMMCO INC .[1] 111 Any Street -- San Francisco, CA 94118 -- (415) 221-1212 [1] May 22, 2007 [2] Mr. John Smith [3] XYZ Company 123 Anything Avenue San Francisco, CA 94115 Dear Mr. Smith: [4] With the full-block letter style each paragraph begins on the left margin. Some more important information continues in the first paragraph for two to four sentences. [5] Between paragraphs there is additional line space indicating a new paragraph. As before, this paragraph begins at the left margin, as do the date of composition, receiver’s address, complimentary close, sender’s name, title, and additional information. [5] Sincerely yours, [6] Terry or Terry D. Sender(signed) [7] Terry D. Sender [8] Project Manager [9] TDS:YS [10] CC: A. Receiver, B. Receiver
Профессиональный английский язык 153
Part II. Language check
Block Format
XYZ COMMCO INC [1] 111 Any Street -- San Francisco, CA 94118 -- (415) 221-1212 [1] May 22, 2007 [2] Mr. John Smith [3] XYZ Company 123 Anything Avenue San Francisco, CA 94115 Dear Mr. Smith: [4] With the block letter style each paragraph begins on the left margin. Some more important information continues in the first paragraph for two to four sentences. [5] Between paragraphs there is additional line space indicating a new paragraph. As before, this paragraph begins at the left margin, as do , receiver’s address, salutation., and additional information. However, the date of composition, complimentary close, sender’s name, and title are placed right of center. This makes the block style both functional and a bit more stylized in composition. [5] Sincerely yours, [6] Terry or Terry D. Sender(signed) [7] Terry D. Sender [8] Project Manager [9] TDS:YS [10] CC: A. Receiver, B. Receiver
Профессиональный английский язык 154
Part II. Language check
Semi Block Format
XYZ COMMCO INC [1] 111 Any Street -- San Francisco, CA 94118 -- (415) 221-1212 [1] May 22, 2007 [2] Mr. John Smith [3] XYZ Company 123 Anything Avenue San Francisco, CA 94115 Dear Mr. Smith: [4] With the block letter style each paragraph begins on the left margin. Some more important information continues in the first paragraph for two to four sentences. [5] Between paragraphs there is additional line space indicating a new paragraph. As before, this paragraph begins at the left margin, as do , receiver’s address, salutation., and additional information. However, the date of composition, complimentary close, sender’s name, and title are placed right of center. This makes the block style both functional and a bit more stylized in composition. [5] Sincerely yours, [6] Terry or Terry D. Sender(signed) [7] Terry D. Sender [8] Project Manager [9] TDS:YS [10] CC: A. Receiver, B. Receiver
Профессиональный английский язык 155
Part II. Language check
Writing letters of complaint
Background Problem Solution Warning (optional) Closing Cause Effect
I am writing to inform you that the goods we ordered from your company have not been supplied correctly You sent us an invoice for $10,532, but did not deduct our usual 10% discount I am therefore returning the invoice to you for correction Please send us a corrected invoice for $9,479 Otherwise, we may have to look elsewhere for our supplies I look forward to receiving your explanation of these matters
Профессиональный английский язык 156
Part II. Language check
The Letter of Complaint
Everlong Batteries 171 Green Road Sydney Tel/Fax 2235 2449 Mr J Wong Purchasing Officer Fortune Goods 317 Orchard Road Singapore
Dear Mr Grey
Order No. 2639/L
Please accept our apologies for the error made by our company in filling your order no. 2639/L dated . You ordered 12,000 size Ultra super-long-life premium batteries, but our dispatch office sent 1,200. This was due to a typing error.
The balance of 10,800 batteries was dispatched by express courier to your store this morning and will arrive by the next week. Since we value your business, we would like to offer you a 10% discount off your next order with us.
We look forward to receiving your further orders and assure you that they will be filled correctly.
Yours sincerely
David Brown
Distributions Manager Профессиональный английский язык 157
Part II. Language check
Writing e-mail
E - mail sections:
• • • • • • • • Subject Subject content Greeting Purpose Action Attachments Endings Names Профессиональный английский язык 158
Part II. Language check
Tips to writing business e-mails
• Use proper salutations and subject headings • Avoid using all caps • Check and re-check before sending an e-mail • Ask the original sender's permission before forwarding an e-mail • Abbreviations and emoticons should not be used in professional e-mails • Remember that certain situations still require face-to-face communication Профессиональный английский язык 159
Part II. Language check
Writting letters of enquiry
• Letters of enquiry describe what the writer wants and why It should inform the reader that this is an enquiry or request
Профессиональный английский язык 160
Part II. Language check
Letter of enquiry
Rich Lucky Trading Company 345, Nathan Rd, Kowloon, H.K.
10 August 2007 Hi-fashion Garment Ltd Unit 398 Industrial Estate Dear Sir or Madam Request for Catalogue Please send me your current catalogue.
Your company was recommended to me by Ms. Elsie Wong of Far Eastern Logistics. Our African customer is interested in importing a range of printed 100% cotton cloth.
I look forward to hearing from you. Yours K.Brown
K.Brown Merchandiser
Профессиональный английский язык 161
Part II. Language check
First Paragraph
•
tells the reader what you want; e.g.
»
Please send me...
»
(for things that the organisation offers to send)
»
I would be grateful if you could tell me...
»
(for things that are not normally offered)
»
I am writing to enquire whether...
» »
I would especially like to know...
»
(to see if something is possible) ( + a more detailed request)
Профессиональный английский язык 162
Part II. Language check
Second Paragraph
• tells the reader why you are contacting his or her organisation, and gives further details of the enquiry ; e.g.
•
I saw your advert in the New York Times on Monday, 6 August 2007
•
Your company was recommended to me by Ms. Barbara Green
Профессиональный английский язык 163
Part II. Language check
Final Paragraph
• contains a polite expression and/or an expression of thanks to the reader : • • • e.g.
•
Thanks (For a very informal and normal enquiry or request)
•
I look forward to hearing from you I am looking forward to hearing from you Thank you for your assistance I look forward to hearing from you
Профессиональный английский язык 164
Part II. Language check
Abbreviations used in letters
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • asap - as soon as possible cc - carbon copy enc. or encl. - enclosure pp = per procurationem ps - postscript pto
(informal)
- please turn over RSVP - please reply Rd., St., Sq. – road, street, square # 24., No. 24 – number (US/UK) c/o – care of Attn. – for the attention of P.OB. – Post office Box e.g. – for example eg, i.e. or ie – that is etc. or etc – and so on/etcetera cf. – compare Профессиональный английский язык • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • do – ditto viz – namely PLC – Public Limited Company Ltd – Limited Bros&Co – Brothers and company Corp. – Corporation Inc.- Incorporated @¥ 3000 each – at 3000 yen © 2005 – copyright Apple® - registered Macintosh™ - trade mark P.S. – postscript inst. – this month (instant) prox. – next month (proximo) ult. – last month (ultimo) 165
Part II. Language check
Word
lack lacks lacking lacking in
Lack/lack of
Part of Speech
verb I/you/we/they lack he/she/it lacks singular noun + lacks uncountable noun + lacks '_ing' form (present participle) adjective
Example Sentences
The government overall lacks dynamism. It was so interesting to see how Western thinking lacks creativity and is not geared to changes Lacking any respect for the union, the workers went on strike It was a well organized meeting but lacking in good leadership
Профессиональный английский язык 166
Part II. Language check
Word
lacking lacking lacked lack of
Lack/lack of
Part of Speech Example Sentences adjective
'_ing' form (reduced relative clause: the relative pronoun e.g. 'who' and the verb are missing)
Financial support for the programme is still lacking Students lacking a dictionary can use an online dictionary
lackedverb perfect and past tenses noun
His leadership has lacked imagination and aggression Social workers blame the Government for the severe lack of residential places
Профессиональный английский язык 167
Part II. Language check
Public speaking
• A successful presentation is one of the most effective ways of communicating your message Профессиональный английский язык 168
Part II. Language check
Advice
• Your language must be simple and clear • Use short words and short sentences • Do not use jargon • Talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas • Use active verbs instead of passive verbs Профессиональный английский язык 169
Part II. Language check
Signposting
Function
Introducing the subject Finishing one subject... ...and starting another Analysing a point and giving recommendations
Language
I'd like to start by... , Let's begin by...
Well, I've told you about..., That's all I have to say about..., We've looked at..., So much for... Now we'll move on to..., Let me turn now to..., Next..., Turning to...
Where does that lead us?,Let's consider this in more detail..,What does this mean for ABC?,Translated into real terms...
Профессиональный английский язык 170
Part II. Language check
Function
Giving an example Dealing with questions Summarising and concluding Ordering
Signposting
Language
For example,A good example of this is...,As an illustration,To give you an example,To illustrate this point We'll be examining this point in more detail later on..,I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may... In conclusion,...,Right, let's sum up, shall we? ,I'd like now to recap... Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly... First of all...then...next...after that...finally... To start with...later...to finish up...
Профессиональный английский язык 171
Part II. Language check
Writing job adverts
Job adverts tips : Administrative Assistant
• Make the advert easy to read!
• Use short sentences • Use bullet points and short bite sized paragraphs • Use different point-size for headings, subheadings and main text • Normally the logical headline is the job title itself - this is after all what people will be looking for • Try to incorporate something new, innovative, exciting, challenging
We require PC knowledge, excellent spoken and written English, flexibility and reliability. We can offer work withayoung team in a pleasant non moking environment. Salary negotiable depending upon experience and qualification.
Position available immediately Responses including C.V. should be sent to the following address within 14 days from the date of this advertisement: .....
Call 04 587 954 for further details
Профессиональный английский язык 172
• • • • • • • • • • • Part II. Language check
An effective job advert should contain
job title job base location indication of scale, size, responsibility, timescale, and territory of role outline of ideal candidate profile - expressed in 'second person‘ qualifications and experience required salary or salary guide whether the role is full-time or permanent or a short-term contract explanation of recruitment process response and application instructions contact details website address
Профессиональный английский язык 173
Part II. Language check
How to write resume in English
Resume Sections Include:
• Name and Address • Career Objective • Education • Activities and honors • Qualifications Профессиональный английский язык 174
Part II. Language check
Name and Address
Address section:
• your permanent address • telephone numbers • your email address 6660 North River Road West Lafayette, IN 47906 (765) 555-3366 E-Mail: [email protected] • home page address •
Name section:
your full legal name at the top of your resume Профессиональный английский язык 175
Part II. Language check
Career Objective
• the length of the position you are seeking • the job title you for which you are applying • the field or industry in which you wish to work • your most relevant skills or qualifications Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Bachelor of Science, May 1999 Major: Supervision; GPA 5.5/6.0
Профессиональный английский язык 176
Part II. Language check
Education
• the name and location of your college or university • your degree and graduation date • your major(s) and minor(s) • grade point average Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Bachelor of Science, May 1999 Major: Supervision; GPA 5.5/6.0 Профессиональный английский язык 177
Part II. Language check
Activities and honors
• • • • Activities and honors that support your career objective List your college organizations and arrange them in order of importance as they relate to your career objective Include any office or official position you held Spell out any acronyms your employer may not recognize Accounting Club, President Alpha Zeta Professional Fraternity Purdue Grand Prix Foundation, President Purdue Association for the Education of Young Children (PAEYC) Профессиональный английский язык 178
Part II. Language check
Qualifications
• jobs, activities, projects and special offices • skills gained through those experiences Conducted monthly club and board meetings for Lafayette Junior Woman's Club.
Headed club's $8,000 philanthropic project sponsored by Tippecanoe County Historical Association.
Coordinated responsibilities of committees to sell and serve food to 1500 people at fund raiser Профессиональный английский язык 179
Part II. Language check
Job Interview
The job interview contains specific questions and appropriate answers
Most important part of any job interview is:
• • •
Education Work experience Qualification
Профессиональный английский язык 180
Part II. Language check
Job Interview common questions
• • • • • • •
What type of position are you looking for?
Are you interested in a full-time or part-time position?
Can you tell about your responsibilities at your last job?
What is your greatest strength?
What is your greatest weakness?
Why do you want to work here?
When can you begin?
Профессиональный английский язык 181
Part II. Language check staff
Word
staff
Staff or staffs
Part of Speech
noun, plural (a group of workers) noun (uncountable, collective)
Example
Three-quarters of our staff are graduates.
None of the staff have volunteered The staff were very good
a member of staff noun phrase (one worker)
She has been a member of staff for 20 years.
Seven members of staff are on sick-leave today.
Some members of staff are late
Профессиональный английский язык 182
Part II. Language check
Word
to staff staffing staffed staffed a staffer
Staff or staffs
Part of Speech Example
verb noun (uncountable)
How are we going to staff the new office?
The Government has revised its staffing requirement to eighty They are staffed by volunteers
verb (usually passive voice) adverb (e.g. well staffed, over-staffed, under-staffed) noun (one worker, American English)
The ship is well-staffed, with one crew member for every three passengers The studio is run by technical staffers
Профессиональный английский язык 183
Part II. Language check
What is a trend?
Trends are the changes or movements in facts and figures over a period of time To describe trends follow the tips:
• Don’t repeat verbs • Before you start to write, make a list of synonyms words with the same meaning) • See how many ways you can rephrase the title • Be careful with prepositions. They can make a big difference in meaning. Learn your verbs with the preposition that goes with them Профессиональный английский язык 184
Part II. Language check
Vocabulary to describe trends Upward movement Downward movement Stability
climb rise increase surge rocket soar gain go through the roof jump rally strengthen decline decrease drop fall slide lose ground crash collapse plummet plunge take a fall flatten out hold steady level off stabilize bounce back rally recover Профессиональный английский язык
For specifying the degree of change
slow steady slight sharp gradual disastrous massive perilous rapid heavy nervous 185
Part II. Language check
What is a chart?
A chart is a diagram that makes information easier to understand by showing how two or more sets of data are related There are two common types of charts:
Types of charts a pie chart a bar chart
Профессиональный английский язык 186
Part II. Language check
What is a pie chart?
A pie graph (or pie chart) is a specialized graph used in statistics It is a circle divided into segments. It is usually used to show percentages
Example:
Services
Structure of import
Minerals F inished goods
Профессиональный английский язык 187
Part II. Language check
Pie chart
It will consist of two variables
The independent It is plotted around a circle in either a clockwise direction or a variable counterclockwise direction It can attain a finite number of discrete values (for example, five) The dependent variable (usually a percentage) It is rendered as an arc whose measure is proportional to the magnitude of the quantity It can attain any value from zero to 100 percent Профессиональный английский язык 188
Part II. Language check
What is a bar chart?
A bar chart is a diagram that makes information easier to understand by showing how two or more sets of data are related. A bar chart is divided into columns
These are the most popular type of chart used in technical analysis. The visual representation of price activity over a given period of time is used to spot trends and patterns. Example:
Structure of import 100 80 60 40 20 0 20,4 Minerals 27,4 Finished goods 90 Services
Профессиональный английский язык 189
Part II. Language check
What is a graph?
A graph is a diagram, usually a line or curve, which shows how two or more sets of numbers or measurements are related
Example: Dynamics of import It is mainly used for evident representation about character of change (dynamics) of function, sizes
240 230 220 210 200 0
Профессиональный английский язык
1 216 2 208,9 3 230 4 205 5
190
Part II. Language check
What is a table?
A table is a set of facts and figures arranged in columns and rows It is the list of data, the numerical data resulted in certain system and carried under columns; the report, the sheet
Example:
Table 1 - Structure of import
A table is a very useful way of organising numerical information Articles of import Minerals Finished goods Services Part from the whole, (%) 0, 12 0, 78 0,10 Профессиональный английский язык 191
Part II. Language check
Describing importance or unimportance
Word
important
Part of Speech
adjective
Example Phrase Example Sentence
importantly adverb - extremely important - very important - quite important - not very important - not at all important - very importantly - most importantly - more importantly - less importantly - least importantly Students saw Job Satisfaction as a
very important
factor.
Contribution to Society was seen
as very important by
students social work Most
importantly
, students gave the highest rating to Job Satisfaction, with nine out of ten students saying it was important or highly important Профессиональный английский язык 192
Part II. Language check
Describing importance or unimportance
Word
importance
Part of Speech
noun
Example Phrase Example Sentence
- of very high importance - of high importance - of medium importance - of some importance - of little importance - of no importance - the importance of...
Students saw Job Satisfaction
as of great importance
.
Contribution to Society was seen
as of great importance by
social work students.
The high importance
of Interest in the Job Nature can be seen from the fact that 70% of students rated it as important or very important Профессиональный английский язык 193
Part II. Language check
These vocabulary can also be used to describe importance or unimportance
major marginal focus minority crucial significant predominant primary emphasis negligible minimal stress core foremost trivial subsidiary dominant subordinate priority fundamental centre secondary minor principal Профессиональный английский язык 194
Part II. Language check
Describing satisfaction
Word Part of speech Example phrase
satisfy satisfying satisfied dissatisfied
verb (infinitive form)
verb (continuous tenses)
adjective verb (past tense)
- this did not satisfy him - this could satisfy them - it is satisfying their needs - it is a satisfying experience - it satisfied them
adjective
adjective (meaning: not satisfied with the
quality
)
- he was satisfied with...
- he feels satisfied with...
- he is not satisfied with...
- they were dissatisfied with...
- they felt dissatisfied with...
Профессиональный английский язык 195
Part II. Language check
Describing satisfaction
Word
unsatisfied satisfactory unsatisfactory satisfactorily satisfaction dissatisfaction
Part of speech Example phrase
adjective (meaning: not satisfied with the
quantity
)
- they were unsatisfied by...
- they felt unsatisfied with...
adjective (more general or impersonal than 'satisfying')
- it is satisfactory
adjective (negative) adverb
- it is an unsatisfactory situation - has satisfactorily explained
noun (uncountable) noun (uncountable)
- the level of satisfaction - the degree of satisfaction - the level of dissatisfaction - the degree of dissatisfaction
Профессиональный английский язык 196
Part II. Language check
Describing dissatisfaction
- use negatives such as "not satisfied with" and “dissatisfied with” - use comparatives that show low levels of satisfaction; e.g. " less than a third of staff " - use negative-sounding phrases such as "a minority of staff", "a very small number of staff", "just a third of the staff" and "only a quarter of the staff"
Профессиональный английский язык 197
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Bibliography
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