Transcript Cold War PPT

Post WWII to Cold
War
Impact of WWII
• World War II killed as many as 75 million people.
• In European countries alone 38 million people died, with the
Soviet Union experiencing the heaviest casualties at 22
million.
• Throughout Europe and Asia, cities were completely
destroyed due to aerial bombs and new advanced weaponry.
• The cities that experienced the most destruction were
Coventry in England; Hamburg and Dresden in Germany; and
Tokyo, Nagasaki, and Hiroshima in Japan.
• The economies of war-torn countries took many years to
recover.
War Crime Trials
• At meetings during the war, Allied leaders had agreed to
punish those responsible for “crimes against humanity.”
• Trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany.
• Hitler was already dead at the time, however 22 surviving Nazi
leaders were tried and convicted at the Nuremberg trials.
• Many Nazi officials who were placed on trial justified their
horrific actions at the various concentration camps by claiming
that they were “just following the orders of their commanding
officers.”
• These Nazi officials were convicted, and in some cases given
the death penalty.
• These trials demonstrated that leaders could be held
accountable for their actions during war.
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United Nations
• World War II resulted in the formation of a new international
body.
• In April 1945, representatives from nations around the world
met in San Francisco to establish the United Nations.
• The purpose of the United Nations is to provide a place to
discuss world problems and develop solutions.
• There are two main bodies of the United Nations:
• General Assembly- consists of representatives from all member
nations, each representative has one vote.
• Security Council- consists of 15 member nations, five of which are
permanent; United States, Russia, France, Great Britain, and
China.
Occupied Nations
• In order to prevent another world war and to promote
democracy, western nations occupied West Germany and
Japan.
• They built new governments with democratic constitutions,
which protected individual rights and liberties.
• However, Soviet forces took control of East Germany and most
of Eastern Europe.
• The Soviet Union established communist governments in
these nations.
• Ultimately, Europe was divided in two- between democracy in
the west and communism in the east.
• After 1945, the world became divided between communist
and democratic forms of government.
A Divided Europe
• After WWII, with the help from the United States and Great
Britain, democracy and free enterprise were restored to the
nations of Western Europe.
• Eastern Europe, however was occupied by the armies of the
Soviet Union.
• Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, wanted to
spread communism all over the area.
• Although he promised free-elections for Eastern Europe, he
instead supported the establishment of pro-communist
government throughout the region.
• Soon Europe was divided by an imaginary line known as the
iron curtain.
• In the west were the western democracies, led by the United
States, and in the east were the Soviet-dominated communist
countries.
Democratic vs. Communist
Democratic
• political system carried out by the people
directly or by elected representatives.
• is a rule by the people and the elected
representatives are bound to fulfill the
wishes of the society.
• free enterprising is allowed, which means
that people or groups can have their own
businesses. This can lead to rich and poor
in society.
• But democracy is based on the principle
of equality and freedom. It is also based
on the principle that all citizens have
equal rights.
Communist
• common ownership, mainly concerned
with equality and fairness
• power is vested in an individual or group of
people who decide a course of action. It is
this group of people who decide on the
activities of the public.
• the government has complete control over
the production and distribution of goods
and all the resources and it is shared in the
society equally (command economy)
• the community or the society holds the
major resources and production. This helps
in preventing any single person or a group
of people from raising to a higher position
than others or becoming rich
Containment
• In March of 1947, President Harry Truman established a policy
known as the Truman Doctrine.
• This was an economic and military program designed to help
other nations resist Soviet aggression.
• A major philosophy of the Truman Doctrine was the idea of
Containment, or limiting Communism to where it already
existed (countries under Soviet control)
• The United States pledged to resist Soviet expansion
anywhere in the world.
• Truman sent military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey
so that they could resist the threat of Communism.
Marshall Plan
• The Marshall Plan, also proposed in 1947 was a massive
economic aid package designed to strengthen democratic
governments and lessen the appeal of Communism.
• Billions of American dollars helped Western European
countries recover from World War II.
• Although the United States offered this plan to the countries
of Eastern Europe, Stalin did not allow these countries to
accept it.
Why do you think Stalin did not want the countries of Eastern
Europe to accept economic aid?
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Crisis in Germany
• After WWII, Germany was divided in four military zones
• Three of the four zones were controlled by the United States,
Britain, and France.
• These zones were located in Western Germany and were later
combined, due to their common goals in regards to government
(democratic).
• The Soviets on the other hand, controlled the remaining zone in
Eastern Germany, and attempted to put forth a communist form of
government in this zone.
• Tension grew between democratic western Germany and Soviet
controlled eastern Germany.
• The United States and the Allies wanted to rebuild the German
economy, but Joseph Stalin feared a strong united Germany.
• Berlin, the capital of Germany was located in Eastern Germany
(Communist).
Berlin Airlift
• In 1948, Stalin hoped to force the Allies out of Berlin by
closing all land routes that were used to bring important
supplies to Western Germany.
• In response to this crisis, the western powers engaged in a
successful airlift.
• For almost a year, food and supplies were flown into West
Berlin.
• Finally, the Soviets ended the blockade.
http://www.history.com/topics/berlin-airlift
https://www.google.com/search?q=berlin+airlift&source=lnms&
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A Divided Germany
• The Berlin Airlift ultimately lead to the division of Germany.
• Western Germany was known as the Federal Republic of
Germany.
• In 1961, Eastern Germany built a wall that separated East
Berlin from West Berlin.
• This wall was known as the Berlin Wall.
• East German soldiers shot anyone who attempted to escape
from East Germany.
http://www.history.com/topics/berlinairlift/videos#deconstructing-history-berlin-wall
Military Alliances
The NATO Alliance
• After the Berlin Airlift and the division of West Germany from
East Germany, Western European countries formed a military
alliance.
• It was called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO.
• Members of NATO pledged to support each other if any member
nation was attacked.
The Warsaw Pact
• In 1955, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact.
• It included the Soviet Union and its seven satellites in Eastern
Europe.
• A satellite was the name given to the Eastern European countries
that were under Soviet control.
The Cold War Heats Up
Repression in Eastern Europe
• The Soviet Union kept a tight grip on its Eastern European satellites.
• Tension arose in both East Germany and Poland in the 1950’S.
• In East Germany a revolt was put down by Soviet tanks.
• In Poland some reforms were made, yet the country remained under
Soviet control
• Although Stalin died in 1953, his successors continued his policy of
repression.
Hungarian Revolt
• In 1956, a revolution began in Hungary and was led by Imre Nagy.
• Nagy was a Hungarian nationalist and communist.
• Nagy ended the one-party rule in Hungary, got rid of Soviet troops,
and withdrew Hungary from the Warsaw Pact.
• In response, the Soviets sent in troops and tanks and quickly
stopped the Hungarian Revolt.
The Arms Race
• Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed
themselves, each preparing to withstand an attack from the
other.
• The United States had developed the atomic bomb during
World War II; Soviet scientists developed their own in 1949.
• For 40 years, the two superpowers spent great amounts of
money to develop more and more powerful weapons.
• The Arms Race raised the level of tension between the two
superpowers.
• It also raised fears among many people that the superpowers
may become involved in a conflict that would destroy the
world.
Space Race
• The superpowers also competed in space.
• In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, which was a
satellite, into orbit around the Earth.
• Congress soon established NASA, National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, to improve American space technology.
• Shortly after, in 1958, the United States launched its own first
satellite.
• In response to the first US satellite sent into orbit, the Soviet
Union sent the first man into space.
• In 1969, the United States was the first nation to put a man on
the moon.
• Both the Soviet Union and the United States explored the
military use of space with spy satellites.
http://www.history.com/topics/space-race
Conflicts Around the World
• Although the United States and the Soviet Union did not
engage in war with each other, they did become involved in
other nation’s conflicts around the world.
• This means that the United States and the Soviet Union
supported opposing forces in many nations throughout the
world.
• These conflicts took place in East Asia, the Middle East, Africa,
and Latin America.
The Cold War in East Asia
Cold War tensions grew into bitter wars fought in Korea in the 1950’s
and in Vietnam in the 1960’s. In each case, the superpowers
supported opposing sides with economic aid, advisors, and troops.
Korean War
• After WWII, Korea was divided into North Korea (occupied by the
Soviet Union), and South Korea (occupied by the United States).
• North Korean forces, attempting to unify the country under
Communist rule, invaded South Korea in 1950.
• U.S. commander Douglas MacArthur prevented a Communist
takeover of South Korea.
• Korea remains divided to this day (North- Communist, SouthDemocratic).
http://www.google.com/search?q=korean+war&tbm=isch&tbo=u&sou
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The Cold War in East Asia
Vietnam War
• In 1954, Vietnam was temporarily divided into a northern half,
ruled by communist leader Ho Chi Minh, and southern half,
headed by non-communist Ngo Dinh Diem.
• Large numbers of American soldiers were sent to Vietnam to
prevent Ho Chi Minh from uniting Vietnam under northern
rule (communist).
• American forces were not able to defeat the communist forces
of North Vietnam.
• President Richard Nixon ordered a cease-fire and began to pull
troops out of Vietnam.
• In 1975, the North Vietnamese captured Saigon, reuniting
Vietnam.
http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war
The Cold War in the Middle
East
Iran and Iraq
• Rivalries over oil resources fueled Cold War tensions in the Middle
East.
• The United States and the Soviet Union became interested in Iran
after vast oil fields were discovered there.
• An Iranian communist leader attempted to nationalize the oil
industry.
• The United States helped to keep this communist leader from
gaining power.
• The United States instead supported the repressive anti-communist
shah of Iran with weapons and advisors.
• An Islamic revolution in 1979, toppled the shah’s regime
• The Soviet Union meanwhile supported Iraq, which had become
dictatorship in 1960’s and also had oil reserves.
• The Soviet Union also supported governments in Syria and Libya.
The Cold War in Latin America
Cuba
• Cuba had won its independence from Spain in 1898.
• For 60 years, Cuba was strongly influenced by the United States.
• In 1952, Fulgencio Batista seized power and ran a repressive and
corrupt government.
• Among those who opposed Batista was a young lawyer named
Fidel Castro.
• Castro organized a guerilla army and seized control from Batista
and his corrupt government.
• Once in power, Castro established a communist dictatorship in
Cuba, therefore gaining support from the Soviet Union.
• Cuba became engaged in the conflict between the Soviet Union
and the United States
The Cold War in Latin America
• In 1961, the United States backed a plot by Cuban exiles to
invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, which turned out to be a
massive failure.
http://www.history.com/topics/bay-of-pigs-invasion
• As a result, the United States imposed a trade embargo on
Cuba.
• Angered by American interference, Castro closely aligned
himself with the Soviet Union.
• Castro allowed the Soviet Union to build nuclear missile bases
in Cuba, 90 miles off the coast of Florida.
• In 1962, President Kennedy demanded Soviet removal of
nuclear weapons from Cuba, to which the Soviets agreed.
• However, since the Soviets removed their nuclear weapons,
the United States had to promise not to invade Cuba.
http://www.history.com/topics/cuban-missile-crisis