SA-Unit-2-Case-studies
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Case studies
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Architectural styles and
CASE STUDIES
KeyWord
In Context -KWIC
Instrumentation Software
Mobile Robotics
Cruise Control
Three vignettes in mixed style
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KWIC
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THE
KEYWORD IN CONTEXT PROBLEM
The KWIC index system accepts an ordered set of
lines, each line is an ordered set of words, and each
word is an ordered set of characters.
Any line may be "circularly shifted" by repeatedly
removing the first word and appending it at the end
of the line.
The KWIC index system outputs a listing of all
circular shifts of all lines in alphabetical order.
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KEYWORD
IN
CONTEXT
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
(KWIC):
Changes in algorithm:
For example, line shifting can be performed
i)
on each line as it is read from the input device
ii)
on all the lines after they are read
iii)
on demand when the alphabetization requires a
new set of shifted lines.
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KEYWORD IN CONTEXT (KWIC):
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
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Changes in data representation:
For example, lines can be stored in various ways.
circular shifts can be stored explicitly or
implicitly (as index and offsets).
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KEYWORD IN CONTEXT (KWIC):
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Enhancement to system function:
Modify the system to eliminate circular shifts
that starts with certain noise words (such as "a",
"an", "and", etc.).
Change the system to be interactive, and allow
the user to delete lines from the lists.
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KEYWORD
IN
CONTEXT
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
(KWIC):
Performance: Both space and time.
Reuse: To what extent can the components serve
as reusable entities.
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KEYWORD IN CONTEXT (KWIC):
SOLUTIONS
1: Main program/subroutine with shared data.
2: Abstract data types.
3: Reactive integration.
4: Dataflow.
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KEYWORD IN CONTEXT (KWIC):
SOLUTIONS 1
(MAIN PROGRAM/SUBROUTINE WITH SHARED DATA. )
This solution decomposes the problem according
to the four basic functions performed:
Input: inputs and stores characters
Shift which reads characters/writes index
Alphabetizer: alphabetizes index
Output: prints alphabetized index
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SOLUTION 1: MAIN
PROGRAM/SUBROUTINE
With shared memory
Master control calls
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Input, which inputs and stores characters
Circular Shift, which reads characters/writes index
Alphabetize, which alphabetizes index
Output, which prints alphabetized index
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KWIC: MAIN PROGRAM /SUBROUTINE
WITH SHARED DATA SOLUTION
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KWIC: SHARED DATA SOLUTION
It decomposes the problem into 4 basic functions
Input, Shift, Alphabetize, output
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Computational Components are coordinated as
subroutines by a main program.
Computations can share the same storage.
This allow efficient data representation.
Communication
between
the
computational
components and shared data is an unconstrained
read-write protocol.
-------------------
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--------------------------------------------------------------------- Serious drawbacks in handling changes:
A change in data storage format will affect
almost all of the modules.
Changes in algorithm and enhancements to
system function are not easily handled.
Reuse is not well-supported because each module
of the system is tied tightly to this particular
application
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KWIC: ABSTRACT DATA TYPES
It decomposes the system into a similar set of five
modules.
Data is no longer directly shared by the computational
components.
Each module provides an interface that permits other
components to access data only by invoking procedures
in that interface.
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KWIC:
SOLUTION 2: ABSTRACT DATA TYPES
Input
Set
char
Char
Output
Word
Characters
Setup
Set
char
Char
Word
Circular shift
alph
i-th
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Master control
Alphabetic shift
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KWIC:
SOLUTION 2: ABSTRACT DATA TYPES
Data
encapsulated in objects
Advantages
Changes in algorithms and data
representation in individual components don't
affect other components.
More reuse support.
Drawbacks
Changes in functionality can be difficult
might involve components modification or addition
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is not shared anymore
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KWIC
SOLUTION 3: IMPLICIT INVOCATION
Output
Input
Circ shift
Insert
Delete
Lines
i-th
Alphabetize
Insert
Delete
i-th
Shifted lines
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Master control
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KWIC
SOLUTION 3: IMPLICIT INVOCATION
Uses a form of component integration based on
shared data similar to first solution.
Interface to the data is more abstract.
Computations are invoked implicitly as data is
modified.
An event will be sent to the shift module whenever
there is new line.
This allows it to produce circular shifts
This causes the alphabetizer to be implicitly
invoked
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Advantages
Supports functional enhancements to the
system.
Additional modules can be attached
Supports reuse.
Disadvantage:
Uses more space.
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KWIC
SOLUTION 4: PIPES AND FILTERS
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KWIC
SOLUTION 4: PIPES AND FILTERS
It has 4 filters : Input, shift, Alphabetize and Output.
Each filter process processes the data and sends it to
the next filter.
Control is distributed
Each filter can run whenever it has data on which to
compute.
Data sharing between filters is strictly limited on
pipes.
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KWIC
SOLUTION 4: PIPES AND FILTERS
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Advantages:
It maintains the sensitive flow of processing
Supports reuse-each filter can function in isolation
New function can easily be added to the system by
inserting filters at the appropriate points.
Easy to modify-each filters are logically independent
Disadvantages:
Virtually impossible to modify the design to
support interactive system.
Uses space inefficiently –since each filter must
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copy all of the data to its output ports.
COMPARISON
Abstract
data type
Implicit
invocation
Pipe and
filter
Change in
algorithm
-
-
+
+
Change in data
representation
-
+
-
-
Change in
function
-
-
+
+
Performance
+
+
-
-
Reuse
-
+
-
+
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Shared
data
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NEXT…
Instrumentation Software
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