Transcript The Environment (Final)

Safety Food
The Environment
Definition
The Environment
Ancient Jordanian
cultures climate and
agriculture
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Before the industrial
revolution
Pollution
Air pollution
Causes
Paleothic Period
Neolothic Period
Chlacolithic Period
Early Bronze age
Conclusion
Effects
Water pollution
Causes
Effects
Soil pollution
Causes
Effects
Go to references
Solutions
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things
occurring naturally on Earth or some region
The concept of the natural environment can be distinguished by
components:
-Complete ecological units that function as natural systems without
massive human intervention, including, soil, rocks, atmosphere and
natural phenomena that occur within their boundaries.
-Universal natural resources and physical phenomena that lack clear-cut
boundaries, such as air, water, and climate
One of the massive problem that the world has been facing since after
world war II is the environmental pollution, it is the contaminants in a
natural environment that causes instability, disorder or harm to the
ecosystem.
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Ancient Jordanian cultures climate
•Paleolithic Period (500,000-17,000 BC)
The climate during this period was considerably wetter than today, which includes us.
Jordan has been affected by the global warming through ages. And therefore large
areas of modern-day desert were open plains ideal for a hunting and gathering
subsistence strategy.
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An old painting from the Paleothic Period
•Neolithic Period (8500-4500 BC)
From the basic shifts in settlement patterns was prompted by the changing
weather of the eastern desert. The area grew warmer and drier, gradually
becoming virtually uninhabitable throughout much of the year. The distinction
between the desert to the east and the "sown" areas to the west dates back to
this watershed climatic change, which is believed to have occurred from
around 6500-5500 BCE.
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Human presence during the Neolithic period (6000-3000 B.C.)
•Chalcolithic Period (4500-3200 BC)
Chalcolithic man relied less on hunting than in Neolithic times, instead
focusing more on sheep and goat-breeding and the farming crops that
grow in warm environments such as: wheat, barley, dates, olives and
lentils.
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Sheep and goat breeding in the Chalcolithic Period
•Early Bronze Age (3200-1950 BC)
A sharp climatic change at this time resulted in less rainfall and higher
temperatures across the Middle East. The predominant theory is that many
of these Early Bronze Age towns were victims of changes in climate and
political factors which brought an end to a finely-balanced network of
independent
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An ancient bronze pot from The Early Bronze Age
Earth's axial tilt is the main cause of the seasons. The earth’s axial tilt is not a fixed
quantity but changing over time in a cycle with a period of 41,000 years Milankovitch
theory describes the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements upon its
climate which lead to an ice age, but the 20th century instrumental temperature record
shows a sudden rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.
Due the 498,050 years from the Paleolithic Period to Early bronze age the climate
has changed a lot and by the mentioned records the climate became more drier by ages.
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The environment before the industrial revolution
Industrial Revolution is a double-edged sword, it improved the quality of
human life and caused damages progressively to the environment
The Industrial Revolution began in England in the middle of the 18th
century. A variety of ingenious inventions paved the way for machines to
be used in production.
Agriculture was also affected by industrialization. More advanced
machines and techniques for farming became available. These new
methods caused the soil to degenerate and increased the amount of land
used in farming - ruining animal habitats.
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Forms of pollution
• Air pollution Causes
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Combustion of fuel is one of the major causes of air pollution in urban areas.
Burning of fossil fuels such as natural gas and gasoline leads to the emission of
carbon dioxide and other gases
Increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is one of the prime causes
of air pollution
The chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a class of synthetic chemicals used in
refrigerants and aerosol propellants, have caused hole in Earth's ozone layer.
Increased road and air traffic is another reason related to the high level of air
pollution.
Air pollution is partially caused by the particulates formed by a variety of
substances, such as dust, pollen and other organic materials.
• Air pollution Effects on plants
Air pollution injury to plants can be evident in several ways. Injury to foliage
may be visible in a short time and appear as necrotic lesions (dead tissue), or it can
develop slowly as a yellowing or chlorosis of the leaf. There may be a reduction in
growth of various portions of a plant. Plants may be killed outright, but they usually
do not succumb until they have suffered recurrent injury.
• Air pollution Effects on human beings
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Irritation of eyes, nose, mouth and throat
Asthma attacks
Respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing
Reduced energy levels
Headaches and dizziness
Disruption of endocrine, reproductive and immune systems
Neurobehavioral disorders
Cancer
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• Water pollution
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly
into water without enough treatment to remove harmful compounds.
Water pollution affects , plants, and organisms living in bodies of water such
as rivers, oceans and lakes.
Causes of water pollution
- Pathogens (such as: bacteria, fungi and algae)
- Chemical and other contaminants, it contains organic and inorganic
substances (organic such as: food processing waste, trees and bushes. And
inorganic such as: chemical waste, fertilizers and heavy metals)
- Thermal pollution: it’s the rise or fall in the temperature of a natural body
of water caused by human influence. It results in a change in the physical
properties of water and it decreases the oxygen level in water (which can
kill fish) moreover it affects ecosystems.
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• Water pollution effects on plants
The effect would include acid rain. Sulfuric and nitric acid rain
washes nutrients out of the soil, damages the bark and leaves of trees
and harms the fine root hairs of many plants which are needed to
absorb water.
• Effects on human beings
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Typhoid
Amoebiasis
Giardiasis
Ascariasis
Hookworm
Definition:
Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical
and environmental processes that include weathering and erosion.
Soil formation greatly depends on the climate, Seasonal and daily temperature
fluctuations affect the effectiveness of water in weathering parent rock material
and affect soil dynamics.
It is used in agriculture, where it serves as the primary nutrient base for plants.
Soil material is a critical component in the mining and construction industries.
Soil serves as a foundation for most construction projects. Massive volumes of soil
can be involved in surface mining, road building and dam construction.
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Move to Causes
Soil pollution causes
•Industrial wastes, such as harmful gases and chemicals, agricultural
pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides are the most important causes of soil
pollution.
•Ignorance towards soil management and related systems.
•Unfavorable and harmful irrigation practices.
•Improper management and maintenance
•Leakages from sanitary sewage.
•Acid rains, when fumes released from industries get mixed with rains.
•Fuel leakages from automobiles, that get washed away due to rain and
seep into the nearby soil.
•Unhealthy waste management techniques, which are characterized by
release of sewage into the large dumping grounds and nearby streams or
rivers.
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Effects of Soil Pollution on plants
•Decrease in soil fertility and therefore decrease in the soil yield
•Loss of soil and natural nutrients present in it.
•Generally crops cannot grow and flourish in a polluted soil. Yet if some
crops manage to grow, then those would be poisonous enough to cause
serious health problems in people consuming them.
Effects of Soil Pollution on human beings
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Cancer
Kidney and Liver Disease
Brain and Nerve Damage
Malaria
Cholera and Dysentry
Headaches, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rash
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Soil management
Soil Management, the basis of all scientific agriculture, which involves several
essential practices:
•Tillage
The purpose of tillage is to prepare the soil for growing crops. This preparation
is traditionally accomplished by using a plow that cuts into the ground and turns
over the soil. This removes or kills any weeds growing in the area and loosens
and breaks up the surface layers of the soil.
•Maintenance of organic matter
Organic matter is important in maintaining good physical conditions in the soil.
It contains the entire soil reserve of nitrogen and significant amounts of other
nutrients, such as phosphorus and sulfur.
More Practices
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•Nutrient supply
Among soil deficiencies that affect productivity, deficiency of nutrients is especially
important. The nutrients most necessary for proper plant growth are nitrogen,
potassium, phosphorus, iron, calcium, sulfur, and magnesium, all of which usually exist
in most soils in varying quantities
( Next slide shows the primary, secondary and micro-nutrients).
•Soil pollution
The increasing amounts of fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals applied to soils
since World War II, plus industrial and domestic waste-disposal practices, led to
increasing concern over soil pollution. Soil pollution is the buildup in soils of persistent
toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease-causing agents,
which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health
•Pesticide residues
The effectiveness of a pesticide as well as the hazards of harmful residues depend
largely on how long the pesticide remains in the soil.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment
http://library.thinkquest.org/26026/History/results_of_the_industrial_revo.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution#Health_effects
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