Transcript The Archaeology of Knowledge

Foucault :
Foucauldian arguments as applied to racial/gender
issues
External control: Power
Internal control : Self
oIndividual social bodies unconsciously
acknowledge and accept the disciplinary power
(internalized surveillance)
o Certainty of control is constructed by the self
who spontaneously designs own subjection
Theories on ‘power’:
• Economic power (Karl Marx & Marxist)
• Corporate monopoly
• Media conglomerates
• Disciplinary power (Michel Foucault)
• Normalizing social behaviour by monitoring and
regulating it.
• Certainty of control
• Society unconsciously and unquestioningly
accepts the capillaries of power and its disciplinary
control
Prison system (18min)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8s-ETrK4YG4
:
Applying Foucault’s concepts to the article by Winter
(2002), Media Monopoly
1.State power vs. Corporate concentration of power
2.State vs. corporate Surveillance and reinforcement of
obedience
3.State vs. Corporate Punishment (of firing from jobs)
Dr. Nancy Oliviery Case:
Issues: 1. Ethics; 2. Academic Freedom
2010 study finds that clinical trials funded by the
pharmaceutical industry are more likely to report a
positive outcome
2000-2006: 63% were funded by industry, 14% by
government sources, and 23% by non-profits
Industry-funded trials reported positive outcomes in
85.4 % of publications, compared with 50 % for
government-funded trials & 71.9% by non-profits’
funded
Dr. Nancy Olivieri
• University of Toronto clinician, Dr. Nancy
Olivieri’s research at the Hospital for Sick Children
• She believed that a new drug treatment posed
dangers to some patients.
• The hospital and the university failed to support her
against Apotex, co-sponsor of the research
• Apotex objected to her publishing her findings
• It was found that the hospital and university
officials and representatives of Apotex subjected
her to workplace and other harassment
www.mrfa.net/files/CAUT%20Academic%20Freedom%20Fund.ppt
6
http://fairwhistleblower.ca/olivieri-honoured
From the CAUT website
• Apotex Inc.: A Corporation Above the Courts? (Jan 2009)
• Apotex Inc. v. Olivieri: An Attack on Academic Freedom Dec
2008)
• The Olivieri Case: Context and Significance (Dec 2005)
• The Olivieri Case: Context and Reflections (Ecclectica, Dec 2005)
• Review of Miriam Shuchman, The Drug Trial. Nancy Olivieri and
the Science Scandal that Rocked the Hospital for Sick Children by
David Healy (Oct 2005)
• Supplement to the Report to the Committee of Inquiry (Jan 2002)
• College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario Vindicates Olivieri
(Jan 2002)
• Summary of the Report (Oct 2001)
• The Olivieri Report
(Oct 2001)
www.mrfa.net/files/CAUT%20Academic%20Freedom%20Fund.ppt
8
What is Dr. Oliveriti doing now?
She is still at the University of Toronto and has
become a respected defender of academic freedom.
http://www.uhnresearch.ca/researchers/profile.ph
p?lookup=4539
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxIaQXSWs6E
9
Dr. Mary Bryson in UBC
• Responsible for developing a new online course
• E-mail from the administrator overseeing the program
asking her to sign a contract transferring rights to
"course materials" to the university.
• The contract required: She sign away the rights to the
course materials and the university could use them
without attributing authorship
• The univ could revise and modify or alter them or use
them in a different context, without the author's
consent.
• The Bryson arbitration decision is a landmark in the
struggle to insure that faculty, not administrators,
determine the content of courses.
www.mrfa.net/files/CAUT%20Academic%20Freedom%20Fund.ppt
10
University of Ottawa custody and control
• The University asked all faculty to turn over every
document in their possession, wherever they were
stored, related to a Freedom of Information and
Protection of Privacy (FOIP) request received by the
university
• The University was prepared to search faculty
members’ e-mail accounts
• The Association grieved and it went to arbitration CAUT legal counsel, represented the Association
www.mrfa.net/files/CAUT%20Academic%20Freedom%20Fund.ppt
11
University of Ottawa custody and control
• The Association won and the arbitrator
included their proposed framework for
documents that the University has in its
custody and control in the award
• Includes documents related to administrative
duties, university committee documents, and
final exams
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Criteria established by the Privacy Commissioner, ONT
1. records or portions of records in the possession of an APUO
member that relate to personal matters or activities that are wholly
unrelated to the university’s mandate, are not in the university’s
custody or control;
2. records relating to teaching or research are likely to be impacted
by academic freedom, and would only be in the university’s custody
and/or control if they would be accessible to it by custom or practice,
taking academic freedom into account;
3. administrative records are prima facie in the university’s custody
and control, but would not be if they are unavailable to the university
by custom or practice, taking academic freedom into account.
FINAL ORDER PO-3009-F
Appeal PA07-119
University of Ottawa
November 7, 2011
Foucault’s archaeology:
The ‘history of ideas’ means the conscious
thought of the various thinkers in different
periods.
For Foucault, the context of their thought is
more important as it provides the structural
clues to why they thought that way and with
what implications.
What did Darwin (1809-1882) say is not as
important as what made Darwin’s thought
possible, why he thought that way and the
implications of his thought (Gutting, 2005).
http://anthro.palomar.edu/evolve/evolve_2.ht
m
Foucauldian genealogy is a historical causal explanation
that is material, multiple, and corporeal
The objects of these diverse and specific causes are
human bodies.
The forces that drive our history do not so much operate
on our thoughts, our social institutions, or even our
environment as on our individual bodies
Prisons, clinics and schools have structured regimen
designed to produce ‘docile bodies’
Genealogy and Archeology
http://vimeo.com/11514365
19 Min run 9
The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969; trans. 1971):
F’s archaeology of Knowledge: tracking knowledge
production by studying why/how institutions are formed.
The discourses that emerge discipline a way of thinking, and
the way we engage and relate to people.
Design of the institutional apparatuses is to ‘normalise’
subjectivities
By exploring the rules of discourse production, historically
institutions are examined: e.g., how people who are regarded
as deviant are monitored and how to normalize them.
• Modern capitalist system is political economic structure
• Examine micropolitics for the design of how power
operates
The genealogy of power/ knowledge reveals
the way the body is regulated through power
that explicitly disciplines bodies
• Governmentality
• Biopower
F’s Governmentality :
• The way governments produce the citizen who
must obey/follow governments' policies
• The organized practices (mentalities, rationalities,
and techniques) through which subjects are
governed
• The techniques and strategies of regulation the
society behave and act to make it governable.
Disciplined bodies, e.g., in prisons, the
military, the corporate world and in schools.
Modern Times (Chaplin US 1936), …Gattaca
(Niccol US 1997),
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Spatial division of individuals
Control of their activities,
Organization of individuals into groups
Coordination of these different groups
Biopower: The operations of power that secure and defend the
nation-state as it circulates within civil society
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F’s biopower refers to the techniques of “subjugation of
bodies and the control of populations.”
18th C: Power was intertwined into the development of
capitalism as the bodies of workers were inserted into the
production machinery and population was applied to to
economic processes.
Segregation and social hierarchization ensured “relations of
domination and effects of hegemony”
War of attrition or racial conflicts defend the Society, i.e.,
the nation-state.
‘if I want to live, you must die’ into a biological
formulation: ‘death of the bad race, of the inferior race (or
the degenerate, or the abnormal)
F’s Biopower: the political logic used to manage and
control populations through speculations about the future
based on probabilities and statistics.
Security system form the main apparatus of biopower,
informs the policies and practices.
These policies and their implementation should result in the
economic maximization of resources while maintaining
scarcity and acceptable levels of poverty.
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Truth is produced by institutions and by scientific
discourses formulated in relation to these institutions
The state’s (or any organized) dominant economic and
political structures control the production and
transmission of the truth
We assume it is truth when it becomes ‘hardened into an
unalterable form in the long baking process of history’
F’s Genealogy’s role:
• to connect different events according to ‘the emergence
of different interpretations’
• to explain these different interpretations as a ‘perspective’
rather than a universal or transcendental truth.
Foucault utilizes genealogy to figure out the various practices
applied on the body and the dominating powers that produce
such practices.
Juridical, Disciplinary, and Biopolitical Power:
Basic Background on Foucault Prof Robin
James
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X31ayDsG
67U&feature=related