Transcript THE AGE OF JACKSON - Lincoln Park High School

THE AGE OF JACKSON
From the War of 1812 up to…
The War of 1812 Ends
• The Treaty of Ghent – Dec. 1814
• No real victors
• British gave up Western forts and giving aid
to the Indians
• We gave up the issue of Impressment and the
claim to Canada
• There are losers…
• New England federalists feel the sting of
defeat
Strangest Outcome of the War…
• Republicans and Federalists reverse roles
• Republicans learn “nationalism”
• War forces Madison to realize
• Standing Army / Navy not so bad
• Value of a national bank
• Higher tariffs to protect infant US industries
• Federalists borrow from Jefferson
• States rights and Strict Construction
The War Ends
• New England Federalists start to lose power
• Dec 1814 meet in Hartford, Connecticut
• Propose Constitutional Amendments to protect their
power
• Discuss Secession from Union
• Attempt to reduce Southern power
• As the convention broke up two things happened…
• News of Victory in New Orleans
• News of the Treaty of Ghent
• The Federalist lose political power here and never
recover (stigma of disloyalty)
Madison’s Successors
• Strong wave of American Nationalism
• War of 1812 our “2nd War of Independence”
• 1812, 1816, 1820 - VA maintained its grip on the
Whitehouse
• 1816 James Monroe beats Rufus King
• “Era of Good Feelings”
• There were many problems
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“North and South”
Internal Improvements
Missouri Territory
Foreign Policy
Henry Clay’s - American System (1815)
• A Plan to Unify the Nation & create a strong
National Economy
• Establish a protective tariff
• Resurrect the National bank
• Sponsor Internal Improvements
• N would manufacture goods S and W needed to
buy
• S & W would grow raw materials N needed to
live and produce goods
• Better transportation systems would make it all
flow
How nice!!! But…
• Madison will veto bill for Federal $ for
internal improvements
• This will be a STATE matter from now on!
• National Road and Eire Canal in North!
• 2nd Bank and Tariffs do pass
• But will the benefit the South???
North and South
• Is the USA 1 United Country???
• ECONOMIES
• North = Manufacturing, Industrial
• Industrial Revolution / Infrastructure
• 1816 – 2nd US Bank Chartered
• War of 1812 = birth of USA manufacturing
• End of War = Trade again = Cheap British
goods imported
• Tariff of 1816 – At first most support, but…
N&S
• South = Agricultural, “King Cotton”
• Does not develop industry way N does
• S does not develop infrastructure
• South will become ANTI Tariff
• Dependent on Slave Labor
• Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin
• We see the beginnings of a crisis…
The Sectional Crisis
North vs. South
• More and more will happen to divide the country
into two separate sections
• Slavery
• Tariffs
• Economies
• Ways of life
• Industrial Development
• USA won’t function as one country
• A real big issue comes up…
“A Firebell in the Night…”
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1819 - Missouri applied for statehood –
60,000 population
The process for statehood had run smoothly
since 1790s
Missouri had more than 10,000 slaves in it
A balance of power existed in the Senate
between N and S states (House
already
lost to slave states, 105 to 81)
Would MO be a “slave” or “free” state???
The Missouri Compromise - 1819
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Luckily Maine ready to be a state also
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ME enters as FREE
MO enters as SLAVE
36’ 30’’ Line = No slavery in N LA Purchase
lands
Slavery in MO and AR Territory
LA Purchase = “Great American
Desert”
Thought a victory for Slavery
The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise
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Everyone is afraid of slavery
Republicans are worried about the
Federalists – north
They did not like this appearance of
division
Jefferson said…
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“We have a wolf by the ears, and we
can neither hold him, nor safely let
him go. Justice is in one scale, and
self preservation in the other.”
The Monroe Doctrine
• While they struggled with slavery…
• 1816 – Jackson invaded Spanish Fla.
• He was searching for Seminole Indians –
• Still raiding in America
• Started harboring runaway slaves
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Jackson declares himself commander of North Fla.
Executes 2 British men as dangerous individuals
Monroe wants to court martial him
But Jackson is a very popular individual
General Jackson
The Monroe Doctrine
• While this goes on…
• John Quincy Adams meets with Spain
• 1819 - The Adams-Onis Treaty
• We get Fla.
• We give up claims to Texas and Cuba
• Problem with other nations reclaiming old
colonies in South America
• We forbid any European nation coming to
Western Hemisphere
• We will stay out of European struggles
• Doctrine = USA Nationalism
Election of 1824
• Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams
• No majority winner in EC or POP vote
• It goes to the House
• “The Corrupt Bargain” with Clay???
• JQ Adams is President
• Clay Sec. of State
• Jackson vows Revenge – Makes Adams’ Presidency
miserable
• Clay losing election also = Death of the American
System
Immediate Campaign for 1828
• Andrew Jackson
• Symbol of a self-confident and
expanding nation
• Jackson a War Hero, Indian
fighter, a brawler, & a
“common man’s” man
Popular Politics and Partisan Identity
• 1828 – A change in political process – voters
determine electors not legislatures
• Voting restrictions are eased
• All but three states had universal white male
suffrage (all this = Jacksonian Democracy)
• 1828 new campaign style – Attempt to create
popular favor
• Jackson is the first to have a nickname used in
campaign
• “Old Hickory”
The Election of 1828 and the
Character Issue
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These guy blast each other in campaigns
News papers
Party politics to solidify support
Popular campaigning
Jackson displayed Adams as an aristocratic
Adams displayed Jackson as the bastard son
of a prostitute…
• Then attacked his relationship with Rachel
The Election of 1828
Wild Inauguration Party
Spoils System
Popular Politics and Partisan
Identity
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Partisan newspapers crop up all over the country
1828 – Parties still rejected to accept official party
names
The called themselves the Jackson party or Adams
party, but…
In 1832 names started to show up
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Clay was the National Republicans
Jackson was the Democratic Republicans
1834 names were shortened to Whig (Clay) and
Democrat (Jackson)
Jackson’s Democratic Agenda
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He was Jeffersonian – limited government
Government intervention in economy would hurt
the common man
Opposed to federal support of transportation
Also grants of monopolies and charters to
wealthy investors
Supported the rapid settlement of ‘interior lands’
Indian policy would have high priority for him
He would use the veto 12 times – previous Pres. 9
times
1830 – vetoed a highway bill for federal funds for KY
Clay’s state – Jackson liked that
Jackson Defines the Democratic Party
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Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears
The Tariff of Abominations and Nullification
The Bank War and the Panic of 1837
Van Buren’s One-Term Presidency
Indian Policy and the Trail of Tears
• Jackson supported rapid expansion in the west
• Did not support any idea of assimilation
• 1829 – Jackson said Indians could not hold on
to land
• 1830 Removal Act – relocate tribes west of
Mississippi
• 1832 – Worcester v. GA - the Supreme Court found
the Cherokee distinct territory not bound by GA
law
• Jackson is furious
• Moves Indians out anyways
• Even though Indian Removal was a state’s rights
issue…
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830
TRAIL OF TEARS
The 1828 Tariff of Abominations and Nullification
• Jackson strongly supported the tariff
• The Tariffs hurt the south, SC especially
• John C. Calhoun – SC – Drew up a statement of
nullification
• Calhoun will resign as VP and take a Senate seat for
SC
• 1833 - SC declares the tariffs null and void
• Jackson sends armed ships to the harbor at
Charleston
• He declares their actions as treason in the Force Bill
• A revised tariff is passed also and they withdraw
their nullification (Clay Plan)
• State’s rights questions are not over…
The Bank War and the Panic of 1837
• 1819 The Bank rode out the ‘panic’
– Federal Government’s deposits
– Extended credit and loans
– Issued bank notes – the most secure
currency in the nation
• The bank had 29 branches across the
country
• Under Nicholas Biddle’s guidance – help
stabilize nation
The War
• Bank Charter will expire in 1836
• Republicans (Clay, Webster, Biddle)
make it an issue for 1832 election
• Bank Bill passes Congress, but
Jackson Vetoes it knowing it won’t be
overturned
• Jackson preaches against Monopolies
Fighting the Bank “Monster”
Jackson wins Re-Election in 1832
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Uses this to further destroy USB
Jackson withdraws Federal $ and deposits it
into 23 different State Banks
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“Pet Banks” rewarded for loyalty to Jax
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KING ANDREW???
Plan Backfires
• USB could actually maintain order in financial
world, now gone
• By 1834, tightness of credit = business
distress
• Inflation rises, states go into debt financing
internal improvements
• Martin van Buren will inherit Jackson’s mess