Transcript Lecture 4 - Midlands State University

Lecture 4
• MULTILATERALISTION OF THE WORLD
•
• In the course of history the inadequacy of the
traditional tequinique of bilateral diplomacy to
solve major problems involving the interest of
more than two countries became evident as a
result of complex web of relations between
different people and between their rulers.
•
Lecture 4.1
• From this state of affairs originate international
conference to discuss and negotiate settlement of
common problems normally through the conclusion of
a multilateral treaty creating legal obligations for the
contracting parties. In history since 1648 the
conferences have been operating on an ad hoc basis
the up to the 1850s were landmark in the dev of IOs,
e.g.
European
commission1856,internationaltelecommunication
union 1864, international metrological services 1874.
Lecture 4.2
• The flourishing of multilateral institutions
begun in the post 1945 era as a result
of the firm commitment of the allies to
recognize the network of international
relations on the basis of friendship cooperation and equal opportunities for all
nations.
Lecture 4.3
• Efforts begun in November 1943 were
representatives of the 44 UN at war
signed an agreement establishing the
UN Relief and Rehabilitation to provide
assistance to the areas liberated from
German domination.
Lecture 4.4
• United Nation conference on food and
agriculture, set up a committee to formulate
FAO. The creation of IMF and IBRD was an
outcome of another major conference
devoted to monetary aid and financial
problems.
• Dec 1944 saw the establishment of
international civil aviation organization
(ICAO). June 1945, 50 countries defined the
structure and mechanism of the UN. Its
various organs were entrusted with various
responsibilities-UNESCO,WHO,ILO
Lecture 4.5
•
• While the basic principles of post war
monetary and financial co-operation
were eventually embodied in Bretton
hoods institution of IMF and IBRD, the
UN sponsored plans to set the broad
outlines for dealing with trade.
Lecture 4.6
• Subsequently, the organization international
trade organization failed to get ratification and
resulted in the interim agreement on Trade
and tariffs (GATT) which assumed the role of
promoting gradual abolition of tariffs and non
tariff barriers and improving the mechanics of
international commercial relations through
multilateral negotiation.
Lecture 4.7
• European countries with the end of WW2
launched the organization for European
economic co-operation in 1948, Eastern
Europe 1949 Council for mutual economic
assistance
CMEA)
WITH
THE
SCANDANAVIAN COUNTRIES FORMING
THE Nordic council.
• -1951 European coal and steal community
• 1957 European Economic Community
• 1960 European free trade association
Lecture 4.8
• In 1960 OEEC was replaced by the
Organization for Economic cooperation
OECD that had a large membership than its
predecessor to include Canada and US. It
broadened its aims to include the
achievement of highest sustainable growth
and the promotion of sound economic
expansion in member ass well as non
member countries in the process of economic
development
Lecture 4.9
• In the area of defense the 10 European
nations,
Canada
and
the
US
established NATO in 1949 whilst USSR
and its allies established the WARSAW
PACT in 1955 that obliged contracting
parties to assist each other to meet any
armed attack on one or more of them in
Europe.
Lecture 4.10
• In America, society organization of American
state (OAS) was formed in 1948 to forge PanAmerican policies involving all independent
countries of the continent in relation to the
economy. Latin American countries formed
central American common market CACM and
Latin American free trade association in 1960
and the inter American bank was set up.
Lecture 4.11
• In
the
Middle
east
saw
the
establishment of the League of Arab
states- a loose association favoring
polit9ical and economic unity among
member countries and promoting the
adoption of common policies vis-à-vis
non member countries.
•
Lecture 4.12
• In the Asian Pacific region various
international organization were formed to
overlook issues of collective self defense,
economic co-operation and development
assistance. A security treaty was signed in
1951 ANZUS Pact to ensure mutual
assistance should any signatory be a victim of
an attack in the pacific area. Southeast treaty
organization was established in 1954 with the
view of defending member countries in Indo
China.
Lecture 4.13
• With decolonization of Africa taking
shape the organization of African unity
was formed in 1963.
Lecture 4.14
• A far-reaching organization between Asia and
African continents was laid with the aim of
condemning colonialism, racial discrimination
and atomic weapons.Non-Alligned Movement
(NAM). It refused to be politically and militarily
associated with either WEST or the Soviet
bloc.
• Another significant organization was OPEC
WHICH SET UP CARTEL TO REGULATE
PRODUCTION AND PRICING OF OIL IN
THE WORLD MARKET.
Lecture 4.15
•
• The political and economic events in the
1960s emphasized the need for a fresh
approach to some basic problems of
IOs. WHY?
Lecture 4.16
• The UN had changed drastically-increase in
members, meeting pressing needs for
children, refugees, disaster victims and a
variety of problems through initiatives ranging
from promotion of new international economic
order
to
encouragement
of
sound
environmental practices, campaign against
the remnants of colonialism and apartheid
and the negotiation of treaties and other
global covenants such as seas and outer
space.
Lecture 4.18
• New UN Agencies were formulated. UNDP
was formulated as the world’s largest channel
for multilateral technical cooperation.
• UNIDO (UN Industrial Dev Org) was formed
in 1966 to foster and accelerate the industrial
development of developing countries.
• 1963 WORLD FOOD PROGRAMMME (WFP)
• 1967 UN POPULATION FUND (UNFPA) to
provide financial resources for co-operation in
population activities.
Lecture 4.19
• Growing solidarity between developing
countries led to the formation of NAM, G77
declaring common aims with regard to
economic
issues
and
multilateral
negotiations.
•
• In Western Europe the EEC managed to form
a customs union and free movement of
workers. It managed to set up the
Commom Agricultural Policy.
Lecture 4.20
• In LATIN AMERICA 1967 saw the signing of
Tlateloco prohibiting the nuclear weapons in
the region. On the economic field NAFTA was
formed. 1965 Caribbean Free trade
Association was formed with an autonomous
Caribbean development Bank formed in
1969.
•
Lecture 4.21
• In Africa failure to handle the Congo
crisis by the OAU led the French
speaking countries to form in 1965
African
and
Malagasy
Common
Organization (OCAM) to promote
economic, social, technical and cultural
development. In the financial sphere
major move have been the formation of
the African Development Bank (AfDB)
Lecture 4.22
• In Asia and the Pacific saw the
establishment of ASEAN specifically to
encourage
co-ordination
and
cooperation in the fields of the
economy, social and cultural matters
and ensure political stability in 1967.
With the Asian Development Bank being
established in 1965.
Lecture 4.23
• The monetary events of 1974 i.e. the
suspension of the convertibility of the dollar
into gold, and its subsequent devaluation
altered the condition under which IMF was
operating.
• The system was encouraging speculation,
increasing
economic
uncertainty
and
instability hence threatening the orderly
development of world trade.
Lecture 4.24
• The monetary turmoil was accompanied by
rise in prices for such essentialities as food
and fuel cartel, OPEC pressure oil prices,
growing burdens of debt and trade
imbalances.
• The aftermath of the 1973 oil shock brought
widespread concerns that experience of
OPEC might encourage the producers of
other commodities to form cartel to improve
their terms of trade with industrializing world.
Lecture 4.25
• Hence the convening of UNGA in 1974 and
subsequent establishment of NIEO which
involved reshaping of the world trade and
financial dealers. Food crisis led to the
formation of world food council in 1974 with
the mandate to coordinate policies and
activities affecting the world food situation
and for INFAD (INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT) to
mobilize additional financial resources to help
developing countries improve their food and
nutrition.
Lecture 4.26
• To avert oil crisis an institution was
established mainly by the western countries.
International Energy Agency (IEA) to promote
stability in the world energy markets as well
as security of supplies. It also led to the
formation of G7 in 1975, France, Japan, UK
and US with Canada joining in 1976. In wet
Africa ECOWAS was launch in 1976,
Economic community of the Great Lakes
(CEPGL), SADCC 1979 laid foundation for
closer co-operation.
•
Lecture 4.27
• Arab oil exporting countries decided to use
part of their revenue to help developing
nations facing oil prices- channeling the funds
for implementation of infrastructural, industrial
and agricultural projects through financial
institutions and development agencies.
• 1974 Arab Fund for Economic Social
Development (AFESD). A large body of
organization of the Islamic conference (OIC)
was set up to encourage effective, solidality
and mutual Assistance in vital fields.
Lecturer 4.28
• The South Pacific Bureau for Economic
co-operation (SPEC) was formed in
1973 and the phasing out of SEATO
which no longer fulfilling is collective
security function.
Lecture 4.29
• In the 1970s there was growing problems at
the world scale there was deteriorating
political environment and the commitment of
massive resources to amerments compouded
the problems. It led to:
• -high unemployment,widespread inflation
• -demands for protectionism from external
countries, demands for subsidies to ailing for
subsidies to ailing industries
• This weakened multilateralism.
Lecture 4.30
• Questions were raised as to the role of the
UN System. Un took an effective role begging
with pressing issues of Disarmament with UN
declaring in 1980 international Dev FOR Third
World Decade.
• 1985 the GATT round of multilateral trade
negotiation was launched opening up
prospects
of
curbing
protectionism
tendencies and strengthening trade system.
•
Lecture 4.31
• On the final since there was increase in the
flow of concessional assistance to lowincome countries particularly sub-Saharan
Africa.The need to expand world bank ‘s
lending programme war revised. Substantial
financial assistance was provided by IMF to
continue undertaking adjustment programme.
• The UN system became active especially
UNIDO but UNESCO was let down by
withdrawal of the US, UK and Singapore.
Lecture 4.32
• A number of new developments took place in
various regional bodies to reflect the changes
in the global politics and economy. The
Pacific was hit by a crisis ANZUS which arose
because of divergent views of US and New
Zealand over use of Nuclear war ships but
bilateral relation with Australia led to
Australian New Zealand Closer Economic
Relationship Trade agreement (ANZLERTA of
CER)
Lecture 4.33
• POST COLD WAR
•
• With the end of cold war brought much
hope to multilateralism as the gulf that
had developed between countries in all
region ended. Thus UN was to carry out
its mandate without much political
limitation.
Lecture 4.34
• The UN conference managed to hold
conferences and established a number of
bodies- to include 1995 Seabed Authoritycharged with overseeing all exploitation and
exploration activities in the international sea
bed; international tribunal on the law of the
sea, organization for the prohibition of
chemical
weapons
(OPCW)
ensuring
implementation of the provisions and
promulgation of the development, production
and stockpiling and use of chemical weapons
(CWC).
Lecture 4.35
• UN extended treaty on Non Proliferation of
nuclear weapons 19990s followed by the
adoption of Comprehensive Nuclear test Ban
treaty.
• 1995 WTO was formed as a successor to
GATT with a wider mandate, powers and
functions. The restoration of globalism with
the WTO may seem to clash with the
proliferation throughout the world of regional
arrangements
for
co-operation
and
interaction.
Lecture 4.36
• The developing countries have continued to
use NAM and G77. Commonwealth has
extended membership to Namibia 1990,
Cameroon and Mozambique in 1995.
Lusophone commonwealth was born in 1996
in Lisbon- Commodity of Portuguese
Speaking countries (CPLP) determined to
reinforce their cultural, political and economic
links and influence international institutions.
Lecture 4.37
• Europe 1995 Organisation for security
and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) for
political and securing consultation and
co-ordination including long term
missions in troubled areas and
supervision
of
elections
and
referendums.
Lecture 4.38
• In Europe old organization are striving to
adopt their objectives and functions to the
challenges of a fast changing European
architecture, new sub regional organisation
focused on specific areas and with loose
institutional frameworks are being established
on the periphery of Europe CEFTA, Central
European Initiative (CEI), Baltic Sea States.
Lecture 4.39
• Western hemisphere, north and south
America, US, Mexico and Canada. 1992
NAFTA came into fore 1994 and has since
called for negotiations to construct Free trade
of the America (FTAA) in which barriers to
trade and investment will be progressively
eliminated Latin America has moved. Central
America formed Central American Integration
System (SICA) to co-ordinate efforts towards
political and economic integration.
Lecture 4.40
• Andean group of countries formed
Adrian Community revive launch of cooperation of founding associations of
Caribbean states Group of 3 G 3
Columbia, Mexico and Venezuela. In
Asia efforts are continuing to build
institutional mechanism in the prospects
of enhanced cooperation.
Lecture 4.41
• African economic community was adopted by
OAU in 1991 and 2001 marked the
transformation of OAU into AU. The SADACC
established to reduce dependence of the
frontline states on south Africa has met the
challenge of a number of co-operation effort
with new democratic south Africa and gave
way to new SADC in 1992, COMESA came
out of PTA in 1993. The treaty of Pelindaba
established an African nuclear weapons free
zone.
Lecture 4.42
• The independence of five central Asian
republic of former USSR was neccessited the
establishment of economic co-operation
organisation (ECO) five republics + America
and Afghanstan joined in 1992, principally set
up in 1985 by Iran , Pakistan and Turkey.
• Damascus Declaration formed to develop a
regional defiance framework after the
conclusion of the Gulf War by Egypt and
Syria.
Lecture 4.43
• In Asian Pacific region there has been the
strengthening of Asian- Pacific community cooperation
(APEC)
with
liberalization
commitments generally moving from the
political to legal framework.
•
• ASEAN has enlarged- full participation of all
ten nations of South Asia. East Timor being
expected to join as soon as it achieves full
independence.