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Groups of Elements

Alkali metals

Alkaline earth metals Transition metals

Boron group

Carbon group Inner transition metals

Nitrogen group

Oxygen group

Halogens

Noble gases Hydrogen

5B 6B 7B

V Cr Mn Fe

Co Ni

3A 4A

B C

5A 6A 7A

1B 2B

Cu Zn

As O

Se F

39 40

87 88 72

104 105 106 107 108 109 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 * W

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

90 59

91 60

92 61

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Groups of Elements

H He

1 IA 1

IIA 2

IIIB 3 IVB 4 VB 5 4

Sr Sc

Y Ti

Zr V Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Transition metals Other metals Noble gases Cr Mn Fe

VIB VIIB 6 7 24

8 26

VIIIB 9 10

Halogens Other non-metals Lanthanides Actinides Co Ni

IB 11

IIB 12

IIIA 13

IVA 14

VA 15

2 VIA VIIA VIIIA 16 17 18

O F Ne

39 55

87 88 40

104 105 106 107 108 109 46

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 * W

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

90 59

91 60

92 61

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Wikipedia

Elements listed Alphabetically

Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Cesium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dysprosium Dubnium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Rutherfordium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Unnilhexium Unniloctium Unnilpentium Unnilquadium Unnilseptium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Printable Periodic Table

1A H 1 Li 3 Na 11 K 19 Rb 37 Cs 55 Fr 87 2A Be 4 Mg 12 Ca 20 Sr 38 Ba 56 Ra 88 C Solid Br Liquid H Gas

Periodic Table

3B Sc 4B Ti 5B 6B 7B V Cr Mn Fe 8B Co Ni 21 Y 22 Zr 23 Nb 24 Mo 25 Tc Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Transition metals Boron group Nonmetals Noble gases 1B 2B Cu Zn 26 Ru 27 Rh 28 Pd 29 Ag 30 Cd 3A 4A B C Al 5 6 Si 14 13 Ga Ge 31 In 32 Sn Sb 5A 6A 7A N O F 7 P 15 As 33 8 S 16 Se 34 Te I 9 Cl 17 Br 35 39 40 Hf 41 Ta 42 W 43 Re 44 Os 45 Ir 46 Pt 47 Au 48 Hg 49 Tl 50 Pb 51 Bi Po 52 53 At 85 72 Rf 73 Db 74 Sg 75 Bh 76 Hs 77 Mt 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 104 105 106 107 108 109 6 Lanthanoid Series La Ce Pr 7 57 58 59 Actinoid Series Ac Th Pa Nd 60 U Pm Sm 61 Np 62 Pu Eu 63 Gd 64 Am Cm Tb 65 Bk Dy Ho 66 Cf 67 Es Er 68 Tm 69 Fm Md Yb 70 No Lu 71 Lr 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 8A He 2 Ne 10 Ar 18 Kr 36 Xe 54 Rn 86

Dutch Periodic Table

113 114 115 116 117 118 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743

Chinese Periodic Table

http://www.limestone.on.ca/ibuild/davies/chinesept.html

Stowe’s Periodic Table

Benfrey’s Periodic Table

developed by Mohd Abubakr, Hyderabad, India

How to Organize Elements… Periodic Table Designs

Discovering the Periodic Table

H Ancient Times Midd. -1700 1735-1843 1843-1886 1894-1918 1923-1961 1965 He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989

Metals and Nonmetals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H

Li Be

Mg B

Al He C

N O F

Nonmetals 7 8 9

P S Cl Ar

87 55

Sr Sc

39 *

Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Hf Zr

Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag

METALS

Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Cd

30 31

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 W Metalloids 88 104 105 106 107 108 109

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

90 59

91 60

92 61

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Diatomic Elements

H 2 He Li Be B C N 2 O 2 F 2 Ne Na Mg Al Si P Cl 2 Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br 2 Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I 2 Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Alkali Metals, Group 1

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Alkaline Earth Metals, Group 2

He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Halogens, Group 17

Noble Gases, Group 18

Chalcogens, Group 16

Pnicogens, Group 15

Lanthanide Series

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Actinide Series

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H

hydrogen alkali metals alkaline earth metals transition metals poor metals nonmetals noble gases rare earth metals

2 1

Li Be

Mg B

Al C

Si N

P O

S F

Cl Ne

Sr Sc

Y Ti

Zr V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

39 * 55

W 87 88 40

104 105 106 107 108 109 46

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 http://www.elementsdatabase.com/

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

89 58

90 91 60

92 61

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

1 H

The Periodic Table

Alkaline earth metals Halogens Noble gases 18 He 2 Be 13 B 14 C 15 N 16 O 17 F

Mg 3 4

Sr Sc

Y Ti

Zr 5 V 6 7 8 Transition metals 9 10 Cr Mn Fe Co Ni 11 Cu 12 Zn

39 * 55

Y 87 88 40

78 79 80

Uun Uuu Uub

81 82

Uuq

83 84

Uuh

85 86

Uuo

104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 116 118 *

Lanthanides La

Actinides

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

90 59

91 60

92 61

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Orbitals Being Filled

5 6 7 3 4 1 1 1

2 2

2 3

6 7

s s

La Ac 3

Groups 8 3 4 5 6 7 1

Lanthanide series Actinide series Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 345

Electron Filling in Periodic Table

s s p

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

* W

d f

* W

Metallic Characteristic

metallic character increases nonmetallic character increases

s s

Periodic Table

2 1

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Sr Sc

Y Ti

Zr V Cr

Mn Fe Co Ni

Al Cu Zn

39 55

87 88 40

104 105 106 107 108 109 46

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

* W

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

89 58

90 91 60

92 61

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Melting Points

-259.2

Li Be

180.5

1283

Mg Mg

650 > 3000 o C Symbol Melting point o C 2000 - 3000 o C

B C N O F He

-269.7

2027

4100 -210.1

-218.8

-219.6

-248.6

Si P S Cl Ar

63.2

650

850

Sr Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

660

1423

1677

1917

1900

1244

1539

1495

1455

1083

420

29.78

960

44.2

817

119

217.4

-101

-189.6

-7.2

-157.2

38.8

770

1500

1852

2487

2610

2127

2427

1966

1550

961

321

156.2

231.9

630.5

450

113.6

-111.9

At Rn

28.6

710 920 2222 2997 3380 3180 2727 2454 1769 1063 -38.9

303.6

327.4

271.3

254 -71 Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry , 1999, page 1999

0.071

Li Be

0.53

1.8

Densities of Elements

B C N O F He

0.126

2.5

2.26

0.81

1.14

1.11

1.204

0.97

1.74

Ca Sc

0.86

1.55

(2.5)

Y Ti

4.5

Zr V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

2.70

2.4

1.82w

2.07

1.557

1.402

5.96

7.1

7.4

7.86

8.9

8.90

8.92

7.14

5.91

5.36

5,7

4.7

3.119

2.6

1.53

2.6

5.51

6.4

1.90

3.5

8.4

10.2

11.5

12.5

12.0

10.5

8.6

7.3

6.7

13.1

16.6

19.3

21.4

22.48

22.4

21.45

19.3

13.55

11.85

11.34

9.8

6.1

4.93

3.06

9.4

-- 4.4

8.0 – 11.9 g/cm 3 12.0 – 17.9 g/cm 3 > 18.0 g/cm 3

1.74

Symbol Density in g/cm 3 C, for gases, in g/L W

Electronegativities

2.1

1.0

1.5

0.9

0.8

1.2

1.0

1.3

1.5

Mn Fe

Co Ni

2.0

2.5

3.0

1.5

1.8

2.1

3.5

2.5

1.6

1.5

1.8

1.9

1.7

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.4

4.0

3.0

2.8

0.8

1.0

1.2

* 1.4

1.6

1.8

1.9

2.2

0.7

0.9

1.1

y 1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

* Lanthanides: 1.1 - 1.3

y Actinides: 1.3 - 1.5

1.1

2.2

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.5

2.2

2.4

1.9

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.2

8A Below 1.0

1.0 - 1.4

1.5 - 1.9

2.0 - 2.4

2.5 - 2.9

3.0 - 4.0

Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2 nd Edition, page 373

Electron Filling in Periodic Table

1s 1

Li Be

2s 1

2s 2

3s 1

3s 2

Ca Sc

4s 1

4s 2

3d 1

Y Ti V Cr Mn Fe

3d 2

3d 3

3d 5

Tc Co Ni

3d 6

3d 7

3d 8

Pd Cu Zn

3p 1

3p 2

3p 3

3p 4

3d 10

4p 1

4p 2

4p 3

4p 4

3p 5

4p 5

3p 6

4p 6

5s 1

5s 2

4d 1 4d 2

4d 4

4d 5

4d 6

4d 7

4d 8

4d 10

4p 1

5p 1

5p 2

5p 3

5p 4

5p 5

5p 6

6s 1

6s 2

7s 1 7s 2 5d 2

5d 3

5d 4

5d 5

5d 6

5d 7

6d 2 6d 3 6d 4 6d 5 6d 6 6d 7

2p 1

5d 9 5d 10 5d 10 6p 1

f f

2p 2

6p 2

2p 3

6p 3

2p 4

6p 4

1s 1

2p 5

Cl Ne

2p 6

6p 5

1s 2 6p 6

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

5d 1

4f 2

4f 3

6d 1 6d 2 5f 2 4f 4

5f 3 4f 5

4f 6

4f 7

4f 9

4f 10

5f 4 5f 6 5f 7 5f 7 5f 8 4f 11

4f 12

4f 13

4f 14

4f 114

5f 10 5f 11 5f 14 5f 13 5f 14 5f 14

Atomic Radii

IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

Li Be

1.52 1.11

B C N O F

0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64

Na Mg

1.86 1.60

Al Si P S Cl

1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99

K Ca

2.31 1.97

Ga Ge As Se Br

1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14

Rb Sr

2.44 2.15

Cs Ba

2.62 2.17

In Sn Sb Te I

1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33

Tl Pb Bi

1.71 1.75 1.46

= 1 Angstrom

Atomic Radii of Representative Elements (nm)

1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

Li Be

0.1.52 0.111

B C N O F

0.088 0.077 0.070 0.066 0.064

Na Mg

0.186 0.160

K Ca

0.231 0.197

Al Si P S Cl

0.143 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099

Ga Ge As Se Br

0.122 0.122 0.121 0.117 0.114

Rb Sr

0.244 0.215

In Sn Sb Te I

0.162 0.140 0.141 0.137 0.133

Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At

0.262 0.217

0.171 0.175 0.146 0.140 0.140

LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 175

Li 1+

Be 2+

Mg 2+

Mg K

K 1+

Ca 2+

Rb 1+

Sr 2+

Cs 1+

Ba 2+

B C N

Al 3+

Al Si P

3 2-

F 1-

S 2-

Cl Ga

Ge As Br

1 In 3+

In Sn Sb

1 Tl 3+

Tl Pb Bi

7 Group 1 H

1312

520

900

496

419

738

590

633

Ionization Energies

He Mg

Symbol 738 6

First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) 8

2372

801

1086

1402

1314

1681

2081

578

787

1012

1000

1251

1521

659

651

653

717

762

760

737

746

906

579

762

947

941

1140

1351

403

550

600

* 640

652

684

702

710

720

804

731

868

558

709

834

869

1008

1170

376

503

538

y 659

761

770

760

839

878

868

890 1007

Uuu Uub

589

Uut

716 703

Uuq Uup

812 - 509 490 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1038

Uuo

- * Lanthanide series

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

y Actinide series 534

527

533

536

545

547

592

566

573

581

589

597

603

523

587 570 598 600 585 578 581 601 608 619 627 635 642 --

First Ionization Energies

(in kilojoules per mole)

1312.1

520.3

495.9

418.9

402.9

899.5

737.8

589.9

549.2

Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188

800.7

577.6

578.6

558.2

1086.5

1402.4

1314.0

1681.1

2372.5

2080.8

786.5

761.2

708.4

1011.8

946.5

833.8

999.7

940.7

869.0

1251.2

1142.7

1008.7

1520.6

1350.8

1170.3

1312.1

520.3

899.5

First Ionization Energies

(kJ/mol)

800.7

1086.5

1402.4

1314.0

1681.1

2372.5

2080.8

495.9

418.9

402.9

737.8

589.9

549.2

577.6

578.6

558.2

786.5

761.2

1011.8

946.5

708.4

833.8

999.7

940.7

869.0

1251.2

1142.7

1520.6

1350.8

1008.7

1170.3

Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188

Element

Ionization Energies

(kJ/mol)

1 st 2 nd Na Mg Al Si

498 736 577 787

4560

1445 1815 1575

P S

1063 1000 1890 2260

1255 2295

1519 2665 Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page

3 rd 6910 7730

2740 3220 2905 3375 3850 3945

4 th 5 th 6 th 9540 13,400 16,600 10,600 13,600 18,000 11,600 15,000 18,310

4350

16,100 19,800

4950 6270

21,200

4565 5160 6950 6560 8490 9360 5770 7320 8780 Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.

Element

Ionization Energies

(kJ/mol)

1 st 2 nd Na Mg Al Si

498 736 577 787

4560

1445 1815 1575

P S

1063 1000 1890 2260

1255 2295

1519 2665 Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page

3 rd 6910 7730

2740 3220 2905 3375 3850 3945

4 th 5 th 6 th 9540 13,400 16,600 10,600 13,600 18,000 11,600 15,000 18,310

4350

16,100 19,800

4950 6270

21,200

4565 5160 6950 6560 8490 9360 5770 7320 8780 Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.

Essential Elements

H 1 Li 3 Be 4 Na Mg 11 12 K 19 Rb 37 Ca 20 Sr 38 Cs 55 Ba 56 Sc 21 Y 39 La 57 Ti 22 Zr 40 Hf 72 V 23 Nb 41 Ta 72 Elements in organic matter Major minerals Trace elements Cr 24 Mo 42 W 74 Mn 25 Tc 43 Re 75 Fe 26 Os 76 Co 27 Ir 77 Ni 28 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Pt 78 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ag 47 Cd 48 Ga 31 In 49 Ge 32 Sn 50 As 33 Sb 51 Au 79 Hg 80 B 5 Al 13 Tl 81 C 6 Si 14 Pb 82 N 7 P 15 Bi 83 O 8 S 16 Se 34 Te 52 Po 84 F 9 Cl 17 Br 35 I 53 At 85 He 2 Ne 10 Ar 18 Kr 36 Xe 54 Rn 86

Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 748

Oxidation State of Elements

Group 1 H +

Li + Be 2+ Na + Mg 2+ K + Ca 2+ Rb + Sr 2+ Cs + Ba 2+

Transition metals 18

Ag 1+ Zn 2+

Al 3+

14 15 16

N 3 O 2-

F 1 S 2 Cl 1-

N O B L E

Se 2 Br 1 Te 2 I 1-

G A S E S

Orbitals Being Filled

1 2

Li 1+ Be 2+ Na 1+ Te 2 K 1+ Te 2 Rb 1+ Te 2 Cs 1+ Te 2-

Groups

Transition metals form cations with various charges.

Ag 1+

3 4 5 6 7

Al 3+ O 2 F 1 S 2 Cl 1 Zn 2+ Ga 3+ Se 2 Br 1 In 3+ Te 2 I 1-

Summary of Periodic Trends

1A 2A

Shielding is constant Atomic radius decreases Ionization energy increases Electronegativity increases Nuclear charge increases

3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 0 Ionic size (cations) decreases Ionic size (anions) decreases

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H H

2 1

Li Be

Mg B

Al C

Si N

P O

S F

Cl Ne

Sr Sc

Y Ti

Zr V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

39 * 55

W 87 88 40

104 105 106 107 108 109 46

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

89 58

90 91 60

92 61

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Hydrogen Hydrogen N

Name:

Hydrogen

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

1.00794 amu -259.14 °C (14.009985 °K, -434.45203 °F) -252.87 °C (20.280005 °K, -423.166 °F)

What is Hydrogen?

Colorless, odorless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776. Electron Configuration H = 1s 1

Helium Helium N pslawinski, metal-halide.net

Name:

Helium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

4.002602 amu -272.0 °C (1.15 °K, -457.6 °F) -268.6 °C (4.549994 °K, -451.48 °F)

What is Helium?

Colorless, odorless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer. Electron Configuration He = 1s 2

Lithium Lithium N

Name:

Lithium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

6.941 amu 180.54 °C (453.69 °K, 356.972 °F) 1347.0 °C (1620.15 °K, 2456.6 °F)

What is Lithium?

Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine. Electron Configuration Li = 1s 2 2s 1

Beryllium Beryllium N

Name:

Beryllium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

9.012182 amu 1278.0 °C (1551.15 °K, 2332.4 °F) 2970.0 °C (3243.15 °K, 5378.0 °F)

What is Beryllium?

Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828. Electron Configuration Be = 1s 2 2s 2

Boron Boron N

Name:

Boron

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

10.811 amu 2300.0 °C (2573.15 °K, 4172.0 °F) 2550.0 °C (2823.15 °K, 4622.0 °F)

What is Boron?

An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard.

Electron Configuration B = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1

Carbon Carbon N

Name:

Carbon

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

12.0107 amu 3500.0 °C (3773.15 °K, 6332.0 °F) 4827.0 °C (5100.15 °K, 8720.6 °F)

What is Carbon?

Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements. Electron Configuration C = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2

Nitrogen Nitrogen N

Name:

Nitrogen

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

14.00674 amu -209.9 °C (63.250008 °K, -345.81998 °F) -195.8 °C (77.35 °K, -320.44 °F) Link

What is Nitrogen?

Colorless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford. Electron Configuration N = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3

Oxygen Oxygen N

Name:

Oxygen

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

15.9994 amu -218.4 °C (54.75 °K, -361.12 °F) -183.0 °C (90.15 °K, -297.4 °F)

What is Oxygen?

A colorless, odorless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774. Electron Configuration O = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4

Fluorine Fluorine N

Name:

Fluorine

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

18.998404 amu -219.62 °C (53.53 °K, -363.316 °F) -188.14 °C (85.01 °K, -306.652 °F)

What is Fluorine?

A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886. Electron Configuration F = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5

Neon Neon N pslawinski, wikipedia.org

Name:

Neon

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

20.1797 amu -248.6 °C (24.549994 °K, -415.48 °F) -246.1 °C (27.049994 °K, -410.98 °F)

What is Neon?

Colorless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.0018% of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers. Electron Configuration Ne = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6

Sodium Sodium N

Name:

Sodium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

22.98977 amu 97.8 °C (370.95 °K, 208.04001 °F) 552.9 °C (826.05005 °K, 1027.2201 °F)

What is Sodium?

Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807. Electron Configuration Na = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1

Magnesium Magnesium N

Name:

Magnesium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

24.305 amu 650.0 °C (923.15 °K, 1202.0 °F) 1107.0 °C (1380.15 °K, 2024.6 °F)

Link

What is Magnesium?

Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table (alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828. Electron Configuration Mg = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2

Aluminum Aluminum N

Name:

Aluminum

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

26.981539 amu 660.37 °C (933.52 °K, 1220.666 °F) 2467.0 °C (2740.15 °K, 4472.6 °F)

What is Aluminum?

Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted . Electron Configuration Al = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1

Silicon Silicon N

Name:

Silicon

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

28.0855 amu 1410.0 °C (1683.15 °K, 2570.0 °F) 2355.0 °C (2628.15 °K, 4271.0 °F)

Link

What is Silicon?

Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius.

Electron Configuration Si = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 2

Phosphorus Phosphorus N

Name:

Phosphorus

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

30.97376 amu 44.1 °C (317.25 °K, 111.38 °F) 280.0 °C (553.15 °K, 536.0 °F)

What is Phosphorus?

Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669. Electron Configuration P = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 3

Sulfur Sulfur N

Name:

Sulfur

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

32.066 amu 112.8 °C (385.95 °K, 235.04001 °F) 444.6 °C (717.75 °K, 832.28 °F) What is Sulfur?

Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulfate ion. Electron Configuration S = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4

Chlorine Chlorine N

Name:

Chlorine

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

35.4527 amu -100.98 °C (172.17 °K, -149.764 °F) -34.6 °C (238.55 °K, -30.279997 °F)

What is Chlorine?

Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810. Electron Configuration Cl = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 5

Argon Argon N pslawinski, wikipedia.org

Name:

Argon

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

39.948 amu -189.3 °C (83.85 °K, -308.74 °F) -186.0 °C (87.15 °K, -302.8 °F)

What is Argon?

Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93% of the air. Colorless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsey identified argon in 1894. Electron Configuration Ar = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6

Potassium Potassium N

Name:

Potassium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

39.0983 amu 63.65 °C (336.8 °K, 146.57 °F) 774.0 °C (1047.15 °K, 1425.2 °F)

Link

What is Potassium?

Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807. Electron Configuration K = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1

Calcium Calcium N

Name:

Calcium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

40.078 amu 839.0 °C (1112.15 °K, 1542.2 °F) 1484.0 °C (1757.15 °K, 2703.2 °F)

What is Calcium?

Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms. Electron Configuration Ca = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2

Scandium Scandium N

Name:

Scandium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

44.95591 amu 1539.0 °C (1812.15 °K, 2802.2 °F) 2832.0 °C (3105.15 °K, 5129.6 °F)

What is Scandium?

Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are radioactive and have short half-lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, isolated by Nilson in 1879. Electron Configuration Sc = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 1

Titanium Titanium N

Name:

Titanium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

47.867 amu 1660.0 °C (1933.15 °K, 3020.0 °F) 3287.0 °C (3560.15 °K, 5948.6 °F)

What is Titanium?

White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789. Electron Configuration Ti = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 2

Vanadium Vanadium N

Name:

Vanadium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

50.9415 amu 1890.0 °C (2163.15 °K, 3434.0 °F) 3380.0 °C (3653.15 °K, 6116.0 °F)

What is Vanadium?

Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to ascidians. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled. Electron Configuration V = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 3

Chromium Chromium N

Name:

Chromium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

51.9961 amu 1857.0 °C (2130.15 °K, 3374.6 °F) 2672.0 °C (2945.15 °K, 4841.6 °F) Link

What is Chromium?

Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin. Electron Configuration Cr = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 3d 5

Manganese Manganese N

Name:

Manganese

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

54.93805 amu 1245.0 °C (1518.15 °K, 2273.0 °F) 1962.0 °C (2235.15 °K, 3563.6 °F)

What is Manganese?

Grey brittle metallic transition element. Rather electropositive, combines with some non-metals when heated. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele. Electron Configuration Mn = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 5

Iron Iron N

Name:

Iron

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

55.845 amu 1535.0 °C (1808.15 °K, 2795.0 °F) 2750.0 °C (3023.15 °K, 4982.0 °F)

What is Iron?

Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements. Electron Configuration Fe = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 6

Cobalt Cobalt N

Name:

Cobalt

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

58.9332 amu 1495.0 °C (1768.15 °K, 2723.0 °F) 2870.0 °C (3143.15 °K, 5198.0 °F)

What is Cobalt?

Light grey transition element. Some meteorites contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737. Electron Configuration Co = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 7

Nickel Nickel N

Name:

Nickel

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

58.6934 amu 1453.0 °C (1726.15 °K, 2647.4 °F) 2732.0 °C (3005.15 °K, 4949.6 °F) Link

What is Nickel?

Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751. Electron Configuration Ni = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 8

Copper Copper N

Name:

Copper

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

63.546 amu 1083.0 °C (1356.15 °K, 1981.4 °F) 2567.0 °C (2840.15 °K, 4652.6 °F) Link

What is Copper?

Red-brown transition element. Known by the Romans as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside.

Electron Configuration Cu = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 1 3d 10

Zinc Zinc N

Name:

Zinc

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

65.39 amu 419.58 °C (692.73 °K, 787.24396 °F) 907.0 °C (1180.15 °K, 1664.6 °F)

What is Zinc?

Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen. Electron Configuration Zn = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10

Gallium Gallium N Foobar, wikipedia.org

Name:

Gallium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

69.723 amu 29.78 °C (302.93 °K, 85.604004 °F) 2403.0 °C (2676.15 °K, 4357.4 °F)

What is Gallium?

Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Electron Configuration Ga = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 1

Germanium Germanium N

Name:

Germanium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

72.61 amu 937.4 °C (1210.55 °K, 1719.3201 °F) 2830.0 °C (3103.15 °K, 5126.0 °F)

What is Germanium?

Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler. Electron Configuration Ge = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 2

Arsenic Arsenic N

Name:

Arsenic

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

74.9216 amu 817.0 °C (1090.15 °K, 1502.6 °F) 613.0 °C (886.15 °K, 1135.4 °F)

What is Arsenic?

Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250. Electron Configuration As = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 3

Selenium Selenium N

Name:

Selenium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

78.96 amu 217.0 °C (490.15 °K, 422.6 °F) 684.9 °C (958.05005 °K, 1264.8201 °F)

What is Selenium?

Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulfur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius. Electron Configuration Se = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 4

Bromine Bromine RTC, wikipedia.org

Name:

Bromine

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

79.904 amu -7.2 °C (265.95 °K, 19.04 °F) 58.78 °C (331.93 °K, 137.804 °F) N

What is Bromine?

Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapor irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. Electron Configuration Br = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 5

Krypton Krypton N

Name:

Krypton

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

83.8 amu -157.2 °C (115.950005 °K, -250.95999 °F) -153.4 °C (119.75001 °K, -244.12 °F)

What is Krypton?

Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001% by volume. It can be extracted from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, and five radioactive isotopes. Kr-85, the most stable radioactive isotope, has a half-life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with fluorine. Electron Configuration Kr = 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6

Rubidium Rubidium N

Name:

Rubidium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

85.4678 amu 38.89 °C (312.04 °K, 102.002 °F) 688.0 °C (961.15 °K, 1270.4 °F)

What is Rubidium?

Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Rb-97, the naturally occurring isotope, is radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff. Rb = [Kr]5s 1

Strontium Strontium N

Name:

Strontium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

87.62 amu 769.0 °C (1042.15 °K, 1416.2 °F) 1384.0 °C (1657.15 °K, 2523.2 °F)

What is Strontium?

Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr-90 is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28 years. Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry Davy. Sr = [Kr]5s 2

Yttrium Yttrium N

Name:

Yttrium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

88.90585 amu 1523.0 °C (1796.15 °K, 2773.4 °F) 3337.0 °C (3610.15 °K, 6038.6 °F)

What is Yttrium?

Silvery-grey metallic element of group 3 on the periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y-89, there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, Celsius. Discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler. Y = [Kr]5s 2 4d 1

Zirconium Zirconium N

Name:

Zirconium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

91.224 amu 1852.0 °C (2125.15 °K, 3365.6 °F) 4377.0 °C (4650.15 °K, 7910.6 °F)

What is Zirconium?

Grey-white metallic transition element. Five natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear reactors for a neutron absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, isolated in 1824 by Berzelius. Zr = [Kr]5s 2 4d 2

Niobium Niobium N

Name:

Niobium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

92.90638 amu 2468.0 °C (2741.15 °K, 4474.4 °F) 4927.0 °C (5200.15 °K, 8900.6 °F)

What is Niobium?

Soft, ductile grey-blue metallic transition element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees Celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by Blomstrand in 1864. Called columbium originally. Nb = [Kr]5s 1 4d 5

Molybdenum Molybdenum N

Name:

Molybdenum

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

95.94 amu 2617.0 °C (2890.15 °K, 4742.6 °F) 4612.0 °C (4885.15 °K, 8333.6 °F)

What is Molybdenum?

Silvery-white, hard metallic transition element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Mo-93 being the most stable with a half-life of 3500 years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high-strength steels, it has nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered in 1778 by Carl Mo = [Kr]5s 1 4d 5 Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm.

Technetium Technetium N

Name:

Technetium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(98.0) amu 2200.0 °C (2473.15 °K, 3992.0 °F) 4877.0 °C (5150.15 °K, 8810.6 °F)

What is Technetium?

Radioactive metallic transition element. Can be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them Tc-97. Tc-99 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 2.6x10

6 years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and manganese. Tc = [Kr]5s 2 4d 5

Ruthenium Ruthenium N

Name:

Ruthenium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

101.07 amu 2250.0 °C (2523.15 °K, 4082.0 °F) 3900.0 °C (4173.15 °K, 7052.0 °F)

What is Ruthenium?

Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus.

Ru = [Kr]5s 1 4d 7

Rhodium Rhodium N

Name:

Rhodium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

102.9055 amu 1966.0 °C (2239.15 °K, 3570.8 °F) 3727.0 °C (4000.15 °K, 6740.6 °F)

What is Rhodium?

Silvery white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. Rh = [Kr]5s 1 4d 8

Palladium Palladium N

Name:

Palladium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

106.42 amu 1552.0 °C (1825.15 °K, 2825.6 °F) 2927.0 °C (3200.15 °K, 5300.6 °F)

What is Palladium?

Soft white ductile transition element. Found with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. Pd = [Kr]4d 10

Silver Silver N

Name:

Silver

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

107.8682 amu 961.93 °C (1235.08 °K, 1763.474 °F) 2212.0 °C (2485.15 °K, 4013.6 °F)

What is Silver?

White lustrous soft metallic transition element. Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewelry, tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically. Ag = [Kr]5s 1 4d 10

Cadmium Cadmium N

Name:

Cadmium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

112.411 amu 320.9 °C (594.05 °K, 609.62 °F) 765.0 °C (1038.15 °K, 1409.0 °F)

What is Cadmium?

Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer. Cd = [Kr]5s 2 4d 10

Indium Indium N

Name:

Indium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

114.818 amu 156.61 °C (429.76 °K, 313.898 °F) 2000.0 °C (2273.15 °K, 3632.0 °F)

What is Indium?

Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In-115, which has a half-life of 6x10 4 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter. In = [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 5p 1

Tin Tin N

Name:

Tin

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

118.71 amu 231.9 °C (505.05 °K, 449.41998 °F) 2270.0 °C (2543.15 °K, 4118.0 °F)

What is Tin?

Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. Twenty-six isotopes are known, five of which are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. Sn = [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 5p 2

Antimony Antimony N

Name:

Antimony

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

121.76 amu 630.0 °C (903.15 °K, 1166.0 °F) 1750.0 °C (2023.15 °K, 3182.0 °F)

What is Antimony?

Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. First reported by Tholden in 1450. Sb = [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 5p 3

Tellurium Tellurium N

Name:

Tellurium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

127.6 amu 449.5 °C (722.65 °K, 841.1 °F) 989.8 °C (1262.95 °K, 1813.64 °F)

What is Tellurium?

Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to sulfur. Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller. Te = [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 5p 4

Iodine Iodine N

Name:

Iodine

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

126.90447 amu 113.5 °C (386.65 °K, 236.3 °F) 184.0 °C (457.15 °K, 363.2 °F)

What is Iodine?

Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I-127 exists, in addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. Discovered in 1812 by Courtois. I = [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 5p 5

Xenon Xenon pslawinski, wikipedia.org

Name:

Xenon

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

131.29 amu -111.9 °C (161.25 °K, -169.42 °F) -108.1 °C (165.05 °K, -162.58 °F)

What is Xenon?

Colorless, odorless gas belonging to group 18 on the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble-gas compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898. Xe = [Kr]5s 2 4d 10 5p 6

Cesium Cesium N

Name:

Cesium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

132.90546 amu 28.5 °C (301.65 °K, 83.3 °F) 678.4 °C (951.55005 °K, 1253.12 °F)

What is Cesium?

Soft silvery-white metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid at room temperature. Cs-133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and ice at temperatures above 15 K. Cesium hydroxide is the strongest base known. Cs = [Xe]6s 1

Barium Barium N

Name:

Barium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

137.327 amu 725.0 °C (998.15 °K, 1337.0 °F) 1140.0 °C (1413.15 °K, 2084.0 °F)

What is Barium?

Silvery-white reactive element, belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by Humphry Davy. Ba = [Xe]6s 2

Lanthanum Lanthanum N

Name:

Lanthanum

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

138.9055 amu 920.0 °C (1193.15 °K, 1688.0 °F) 3469.0 °C (3742.15 °K, 6276.2 °F)

What is Lanthanum?

(From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare-earth minerals. Twenty-five natural isotopes exist. La-139 which is stable, and La-138 which has a half-life of 10 10 to 10 15 years. The other twenty-three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander. La = [Xe]5d 1 6s 2

Cerium Cerium N

Name:

Cerium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

140.116 amu 795.0 °C (1068.15 °K, 1463.0 °F) 3257.0 °C (3530.15 °K, 5894.6 °F)

What is Cerium?

Silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare-earth alloys. The oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Ce = [Xe] 6s 2 4f 1 5d 1 Discovered by Martin .H. Klaproth in 1803.

Praseodymium Praseodymium N

Name:

Praseodymium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

140.90765 amu 935.0 °C (1208.15 °K, 1715.0 °F) 3127.0 °C (3400.15 °K, 5660.6 °F)

What is Praseodymium?

Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr-141 which is not radioactive. Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in rare-earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach. Pr = [Xe] 6s 2 4f 3

Neodymium Neodymium N

Name:

Neodymium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

144.24 amu 1010.0 °C (1283.15 °K, 1850.0 °F) 3127.0 °C (3400.15 °K, 5660.6 °F)

What is Neodymium?

Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd-144 being the only radioactive one with a half-life of 10 10 to 10 15 years. Six artificial radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to color class a shade of violet-purple and make it dichroic. One of the more reactive rare-earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some rare-earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets (Nd 2 Fe 14 B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 by separating didymium into its elemental components praseodymium and neodymium. Nd = [Xe] 6s 2 4f 4

Promethium Promethium N

Name:

Promethium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass:

(145.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Promethium?

Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Pm 147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a half-life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but all have very short half-lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. Pm-147 is of interest as a beta-decay source, however Pm-146 and Pm-148 have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 1947. Pm = [Xe] 6s 2 4f 5

Samarium Samarium N

Name:

Samarium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

150.36 amu 1072.0 °C (1345.15 °K, 1961.6 °F) 1900.0 °C (2173.15 °K, 3452.0 °F)

What is Samarium?

Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm-147 is the only radioisotope, and has a half-life of 2.5x10

11 years. Used for making special alloys needed in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by any other Sm = [Xe] 6s 2 4f 6 material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879.

Europium Europium N

Name:

Europium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

151.964 amu 822.0 °C (1095.15 °K, 1511.6 °F) 1597.0 °C (1870.15 °K, 2906.6 °F)

What is Europium?

Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Eu-151 and Eu-153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of which are neutron absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William Crookes. Eu = [Xe] 6s 2 4f 7

Gadolinium Gadolinium N

Name:

Gadolinium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

157.25 amu 1311.0 °C (1584.15 °K, 2391.8 °F) 3233.0 °C (3506.15 °K, 5851.4 °F)

What is Gadolinium?

Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to eleven artificial isotopes. Gd-155 and Gd-157 and the best neutron absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880. Gd = [Xe] 6s 2 5d 1 4f 7

Terbium Terbium N

Name:

Terbium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

158.92534 amu 1360.0 °C (1633.15 °K, 2480.0 °F) 3041.0 °C (3314.15 °K, 5505.8 °F)

What is Terbium?

Silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Tb-159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843. Tb = [Xe] 6s 2 4f 9

Dysprosium Dysprosium N

Name:

Dysprosium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

162.5 amu 1412.0 °C (1685.15 °K, 2573.6 °F) 2562.0 °C (2835.15 °K, 4643.6 °F)

What is Dysprosium?

Metallic with a bright silvery-white luster. Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving hydrogen. It is found in from rare-earth minerals. There are seven natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy-154 being the most stable with a half-life of 3x10 6 years. Dysprosium is used as a neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It was discovered by Paul Emile Dy = [Xe] 6s 2 4f 10 Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain.

Holmium Holmium N

Name:

Holmium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

164.93031 amu 1470.0 °C (1743.15 °K, 2678.0 °F) 2720.0 °C (2993.15 °K, 4928.0 °F)

What is Holmium?

Relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the lanthanoids. A rare-earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural isotope, Ho 165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being Ho-163 with a half-life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is a fire hazard.

Erbium Erbium

Name:

Erbium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

167.26 amu 1522.0 °C (1795.15 °K, 2771.6 °F) 2510.0 °C (2783.15 °K, 4550.0 °F)

What is Erbium?

Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. Mosander in 1843.

Thulium Thulium

Name:

Thulium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

168.9342 amu 1545.0 °C (1818.15 °K, 2813.0 °F) 1727.0 °C (2000.15 °K, 3140.6 °F)

What is Thulium?

Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm-169, and seventeen artificial isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.

Ytterbium Ytterbium

Name:

Ytterbium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

173.04 amu 824.0 °C (1097.15 °K, 1515.2 °F) 1466.0 °C (1739.15 °K, 2670.8 °F)

What is Ytterbium?

Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.

Lutetium Lutetium

Name:

Lutetium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

174.967 amu 1656.0 °C (1929.15 °K, 3012.8 °F) 3315.0 °C (3588.15 °K, 5999.0 °F)

What is Lutetium?

Silvery-white rare-earth metal which is relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare-earth metal. Its found with almost all rare-earth metals, but is very difficult to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable being Lu-174 with a half-life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium from ytterbium was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.

Hafnium Hafnium

Name:

Hafnium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

178.49 amu 2150.0 °C (2423.15 °K, 3902.0 °F) 5400.0 °C (5673.15 °K, 9752.0 °F)

What is Hafnium?

Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.

Tantalum Tantalum

Name:

Tantalum

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

180.9479 amu 2996.0 °C (3269.15 °K, 5424.8 °F) 5425.0 °C (5698.15 °K, 9797.0 °F)

What is Tantalum?

Heavy blue-grey metallic transition element. Ta-181 is a stable isotope, and Ta-180 is a radioactive isotope, with a half-life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.

Tungsten Tungsten

Name:

Tungsten

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

183.84 amu 3410.0 °C (3683.15 °K, 6170.0 °F) 5660.0 °C (5933.15 °K, 10220.0 °F)

What is Tungsten?

White or grey metallic transition element, formerly called wolfram. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de Elhuyer in 1783.

Rhenium Rhenium

Name:

Rhenium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

186.207 amu 3180.0 °C (3453.15 °K, 5756.0 °F) 5627.0 °C (5900.15 °K, 10160.6 °F)

What is Rhenium?

Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium molybdenum alloys are superconducting.

Osmium Osmium

Name:

Osmium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

190.23 amu 3045.0 °C (3318.15 °K, 5513.0 °F) 5027.0 °C (5300.15 °K, 9080.6 °F)

What is Osmium?

Hard blue-white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.

Iridium Iridium

Name:

Iridium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

192.217 amu 2410.0 °C (2683.15 °K, 4370.0 °F) 4527.0 °C (4800.15 °K, 8180.6 °F)

What is Iridium?

Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73.83 days. Ir-192 decays into platinum, while the other radioisotopes decay into osmium. Iridium is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally non-toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should be considered highly toxic.

Platinum Platinum

Name:

Platinum

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

195.078 amu 1772.0 °C (2045.15 °K, 3221.6 °F) 3827.0 °C (4100.15 °K, 6920.6 °F)

What is Platinum?

Attractive greyish-white metal. When pure, it is malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. Hydrogen and oxygen react explosively in the presence of platinum. There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti-pollution devices in cars. PtCl 2 (NH 3 ) 2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be considered highly toxic.

Gold Gold

Name:

Gold

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

196.96655 amu 1064.43 °C (1337.5801 °K, 1947.9741 °F) 2807.0 °C (3080.15 °K, 5084.6 °F)

What is Gold?

Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five radioisotopes of gold, Au-195 being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, electronics. Au-198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold comes from the Anglo-Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.

Mercury Mercury

Name:

Mercury

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

200.59 amu -38.87 °C (234.28 °K, -37.966 °F) 356.58 °C (629.73 °K, 673.844 °F) Germicidal UV discharge tube contains mercury.

What is Mercury?

Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury compounds.

Thallium Thallium

Name:

Thallium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

204.3833 amu 303.5 °C (576.65 °K, 578.3 °F) 1457.0 °C (1730.15 °K, 2654.6 °F)

What is Thallium?

Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery-white and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn bluish-grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Tl-204 being the most stable with a half-life of 3.78 years. Thallium sulfate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.

Lead Lead

Name:

Lead

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

207.2 amu 327.5 °C (600.65 °K, 621.5 °F) 1740.0 °C (2013.15 °K, 3164.0 °F)

What is Lead?

Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.

Bismuth Bismuth

Dschwen, wikipedia.org

Name:

Bismuth

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

208.98038 amu 271.3 °C (544.45 °K, 520.33997 °F) 1560.0 °C (1833.15 °K, 2840.0 °F)

What is Bismuth?

White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that it was different from lead.

Polonium Polonium

Name:

Polonium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(209.0) amu 254.0 °C (527.15 °K, 489.2 °F) 962.0 °C (1235.15 °K, 1763.6 °F)

What is Polonium?

Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of all elements. Po-209 has a half-life of 103 years. Possible uses in heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of pitchblende.

Astatine Astatine

Name:

Astatine

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(210.0) amu 302.0 °C (575.15 °K, 575.6 °F) 337.0 °C (610.15 °K, 638.6 °F)

What is Astatine?

Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At-210, the most stable, has a half-life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the University of California.

Radon Radon

Name:

Radon

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(222.0) amu -71.0 °C (202.15 °K, -95.8 °F) -61.8 °C (211.35 °K, -79.24 °F)

Link

What is Radon?

Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn-222 with a half-life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of Radium-226. Radon itself decays into polonium. Used in radiotherapy. As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.

Francium Francium

Name:

Francium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(223.0) amu 27.0 °C (300.15 °K, 80.6 °F) 677.0 °C (950.15 °K, 1250.6 °F)

What is Francium?

Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr-223. Its existence was confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.

Radium Radium

Name:

Radium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(226.0) amu 700.0 °C (973.15 °K, 1292.0 °F) 1737.0 °C (2010.15 °K, 3158.6 °F)

Link

What is Radium?

Radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra-226 has a half life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.

Actinium Actinium

Name:

Actinium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(227.0) amu 1050.0 °C (1323.15 °K, 1922.0 °F) 3200.0 °C (3473.15 °K, 5792.0 °F)

What is Actinium?

Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac-227, has a half-life of 217 years. Ac 228 (half-life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and having very short half-lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.

Thorium Thorium

Name:

Thorium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

232.0381 amu 1750.0 °C (2023.15 °K, 3182.0 °F) 4790.0 °C (5063.15 °K, 8654.0 °F)

What is Thorium?

Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. Thorium-232 has a half-life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium 232 captures slow neutrons and breeds uranium-233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.

Protactinium Protactinium

Name:

Protactinium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point:

231.03587 amu 1600.0 °C (1873.15 °K, 2912.0 °F)

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Protactinium?

Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa-231 has a half-life of 2.43x10

4 years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn.

Uranium Uranium

Name:

Uranium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

238.0289 amu 1132.0 °C (1405.15 °K, 2069.6 °F) 3818.0 °C (4091.15 °K, 6904.4 °F)

What is Uranium?

White radioactive metallic element belonging to the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U-238, U-235 and U-234. Uranium-235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.

Neptunium Neptunium

Name:

Neptunium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(237.0) amu 640.0 °C (913.15 °K, 1184.0 °F) 3902.0 °C (4175.15 °K, 7055.6 °F)

What is Neptunium?

Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Np-237, the most stable isotope, has a half-life of 2.2x10

6 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 241. Np-236 has a half-life of 5x10 3 years. First produced by Edwin M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.

Plutonium Plutonium

Name:

Plutonium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(244.0) amu 639.5 °C (912.65 °K, 1183.1 °F) 3235.0 °C (3508.15 °K, 5855.0 °F)

What is Plutonium?

Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu 244 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 7.6x10

7 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu-239 is the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 1940.

Americium Americium

Name:

Americium

Symbol:

Am Lawrence Berkeley National Lab

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point: Boiling Point:

(243.0) amu 994.0 °C (1267.15 °K, 1821.2 °F) 2607.0 °C (2880.15 °K, 4724.6 °F)

What is Americium?

Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am-243 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 7.95x10

3 years. Discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding uranium-238 with alpha particles.

Curium Curium

Name:

Curium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass: Melting Point:

(247.0) amu 1340.0 °C (1613.15 °K, 2444.0 °F)

Boiling Point:

Unknown

Link

What is Curium?

Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm-247 has a half-life of 1.64x10

7 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding americium-241 with neutrons. Named for Marie Curie.

Berkelium Berkelium

Name:

Berkelium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass:

(247.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Berkelium?

Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk-247, has a half-life of 1.4x10

3 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium-241 with alpha particles.

Californium Californium

Name:

Californium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass:

(251.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Californium?

Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Cf 251 has a half life of about 700 years. Nine isotopes are known. Cf-252 is an intense neutron source, which makes it an intense neutron source and gives it a use in neutron activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.

Einsteinium Einsteinium

Name:

Einsteinium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

Atomic Mass:

(252.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Einsteinium?

Appearance is unknown, however it is most probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es-254 has the longest half-life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es-232 were separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.

100

Fermium Fermium

Name:

Fermium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

100

Atomic Mass:

(257.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Fermium?

Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm 257 with a half-life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the first hydrogen-bomb explosion in 1952.

101

Mendelevium Mendelevium

Name:

Mendelevium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

101

Atomic Mass:

(258.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Mendelevium?

Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md-256 has a half-life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name unnilunium has been proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev.

102

Nobelium Nobelium

Name:

Nobelium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

102

Atomic Mass:

(259.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

Link

What is Nobelium?

Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being No-254 with a half-life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. Unnilbium has been proposed as an alternative name.

103

Lawrencium Lawrencium

Name:

Lawrencium

Symbol:

Atomic Number: Atomic Mass:

103 (262.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Lawrencium?

Appearance unknown, however it is most likely silvery-white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare-earth metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr-262 with a half-life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half-life of lawrencium, and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding californium with boron ions. The name is temporary IUPAC nomenclature, the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would pose a radiation hazard.

104

Rutherfordium Rutherfordium

Name:

Rutherfordium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

104

Atomic Mass:

(261.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Rutherfordium (Unnilquadium)?

Radioactive transactinide element. Expected to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf-260 was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq-257 and Unq-258 in 1964.

105

Dubnium Dubnium

Name:

Dubnium

Symbol:

Atomic Number: Atomic Mass:

105 (262.0) amu

Melting Point: Boiling Point:

Unknown Unknown

What is Dubnium (Unnilpentium)?

Radioactive transactinide element. Half-life of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven isotopes have been discovered.

106

Seaborgium Seaborgium

Name:

Seaborgium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

106

Atomic Mass:

(263.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

Link

What is Seaborgium (Unnilhexium)?

Half-life of 0.9 +/- 0.2 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.

107

Bohrium Bohrium

Name:

Bohrium

Symbol:

Atomic Number: Atomic Mass:

107 (262.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

What is Bohrium (Unnilseptium)?

Radioactive transition metal. Half-life of approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.

108

Hassium Hassium

Name:

Hassium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

108

Atomic Mass:

(265.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

109

Meitnerium Meitnerium

Name:

Meitnerium

Symbol:

Atomic Number:

109

Atomic Mass:

(266.0) amu

Melting Point:

Unknown

Boiling Point:

Unknown

Einsteinium (Es)

Albert Einstein – Relativity – E = mc

– Offered Presidency of Israel – Element 99 – Photoelectric effect

• Solar calculator

Curium (Cm)

• Madame Curie

– Pioneer in radioactivity • (Ra = radium) – 25 pounds of pitchblende ore yields 1 / 1000 of a gram of radium – Emits 2 millions times as much radiation as uranium • (Rn = radon gas) – Discovered 5 elements – Nobel Prize (5 in Curie family) – Born in Poland • (Po = polonium)

Marie Curie

(1876 –1934)

Radium (Ra)

Radium was used as a

fluorescent paint

on watch dials. It was applied with thin brushes that workers would lick to keep a fine tip. Many people died from the exposure to radium.

Radon Gas

Radon gas occurs naturally from the radioactive decay of radium. Radium is found in small amounts in rock.

Ra  Rn + radiation

Predicted fraction of homes over 4 picocuries/liter radon

Inventor: dynamite (TNT) blasting gelatin

Nobelium (No)

Element 102

Nobel Prize NO 2 O 2 N NO 2 CH 3 Trinitrotoluene Alfred Nobel

“Merchant of Death”

Seaborgium (Sg)

Glenn Seaborg – Separated f-block from rest of periodic table – Worked on Manhattan Project (Atomic bomb) – Classified until after WW II – Element 106

• Only living person to have an element named for them

Silicon vs. Silicone

• Silicon (Si) element • Silicone (…Si – O – Si…) polymer

– Sealant (caulk) prevents leaks – Breast augmentation No cause-and-effect relationship exists between breast enlargement and breast cancer. Only one researcher found a causal link.

Magnesium

Atomic Mass 24 amu melting point = silver gray metal used in flash bulbs, bombs,and flares 8 th most abundant element (2.2% of Earth’s crust) lack of Mg produces same biological effect as alcoholism (delirium tremens) 12

Mg

24.305

Potassium Metal in Water

Newmark, CHEMISTRY, 1993, page 25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H Ir

7 e

2 1

Li Be

Mg B

Al C

Si N

P O

S F

Cl Ne

Sr Sc

Y Ti

Zr V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

39 * 55

W 87 88 40

104 105 106 107 108 109 46

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

89 58

90 91 60

92 61

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Elements Database

Elements listed Alphabetically

Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Cesium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Unnilhexium Unniloctium Unnilpentium Unnilquadium Unnilseptium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Printable Periodic Table Get free Chemistry and Physics images for your school projects and/or research work.

Feel free to use the periodic table images below in your school projects and/or research work.

Periodic Table of the Elements

Images from: http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/pertable_j.htm

Data from:

Periodic Table of the Elements

http://www.elementsdatabase.com/ http://www.periodictable.com

Written by: Bill Byles [email protected]

& Jeff Christopherson – unit5.org/chemistry