Transcript Radiation Safety Training for Nursing Staff

Radiation Can Be Fun….!!!!
But R.E.S.P.E.C.T. it.......
Radiation Safety Training
Nuclear Medicine Technologists
 General Safety
 Patient Safety
 Staff Safety
Overview
Federal & State Regulatory Concerns
Natural Sources of Radiation Exposure
Occupational Sources of Radiation Exposure
Regulatory Exposure Limits
Basic Radiation Safety Principles
Biological Effects
UCHC Safety Requirements
Radiation vs. Radioactivity
 Radiation - Energy in transit in the form of high speed
particles and electromagnetic waves.
 Ionizing Radiation - Radiation with enough energy so
that during an interaction with an atom, it can remove
tightly bound electrons from their orbits, causing the
atom to become charged or ionized.
 Radioactivity - Spontaneous transformation of an
unstable atom and often results in the emission of
radiation. This process is referred to as a transformation,
a decay or a disintegration of an atom.
Beta Decay
PROTON
NEUTRON
NEUTRON
PROTON
Gamma Decay
γ
GAMMA RAYS
External vs. Internal
Radiation Exposure
External exposure – x-rays, brachytherapy
patients, iodine therapies, dose preparation and
administration
Internal deposition – contamination from an
iodine patient resulting in an ingestion of
radioactive materials
§20.1201 Occupational dose limits for adults.
(a) The licensee shall control the occupational dose to individual
adults, except for planned special exposures under §20.1206, to
the following dose limits.
(1) An annual limit, which is the more limiting of -(i) The total effective dose equivalent being equal to 5 rems
(0.05 Sv); or
(ii) The sum of the deep-dose equivalent and the committed
dose equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the
lens of the eye being equal to 50 rems (0.5 Sv).
(2) The annual limits to the lens of the eye, to the skin of the whole
body, and to the skin of the extremities, which are:
(i) A lens dose equivalent of 15 rems (0.15 Sv), and
(ii) A shallow-dose equivalent of 50 rem (0.5 Sv) to the skin of
the whole body or to the skin of any extremity.
Radiation Exposure Limits
Type of exposure
Rem Per Year
Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) which is the sum of the
deep-dose equivalent (for external exposures) and the
committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures)
for the whole body
5
Sum of the deep-dose equivalent and the committed dose
equivalent to any individual organ or tissue other than the lens
of the eye
50 or 50,000
mrems
or 5,000
mrems
Eye dose equivalent (lens of the eye)
15 or 15,000
mrems
Shallow dose equivalent to the skin or to any extremity
50 or 50,000
mrems
Radiation Exposure Limits
(State of Connecticut Administrative Regulations Sect. 19-24-5)
Type of Exposure
Rem Per Calendar
Quarter
Whole body; Head and trunk; Active
blood-forming organs; Lens of eyes,
or gonads.
1.25
(1,250 mrem)
(5.0 rem/yr)
Hands and forearms; Feet and ankles.
18.75
(18,750 mrem)
(75 rem/yr)
(7,500 mrem)
(30 rem/yr)
Skin of whole body.
Fetus
7.5
500 mrem Total Gestation
(0.5 rem)
Basic Radiation Safety Principles
Time
Distance
Shielding
Contamination Control
Inverse Square Law
(137Cs
192Ir)
For a point source, the intensity varies inversely
as the square of the distance from the source.
g - gamma radiation
g
g
g
g
g
g
1 cm
g
g
2 cm
2,500
5 cm
400
10 cm
g
g
10,000
100
g
g
20 cm
25
Radiation Exposure Monitoring
Whole Body
Radiation Badge
Collar Radiation
Badge
Worn Underneath Pb
Apron
Worn Outside Pb
Apron At Neck Level
BLACK ICON
RED ICON
Extremity Radiation Badge
Worn on Primary Hand
Closest to Radiation Source
ALARA Investigational Level I
Phosphorus-32 Synovectomy
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Within The same week for 131-I
Within 7 days 125-I
MDA about 0.0005 UCI, o.5 NCI
MDD, 131-i 0.5 mrem TODE
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Thyroid counts
Signatures
Spills
Package surveys
Gloves in hot lab-monitoring
Access to the department
Incorrect 99m-TC dose
CONTAMINANT
Beta/Gamma
Alpha
AVERAGE DPM/CM^2
DPM/100 CM^2
22
2200
2.2
220
T.I. = mrem/hr @ 1 meter from sufrace
TRANSPORT INDEX
0 (<= 0.05)
0.05 to <= 1.0
1.0 to <= 10
> 10
MAX. MR/HR SURFACE
LABEL
< 0.5 mr/hr
White I
0.5 to <= 50 mr/hr
Yellow -II
50 to <= 200 mr/hr
Yellow- III
200 to <= 1000 mr/hr
Exc. Use!!!
 Personnel protective equipment
required for entry
 Gloves
 Dosimetry
 Lab coat
 PPE highly recommended when
entering
 PPE required if injecting
 PPE required if assisting
 PPE required if handling any possibly
contaminated item
 PPE required
 Injecting rad mat
 Handling/assisting patients who have
been injected
 Handling items that may be
contaminated
 A survey of the hands and other body
areas with documentation
 Suggested very strongly to survey
shoes
 Report contamination to RSO
 This is an NRC requirement
 What label is required on a package
with the following monitoring results ?
 10 MR/hr surface, 1 MR @ 1m, wipe
test BKG. 285 CPM, gross CPM of 1250
 Background 430 CPM, outside wipe 360
CPM?
 Background 310 CPM, outside wipe 349
CPM?
 Background 265 CPM, outside wipe 5500
CPM?
Nuclear Medicine
Diagnostic Procedures
Radionuclides with short half lives (e.G.,
99mtc @ 6 hrs)
No significant external radiation
exposure hazard to staff or family
Contamination precautions and universal
precautions should always be followed
Pregnancy
Declaration
PREGNANCY DECLARATION
Confidential Document
The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission requires in the Code of Federal Regulations
Title 10, Chapter I, Part 20.1208, that special consideration be given to limitation of embryo/fetus
radiation exposure only in those instances where a woman has declared the pregnancy to the
in writing, the larger occupational exposure limit for the working mother is used as a maximum
tia
NRC requires a signed
declaration of pregnancy
for occupational workers
to limit exposures to 500
mrem/9months or 50
mrem in any one month.
l
appropriate representative of the employer (the UCHC). In cases where a pregnancy is not declared
permissible dose limit. The purpose of this form is to officially notify the employer, through the
Medical Director of Employee Health Services, that dose limitation to your embryo/fetus is
requested. The information contained on this form will be treated as confidential, and only those
n
e
directly involved in assessing the potential for embryo/fetal exposures will be informed. Please
sign the form where indicated and forward to:
if d
n
o
C
Marcia Trape-Cardoso, M.D., Medical Director
Employee Health Services
MC-6210
I, _________________________________ ______ , formally declare my pregnancy and request
dose limitation to my embryo/fetus such that my total radiation exposure during the gestational
period does not exceed 500 mrem, and if exposed, received at a uniform rate of no more than 50 mrem
per month. As required by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, my approximate date of conception
was __________________.
Signed:
Department:
Telephone #:
c:\flw\pregwrk.pre ( rev. 10/2000 )
Date:
Emergency Procedures
 Address
 Follow
 If
medical emergency first !!
radiation patient code procedures.
the patient should die or require
emergency surgery, contact a member of
the Radiation Safety Office immediately
at X-2250.
Radiation Exposures from
Consumer Products 1
# Of People in
U.S. Exposed
(in millions)
Av g . Ann ua l Do s e
Equivalent to
Exposed Population
Part of
Body
Exposed
Television Receivers
2 30
< 1 mrem
Whole Body
Video Display Terminals
50
< 1 mrem
Whole Body
Luminous 3 H in Watches and
Clocks
11
0.1 mrem
Whole Body
Luminous 147 Pm in Watches and
Clocks
8
0.04 mrem
Whole Body
1 20
7 mrem
Whole Body
4 mrem
Whole Body
& Gonadal
Do s e
Source
Building Materials
Highway and Road Construction
Materials
1 Adapted from NCRP 95
5
Radiation Exposures from Consumer
Products 1
# Of People in
U.S. Exposed
(in millions)
Avg. Annual Dose
Equivalent to the
Exposed Population
Part the
Body
Exposed 2
Tobacco Products
50
16,000 mrem
BEDE
Domestic Water Supplies
230
15 - 90 mrem
BEDE
Fertilizer Products
200
0.5 - 5 mrem
Natural Gas Heaters
16
22 mrem
WB and
IDF
BEDE
Natural Gas Cooking Ranges
125
5 mr e m
BEDE
Dental Protheses
45
700 mrem
BMDE
Opthalmic Glass
50
4000 mrem
CGDE
Gas Mantles
50
0.2 mrem
WB and
SODE
Source
1 Adapted from NCRP 95
2 BEDE = Bronchial Epithelial Dose Equivalent; WB = Whole Body; IDF = Ingestion Dose from Foods
BMDE = Bronchial Mucosa Dose Equivalent; CGDE = Corneal Germinal Dose Equivalent; SODE = Selected Organ Dose Equivalent
Radiation Exposures From ?
Smoking a pack and a
half of cigarettes a day
will add about 1,300
mrem/year to one's
effective dose
Flying from New York to San
Francisco results in the
absorption of an extra
2-3 mrem of cosmic radiation
6-8 from NY to Japan
Radiation Exposures From ?
For the Skylab
astronauts,
2,000 to 8,000
mrem from
cosmic radiation
Risks which Increase Chance of
Death by 1 in 1 million a
Smoking 1.4 cigarettes
Drinking 1/2 liter of wine
Spending 1 hour in a coal mine
Spending 3 hours in a coal mine
Living 2 days in New York or Boston
Traveling 6 minutes by canoe
Traveling 10 miles by bicycle
Traveling 300 miles by car
Flying 1000 miles by jet
Flying 6000 miles by jet
Living 2 months in Denver on vacation from N.Y.
Living 2 months in average stone or brick building
One chest x-ray taken in a good hospital
Living 2 months with a cigarette smoker
a
Cancer, Heart disease
Cirrhosis of the liver
Black lung disease
Accident
Air pollution
Accident
Accident
Accident
Accident
Cancer from cosmic radiation
Cancer from cosmic radiation
Cancer from natural radioactivity
Cancer from radiation
Cancer, Heart disease
B.L. Cohen and I.S. Lee, ”Catalog of Risks Extended and Updated”, Health Physics, Vol. 61, Sept. 1991.
More Risks which Increase Chance of Death
by 1 in 1 million a
Drinking Miami drinking water for 1 year
Cancer from chloroform
Drinking 30, 12 oz. cans of diet soda
Cancer from saccharin
Living 5 years at site boundary of a typical nuclear
power plant in the open
Drinking 1000, 24 oz. soft drinks from banned plastic
bottles
Living 20 years near PVC plant
Cancer from radiation
Living 150 years within 20 miles of a nuclear power
plant
Eating 100 charcoal broiled steaks
Cancer from acrylonitrile
monomer
Cancer from vinyl chloride (76
standard)
Cancer from radiation
Cancer from benzopyrene
Risk of accident by living within 5 miles of a nuclear
reactor for 50 years
Cancer from radiation
Eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter
Liver cancer from aflatoxin B
a B.L. Cohen and I.S. Lee, “Catalog of Risks Extended and Updated”, Health Physics, Vol. 61, Sept. 1991.
Remember !!!
Controlling
Exposures
Minimizes Risk
The End