Transcript Status of Renewable Energy Technologies

Status of Renewable Energy
Technologies
Renewable Energy Project Analysis Course - Module 1
Windfarm
Passive Solar Home
Photo Credit: Nordex Gmbh
Photo Credit: McFadden, Pam DOE/NREL
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Objectives
• To increase awareness about
renewable energy technologies (RETs)

Markets

Typical applications
PV Lighting
Solar Water Heating Collectors
Photos Credit: NREL PIX
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Reasons for RE Technologies
• Environmental
Declining Costs (Wind Energy)

Climate change
40

Local pollution
30
• Economic

Life-cycle costs

Fossil fuel depletion
• Social
20
10
0
1980

Employment generation

Reduced drain of local $$$

Growth in energy demand (x3 by 2050)
1990
2000
Years
Source: National Laboratory Directors
for the U.S. Department of Energy (1997)
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Definitions
• Energy Efficiency

Using less energy resources to meet the same energy needs
• Renewable Energy

Using non-depleting natural resources to meet energy needs
Energy Demand
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
Conventional
Super Insulated Passive Solar Home
Efficient
Efficient &
Renewable
Photo Credit: Jerry Shaw
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Common Characteristics of
Renewable Energy
• Relative to conventional energy:

Typically higher initial costs

Generally lower operating costs

Environmentally cleaner

Often cost effective on
life-cycle cost basis
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Cost of an Energy System
• Total cost

purchase cost
• Total cost
=
purchase cost
+ annual fuel and O&M costs
+ major overhaul costs
+ decommissioning costs
+ financing costs
+ etc.
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Initial Cost vs. Simple Payback
10
Simple Payback
OIL
Cumulative $
8
Wind Energy
(proposed case)
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
6
4
OIL
2
Diesel Generator
+ Cumulative Fuel
Consumption
(base case)
0
1
0
2
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
Period
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Renewable Energy
Heating & Cooling Technologies
Ground Source Heat Pumps
Passive Solar Heating
Biomass Heating
Photo Credit: Waterloo Green Home
Solar Air Heating
Photo Credit: Grove Wood Heat
Solar Water Heating
Photo Credit: Conserval Engineering
Photo credit: TN Conseil
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Renewable Energy Electricity
Generating Technologies
Small Hydro
Photovoltaics
Photo Credit: SNC-Lavalin
Photo Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky
Wind Energy
Photo Credit: Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Co-operative
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Wind Energy
Technology & Applications
• Need good winds
(>4 m/s @ 10M)
 Coastal areas, hilltops & valleys

• Applications:
Central-Grid
Photo Credit: NEG-MICON
Isolated-Grid
Off-Grid
DOE/NREL Photo Credit: Green, Jim
Photo Credit: Rodger, Elliot
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Wind Energy Market
Annual Wind Turbine Installations Worldwide (MW)
6,000
5,000
4,000
6,000
Worldwide installed capacity (2001): 24,000 MW
(~ 12.6 million homes @ 5,000 kWh/home and 30% wind capacity factor)
8,100 MW Germany
4,240 MW U.S.
5,000
3,175 MW Spain
2,417 MW Denmark
4,000
45,000 MW predicted by 2005
MW
3,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
1,000
1,000
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
0
1983
0
Source: Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association & BTM Consult
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Small Hydro
Technology & Applications
• Project types:
Dam
Run
of river
Diversion
• Applications:
Central-grid
Isolated-grid
Off-grid
Francis Turbine
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Small Hydro Market
• Most mature form of renewable energy
• 19% of world electricity produced by large &
small hydro
• 45,000 existing small hydro
plants in China (19,000 MW)
• 1,600 MW small hydro
to develop in Canada
• 4,500 MW small hydro
to develop in Europe
Small Hydro Power Plant
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Photovoltaic (PV)
Technology & Applications
Household PV System
Photo Credit: Tsuo, Simon DOE/NREL
PV Water Pumping
Grid-tied Building Integrated PV
Photo Credit: Strong, Steven DOE/NREL
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Photovoltaic Market
Worldwide PV installations (MWp)
400
400
Worldwide installed capacity (2001): 1,650 MW
(~ 660,000 homes @ 5,000 kWh/home)
300
300
Growth in 2001: 350 MW
MWp
200
200
100
100
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
0
1986
0
Source: PV News
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Passive Solar Heating
Technology & Applications
• Supplying energy in the
heating season
• Solar gains available
through equator facing
windows
Passive and Active Solar Home
• Store heat within
building structure
• Can reduce heating
cost to less than half
Photo Credit: Parsons, Dave DOE/NREL
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Passive Solar Heating Market
• Use of efficient windows is
Commercial Buildings
actually passive solar standard practice today
• For new construction - no to
low cost increase
Higher efficiency windows
 Building orientation
 Proper shading

DOE/NREL Photo Credit: Gretz, Warren
Residential Buildings
• Cost competitive
for new buildings
and retrofits
Photo Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Solar Water Heating
Technology & Applications
• Glazed and un-glazed collectors
• Water storage (tank or pool)
Commercial/Institutional Buildings and Pools
Aquaculture - Salmon Hatchery
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Solar Water Heating Market
• More than 30 million m2 of
Residential Buildings and Pools
collectors worldwide
• Strong world market for solar
swimming pool heaters
• Law requires solar water heating
Residential Buildings
in Israel
• European community goal (2010):
100 million m2 of collectors (35 %
growth rate)
Photo Credit: Chromagen
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Solar Air Heating
Technology & Applications
• Cold air is heated as
it passes through
small holes in the
metal absorber
plate (SolarwallTM)
• A fan circulates this
heated air through
the building
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Solar Air Heating Market
• Space heating of buildings
Industrial Buildings
with large ventilation
requirements
• Also for crop drying
• Cost competitive
Photo Credit: Conserval Engineering
for new buildings or major
renovations
Solar Crop Drying
Photo Credit: Conserval Engineering
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Biomass Heating
Technology & Applications
Wood Chipping
Single Buildings and/or District Heating
Photo Credit: Wiseloger, Art DOE/NREL
Photo Credit: Oujé-Bougoumou Cree Nation
Heating Plant
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Biomass Heating Market
• 6% of global primary energy is fuelwood

6% of Canada, 13% of Austria’s and 17% of
Sweden’s energy supplies
• In some countries, biomass
accounts for over 50% of
energy demand, usually for
cooking
Wood Stove
Wood Fuel Supply
• Biomass fuel types

Wood, agricultural,
municipal wastes, sewage, etc.
• Cost competitive with
conventional fuels
Photo Credit: Wiseloger, Art DOE/NREL
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Ground-Source Heat Pump
Technology & Applications
Vertical Ground-Loop
• Space/water heating
and cooling
• Cost competitive
for new/retrofit
applications
Horizontal Ground-Loop
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Ground-Source Heat Pump Market
More than 800,000 ground-source heat
pumps in Europe
Residential Buildings
European objectives to double current
installed capacity by 2010
45,000+ units installed in the US (2000)
Commercial, Institutional Industrial Buildings
Photo Credit: DOE/NREL
30,000+ ground-source heat
pumps in residences in Canada
3,000+ units in industrial
and commercial buildings in
Canada
Photo Credit: Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC) DOE/NREL
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Other Commercial
RE Technologies
•
•
•
•
•
Biomass: heat and power
Bio-gas: cooking, electricity, shaft power
Geothermal: heat and power
Landfill gas: heat and power
Fuels: ethanol and
bio-diesel
Agriculture Waste Fuel Supply
Photo Credit: David and Associates DOE/NREL
Biomass Co-generation
Photo Credit: Gretz, Warren DOE/NREL
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Emerging RE Technologies
• Solar-thermal power
• Ocean-thermal power
• Tidal power
Parabolic-Trough Solar Power Plant
Photo Credit: Gretz, Warren DOE/NREL
• Ocean current power
• Wave power
• etc.
Central Receiver Solar Power Plant
Photo Credit: Sandia National Laboratories DOE/NREL
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Conclusions
• Cost-effective
Parks Canada PV-Wind Hybrid System (Arctic at 81°N)
opportunities exist
• Some past failures
• Many success stories
Photo Credit: Ross, Michael
• Growing markets
• Renewable energy
resources are available
600 kW Wind Turbine installation
Photo Credit: Nordex Gmbh
PV Phone
Photo Credit: Price, Chuck
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Questions?
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.