Transcript INSTALACJA FOTOWOLTAICZNA

The Polish Experience in PV
Applications on the Example of
6 Years 1.1 kW System
Operation at the Szczecin
University of Technology
ANNA MAJCHRZYCKA, ZBIGNIEW ZAPAŁOWICZ,
AGNIESZKA KUCZYNSKA
Department of Heat Engineering
Szczecin University of Technology
POLAND
Observation
Yearly electrical energy production by PVsystem located on the roof of Department of
Heat Engineering (DHE) of Szczecin University
of Technology systematically decreased
Goal
Evaluation of PV- system exploited in
DHE building (Poland)
POLAND
SZCZECIN
Poland is situated in the Middle Europe on the Northern European Plain, with
the northern border at the Baltic Sea and Carpathian Mountains in the south.
Poland is located between 49º and 54º30’ N latitudes in a moderate climate
zone influenced by both the Atlantic and Continental climate.
Poland
Poland geographic location
Middle Europe
Latitude:
Longitude:
49°00’ and 54°50’ N
14°08’ and 24°09’ E
Moderate climate zone
Western Pomeranian Province and Szczecin
geographic location
Latitude:
52°30’ and 54°30’ N
Longitude:
14° and 17° E
Mean yearly irradiation in Poland
Mean yearly temperature t=7.9oC,
Mean solar hours =1600 h
Winter solstice
I&IVquater
II&III quater
Summer solstice
Hours
Sun irradiance
Polish regions with different conditions
for solar energy utilization
• Data of commissioned:
• Location
• Angle of inclination
February
1999
Direction S
44°
Photovoltaic panel
INVERTER
Data monitoring
and collecting
GRID
Grid connected PV system at Szczecin
University of Technology
Description of PV installation
• 10 solar modules type M110 (Simens)
• Modules are connected in two parallel
series
• Total power of PV system 1100 Wp
• System PV co-operated with the SunnyBoy inverter
Technical parameters of solar module type M110 (Siemens)
Solar module
Value
Unit
Maximum power [PMAX]
110
W
Open circuit voltage
[UOC]
43,5
V
Short-circuit current [ISC]
3,45
A
MPP voltage [UMPP]
35,0
V
MPP current [AMPP]
3,15
A
1307/652
mm
9,5
kg
Length/width [l/w]
Weight [m]
Source:www.siemens.de
The basic characteristic of the system :
Industrial grade modules made by well known German corporation,
Siemens.
Covered with 3mm highly transparent glass to deliver more power and
ensures high impact resistance and protection against hail, snow, ice and
storms.
Siemens M110- Monocrystal, with frame, no lead, 1316x 660x 35, 12V,
110W.
The module contains two parallel strings of 72 connected 103x103 mm
mono- crystalline silicon solar cells.
Siemens M110 solar module has been designed for 12V grid connected
applications.
The junction box provides a high quality, dust protected and splash proof
housing. The housing contains a rigid connection block with cage clamps
and by-pass diodes providing “hot spot” protection for the solar cells.
Technical parameters of inverter type Sunny-Boy SWR 850
Inverter
Value
Unit
850
W
Input voltage [UDC]
125-250
V
Output voltage [UAC]
196-253
V
Frequency [fAC]
49,8-50,2
Hz
93
%
290/322/180
mm
18,5
kg
Nominal power [PNOM]
Max. efficiency [MAX]
Height/width/thickness [h/w/t]
Weight [m]
Source: http://www.solardyne.com/sunboyswr110.html
Sale Price: $1,779.0
Inverter
type: Sunny-Boy SWR 850
„Sunny Data” main window
Acquisition system
Measurement parameters
• Direct voltage and current generating by
PV modules
• Voltage and power transmitted to grid
• Operating time
• Energy production in fixed time
• Other electrical parameters
Meteorological stations
• Stations of
IMiGW in
Western
Pomeranian
Province
2
0
0
D
O
1994-2000
D
O
2000
K1966-1975
2]
1
8
0
1
6
0
1
4
0
Iradiation.[kWh/m
1
2
0
1
0
0
8
0
6
0
4
0
2
0
0
I
II
III
IV
V
V
I
V
II
V
III
IX
X
X
I
X
II
Mean monthly sun irradiation – data from meteorological
station IMiGW in Kołobrzeg
1
8
0
M
eteo
ro
lo
g
ical S
tatio
n
:
o
ło
b
rz
eg
1
6
0 K
2
E
1100kW
h
/(m
a)
m
e
a
n=
2]
1
4
0
1
2
0
Iradiation [kWh/m.
1
0
0
8
0
6
0
4
0
2
0
0
I
II
III
IV
V
V
I
V
II
V
III
IX
X
X
I
X
II
Mean monthly sun irradiation – data from
meteorological station IMiGW in Kołobrzeg
Meteorological station in DHE
View of station
Parameters measure by the
meteorological station
Measurements:
• direct and diffuse solar radiation,
• pressure, temperature and relative
humidity of air,
• power and direction of wind,
• surface PV module temperature.
Wind velocity sensor
• Measuring range 0 –50 m/s
• Accuracy –
discrimination threshold
0,5 m/s
• Impulse output
20 imp/s = 1 m/s
Wind direction sensor
• Resolution 11,5°
• Accuracy discrimination
threshold
0,5 m/s
Sensors of solar radiation
•
•
•
•
Pyranometrs CM11 produced by Kipp&Zonen
According to the ISO 9060/WMO standards
Secondary standard, high quality
Spectral range
(50% points) 305 – 2800 nm
• Sensivity 4 – 6 μV/W/m2
• Response time (95%) -
12 s
Atmospheric pressure sensor
• Measuring range • Accuracy • Resolution -
850 –1100 hPa
1 hPa
0,1 hPa
Sensors of solar radiation
• Zero offsets:
thermal radiation (200 W/m2) –
±7 W/m2
temperature change (5 K/h) –
±2 W/m2
• Non stability (change/year) ±0,5%
• Non linearity (0-1000 W/m2) ±0,6%
• Directional error (at 1000 W/m2) - ±10 W/m2
• Temperature dependence of sensitivity ±1% (-10 - +40°C)
• Tilt response (at 1000 W/m2) ±0,2%
Sensors of solar radiation
View of sensor and shadow ring
Relative air humidity
sensor
• Measuring range 30 –98%
• Accuracy –
2% in range 30-85%
3% in range 85-98%
• Resolution - 0,1%
Meteorological station in DHE
View of station
Breakdowns of PV installation
PV – system out of order
Damage of inverter in following periods:
• from 01.11.2001 to 23.03.2002
• from 19.03.2003 to 16.06.2003
Electrical energy was not produced.
Breakdowns of acquisition system.
Data was not collected in short time.
Electrical energy was produced.
1
2
0
0
1
0
3
8
1
0
0
0
9
7
8
8
6
3
Yearlyelectricalenergyproduction[kWh] .
7
7
7
7
7
3
8
0
0
6
0
0
4
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
Yearly electrical energy production from 1.1 kW
PV generator
Measurement parameters
• Direct voltage and current generating by
PV modules
• Voltage and power transmitted to grid
• Operating time
• Energy production in fixed time
• other electrical parameters
Recorder
• Type RC12
• Data storage 176 kB
of memory
• Measurement period
2-60 min
• RS connection
directly to computer
„Sunny Data” window
„Sunny Data” window
„Sunny Data” window
„Sunny Data” window
„Sunny Data” window
„Sunny Data” window
„Sunny Data” window
Monthly production of electrical energy [kWh]
180
160
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X XI XII I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X XI XII
Monthly electrical energy production from 1.1 kW PV
generator
Electrical energy production [kWh/month]
180
1999
2000
160
2001
2002
2003
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Monthly electrical energy production by pV module
in exploitation time 1999-2003
Reasons
• Variable weather conditions
• Breakdowns
• Ageing process of semiconductor
elements
Daily
electrical
production
on 30.04
Daily
electrical
production
on 30.05
6,15 kWh
1999
5,53 kWh
5,87 kWh
2000
5,34 kWh
5,20 kWh
2001
1,90 kWh
3,73 kWh
2002
5,83 kWh
Daily
electrical
production
on 30.06
2000
2001
Daily
electrical
production
on 30.07
6,35 kWh
5,10 kWh
1999
1,73 kWh
2000
3,01 kWh
2001
4,70 kWh
2002
5,12 kWh
5,70 kWh
3,69 kWh
5,69 kWh
2003
Daily
electrical
production
on 30.08
1999
4,49 kWh
2002
4,16 kWh
2003
2,37 kWh
Daily electrical
production on
summer cloudless
days
6,35 kWh
30.07.1999
6,00 kWh
28.07.2000
6,02 kWh
28.07.2002
6,08 kWh
11.08.2003
.
Relative electrical energy
production [%]
110
100
90
80
70
60
1999
2000
2001
2002
Observation:
Systematically decrease of yearly electrical
energy production by PV- system located on the
roof of Department of Heat Engineering (DHE)
of Szczecin University of Technology
Relative electrical energy production:
•
•
•
•
•
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
927,39 kWh
847,68 kWh
825,92 kWh
814,40 kWh
not analysed
100,0%
91,4%
89,1%
87,8%
0,0%
8,6%
10,9%
12,2%
.
Electrical energy production
[kWh/m 2 ]
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
The average electrical energy production regarding to the
months and 1m2 of PV panel Februar 1999 – Februar 2003
Efficiency %
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
I
III
V
VII
IX
Efficiency of PV modules
XI
200
180
160
kWh/m2
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Average production of electrical energy and average solar
irradiance
70
60
kWh
50
40
30
20
10
0
I
IV
VII
X
I
IV
VII
X
I
IV
VII
X
I
IV
VII
Monthly electricity consumption per capita
1997-2000
160
140
120
kWh
100
80
60
40
20
0
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Municipal household’s electricity consumption per
capita and energy production by 1.1 kW PV modules
4
0
0
0
,3
0
2
3
5
0
3
0
0
0
,2
5
y
nc
ie
ic
Ef
2 ofmodule
[k
W
h
/(m a
)]
PV
of
e
ul
od
m
.
2
5
0
2
0
0
1
5
0
Annualelectricalenergyproductionper1m
0
,2
0
0
,1
5
0
,1
0
1
0
0
0
,0
5
5
0
0
7
0
0
8
0
0
9
0
0
1
0
0
0
A
n
n
u
a
ls
o
la
rirra
d
ia
tio
n[k
W
h
/(
.m
1
1
0
0
a
)]
2
1
2
0
0
1
3
0
0
Electrical energy production per 1m2 of PV panel as the function
of solar irradiation and average module’s efficiency
3
,5
p
[k
W
h
/(W
)]
pa
9
0
3
,0
1
0
0
c
o
n
v
e
rs
io
nc
o
e
ffic
ie
n
t [W
2
p/m]
2
,5
1
1
0
1
2
0
Annualelectricalenergyproductionz1W .
1
3
0
2
,0
1
,5
1
,0
0
,5
5
0
7
5
1
0
0
1
2
5
1
5
0
1
7
5
2
0
0
2
2
5
2
5
0
2
2
A
n
n
u
a
le
le
c
tric
a
le
n
e
rg
yp
ro
d
u
c
tio
nfro
m
m
[k
W
h
/(m a
)]
.1
2
7
5
Annual electrical energy production from 1Wp
of installed power PV cell
3
0
0
PRICE SURVEY: MAY 2006
Solar Electricity
21.66 cents per kWh
Up 0.10 cents/kWh
EUROPE
€5.83 per Watt
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Number <$4.50/Wp
104 (Down 23)
(6.0% of survey)
Lowest Mono- Crystalline
US$4.05/Wp (€3.21/Wp)
Module Price
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Module Price
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Conclusions
• It was observed that the amount of produced electrical energy
systematically decreased.
• The rate of PV panels ageing was estimated by analysis of the
parameters aquired during the operation of the system. It was
found out, that based only of daily energy production, it is not
possible to estimate this value in a reliable way. Approximate
ageing rate of PV generator was estimated by verification of
annual data concerning electrical energy production.
• Ageing rate of installation decreased asymptotically. Close to
the end of operation of the installation, 15% decrease of
electrical energy produced in photovoltaic cells was observed.