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Assessing Dhaka’s Environmental Sustainability through Ecological
Footprint: A Case Study of Dhanmondi Residential Area, Dhaka
Presented by
Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Executive, HB Consultants Ltd.
E-mail: [email protected]
Contributing Author:
Shahadat Hossain Shakil
Nabila Nur Kuhu
Rifat Rahman
Dr. Ishrat Islam
1
Background of the Study
Ecological Footprint
- A measure of how much biologically productive land and water an
individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources
it consumes and to absorb the carbon dioxide emissions it generates
using prevailing technology and resource management practices (Rees
& Wackernagel, 1996).
- unit of measurement Global Hectare (gha)
Source: Global Footprint Network (2011)
2
Background of the Study
Ecological Footprint
- is a Resource Accounting Tool for the Ecological Resources
- developed in 1990 by Mathis Wackernagel and William Rees
-has been started to be used as a tool of measuring sustainability in the
developed countries from the last decade.
for example: UK – Cardiff, 2005 ; Canada - Calgary, 2007 ;
Australia – Victoria, 2008; USA - Minnesota, 2010
- UNDP recently began including the Ecological Footprint in its annual
Human Development Report
Source: Global Footprint Network (2011)
3
Background of the Study
Bangladesh Context
 Lowest National Footprint in Global Context but in prominent cities
unsustainable urban development causes destruction of natural resource
 Capital Dhaka is unplanned and unsustainable in terms of resource use
 Dhanmondi is one of the planned residential area for high income
group in Dhaka city.
Thus the focus of this research is to find out whether Lifestyle of
Dhanmondi’s Inhabitants and Physical Development is sustainable or not
in terms of Ecological Resource Consumption….
4
Method Selected for Determining Footprint Components
 National Footprint Account Comprises of Six Components1
 City Footprint Account Comprises of Two Components2
Components of Footprint
Cropland Footprint
Method Selected
---
Grazing Land Footprint
---
Fishing Ground Footprint
---
Forest Land Footprint
---
Built-Up Land Footprint
Direct
Carbon Uptake Land Footprint
(derived from GIS land use map)
Hybrid
(following the Component approach but
collection of data through Direct survey)
1Ewing,
Reed, Galli, Kitzes, & Wackernagel (2010)
2 Simmons,
Lewis, & Barrett (2000)
5
Co-Ordination Schema
6
Method Selected for Determining Carbon Uptake Land
Component Method
CO2 Protocols
(tons)
Energy
Food
Goods
Services
Transportation
Waste
Water
÷
CO2 Sequestration Factor
(tons/acre/year)
Required Amount of Biologically
Productive Area to Absorb the
Produced CO2
×
Equivalency Factor
(gha/year)
Scaling Factor to
Convert into a Universal
Unit of Biologically
Productive Area “Global Hectare”
Source: Xu & Martin (2010)
7
Summary of Footprint Account of Dhanmondi RA
Footprint Components
Carbon Footprint
Built-up Land
Footprint
Energy - Electricity
Energy - Natural Gas
Water
Transportation - Fuel
Transportation - Asphalt
Transportation - Air Flight
Waste
Food - Meat
Food - Dairy
Food - Fruits and Vegetables
Food - Cereal
Food - Confectionary
Food - Drinks
Food - Others
Goods - Furnishing and Equipments
Footprint
Footprint
(Hectare)
(Global Hectare)
6314.375
7956.112
11420.989
14390.446
345.057
434.772
2414.978
3042.873
827.024
1042.050
1505.622
1897.083
987.969
1244.841
1126.786
1419.751
897.756
1131.172
1117.078
1407.518
1671.209
2105.723
848.475
1069.079
156.492
197.181
1553.502
1957.413
1465.783
1846.886
Goods - Housekeeping
Goods - Others
Service - Education
Service - Health
Service - Entertainment
Service - Technical
Service - Administrative
Land - Residential
Land - Goods
Land - Services
Land - Transportation
Total
Note:. Total Population of Dhanmondi RA for 2011 has been forecasted 43,000
473.706
1552.407
2579.244
173.575
741.192
937.304
1413.047
28.956
9.906
84.849
49.455
40,696.738
596.870
1956.033
3249.847
218.705
933.902
1181.003
1780.439
36.485
12.482
106.910
62.314
51,277.889
1Footprint
(gha/capita)
0.1850
0.3347
0.0101
0.0708
0.0242
0.0441
0.0289
0.0330
0.0263
0.0327
0.0490
0.0249
0.0046
0.0455
0.0430
0.0139
0.0455
0.0756
0.0051
0.0217
0.0275
0.0414
0.0008
0.0003
0.0025
0.0014
1.1925
8
Biocapacity
Biocapacity is the capacity of ecosystem to produce biological
materials useful for people, and to absorb waste they generate
(including carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning), using current
management schemes and extraction technologies.
Components of Biocapacity Account
Existence in Dhanmondi RA
Cropland
Absent
Grazing Land
Absent
Fishing Ground
Present
Forest Land
Present
Built-Up Land
Present
Source: Ewing, Reed, Galli, Kitzes, & Wackernagel (2010)
9
Biocapacity
Biocapacity of Dhanmondi Residential Area
BC= A × YF × EQF
1Area
Land Use
2Yield
3Equivalency
Biocapacity
Biocapacity (Global
(Hectare)BC = Factor
Factor Hectare) (gha)
4Biocapacity
(gha/capita)
A = Area of any(gha/hectare)
Land Use Type
YF = Yield0.000
Factor (Ratio
of National
Yield
Average Yield)
Cropland
× 1.852
×
2.510 and World
=
0.000
0.0000
Grazing Land
0.000
Forestland
= Equivalency
Factor =
× EQF
1.898
×
0.460
0.000
0.0000
45.848
0.351
× Kitzes,
1.260
= (2010)
20.277
Source:×Ewing,
Reed, Galli,
& Wackernagel
0.0005
Fishing Ground
18.128
×
1.000
× .
0.370
Built-Up Land
173.167
×
1.852
×
2.510
=
Total
6.707
0.0002
804.970
0.0187
831.954
0.0193
Source: 1 DCC (2002-03)
2Yield
3
Factors of Bangladesh, Global Footprint Network (2011)
Ewing, Moore, Goldfinger, Oursler, Reed, & Wackernagel (2010)
4Forecasted
Population for 2011 (43,000) of Dhanmondi Residential Area
10
Assessing Sustainability of Dhanmondi RA
 Ecological Footprint - 1.19 gha/capita (51,278 gha/43,000 person)
 Biocapacity - 0.02 gha/capita (832 gha/43,000 person).
 Each inhabitant of Dhanmondi residential area needs 1.19 hectares of global
average productive land in the year 2011 to support their various demand on nature.
 On the other hand only 0.02 hectare of global average productive land has been
available for each person to meet the demand.
 Ecological demand (footprint) exceeds ecological capacity (biocapacity) by sixty
one (61) times.
 Actual extent of Dhanmondi residential area – near about 174 hectare; Its footprint
40,697 hectare
 It needs about two hundred thirty four (234) “Dhanmondi Residential Area” to
support the present one in terms of resource supply and waste absorption.
11
Contributing Sectors in Footprint Account of Dhanmondi RA
Four major contributing components has been identified –
Energy (44%), Food (18%), Service (14%) and Transportation (12%)
12
Recommendations
 Natural Gas Consumption
 Bangladesh is already in a deficit situation
 One household will have to pay 7,170
taka/month, if they use the LPG Cylinder
 Natural gas consumption for domestic use
should be regulated through Pre-Paid Gas Meter
technology introduced by IICT, BUET
 This prepaid gas meter can reduce usage upto
30% and footprint can be reduced near about 7%
resulting 47,680 gha or 1.10 gha/capita
13
Thanks for your patience….
14
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
Waste
Food
Built-Up Land
Goods
Services
Land Use Category
Electricity Consumption
Natural Gas Consumption
CO2
Sequestration
Equivalency
Factor
=
annual
× tons CO2 /MWh ÷
tons CO2 /acre/ year
×
hectare
×
gha/hectare
÷
1.61753
×
0.40474
×
1.265
=
annual acres →
=
annual
=
annual
MWh
= 36,576.5791 ×
0.692
Electricity
Consumption
=
15,602.992
hectares
global
→
hectare
= 6,314.374
=
Source: 1Household Survey of Dhanmondi RA (2011); DESCO (2012); 2 United States Environmental Protection Agency (2011)
3Ewing, Moore, Goldfinger, Oursler, Reed, & Wackernagel (2010);
4U.S. Department of Energy and Information Administration (2011); 5Xu & Martin (2010)
7, 956.112
15
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
Waste
Built-Up Land
Food
Goods
Services
Land Use Category
Electricity Consumption
Natural Gas Consumption
CO2
=
annual
cubic meter
Sequestration
Equivalency Factor
× tons CO2 / ÷ tons CO2 /acre/ year ×
m3 gas
= 92,03,305.8351 ×
0.004962
hectare
×
gha/hectare
÷
1.6175
×
0.4047
×
1.26
=
annual acres →
=
annual
hectares →
=
annual global
hectare
=
28,221.575
=
11,420.989
=
14, 390.446
Natural Gas
Consumption
Source: 1Household Survey of Dhanmondi RA (2011); The Engineering Toolbox (2011)
2United States Environmental Protection Agency (2011)
16
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
Waste
Food
Built-Up Land
Goods
Services
Land Use Category
Fuel Consumption
Air Travel Consumption
Asphalt Impact
17
CO2
Fuel
Sequestration
=
CNG (annual
cubic feet)
×
kg CO2 / cubic
feet
=
kg CO2
=
1,30,68,2951
×
0.0532
=
6,92,619.63
=
Diesel
(annual liter)
×
kg CO2 / liter
=
kg CO2
=
4,09,9501
×
2.6762
=
10,97,160.28
=
Octane
(annual liter)
×
kg CO2 / liter
=
kg CO2
=
18,09,8861
×
2.9392
=
53,19,098.39
=
Petrol
(annual liter)
×
kg CO2 / liter
=
kg CO2
=
11,19,7291
×
2.2722
=
25,43,515.61
=
Total kg CO2
=
96,52,393.92
Consumption
= Total Tons CO ÷
2
=
9,652.39
Equivalency Factor
tons CO2 /acre/
year
×
hectare
×
gha/hectare
÷
1.6175
×
0.4047
×
1.26
=
annual acres →
=
annual
=
annual gha
=
3, 042.873
hectares →
=
5,967.477
=
Source: 1Household Survey of Dhanmondi RA (2011);1"X" Fuel Station in Dhanmondi (2012);
2 Climate Leader – EPA,USA (2012)
2,414.979
18
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
Waste
Built-Up Land
Food
Goods
Services
Land Use Category
Fuel Consumption
Air Travel Consumption
Asphalt Impact
Equivalency
CO2
average
= annual person-trip travel × tons CO2 /km
= annual ×
no. of
flight length
length (km)
air travel
person-trip
(km)
[including 10% uplift
factor]
=
111071
×
47752
=
5,83,40,268
×
0.0001032
Sequestration
÷ tons CO2 /acre/
year
×
Factor
hectare × gha/hectare
÷
1.6175
×
0.4047 ×
1.26
=
annual acres
=
annual =
annual
hectares
global
→
hectare
Air
Travel
→
=
Source: 1Household Survey of Dhanmondi RA (2011)
2DECC and Defra (2011)
3,720.43
=
1,505.62 =
1,897.08
19
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
Waste
Food
Built-Up Land
Goods
Services
Land Use Category
Fuel Consumption
Air Travel Consumption
Asphalt Impact
CO2
= total surface × average × density of × tons CO2 /kg
area of
thickness
asphalt
Asphalt used
road
of
(kg/cubic
for road
(square meter)
Asphalt
meter)
construction
layer
(meter)
1
Asphalt = 4,42,648.149
0.07622 = 2,1003 ×
0.000144
Use
Sequestration
= CO2
÷
emitted in 1
year
(tons)
= 9,917/3
÷
tons CO2 /acre/
year
×
hectare
1.6175
×
0.4047
= annual acres → =
=
2,043.60
Source: 1DCC (2002-03); 2RHD, GoB (2001); 3,4 Hammond and Jones (2008)
=
Equivalency
Factor
×
gha
/hectare
×
annual
=
hectares →
827.02
=
1.26
annual
global
hectare
1,042.05
20
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
Waste
Built-Up Land
Food
CO2
Water
Goods
Services
Land Use Category
=
annual
million liter
×
tons CO2 /
Mliter water
÷
Sequestration
tons CO2 /acre/
year
×
hectare
Equivalency Factor
gha/hectare
×
=
13,791.5281
×
0.12
÷
1.6175
×
0.4047
×
1.26
=
annual acres →
=
annual
=
annual global
Consumption
hectares
hectare
→
=
852.645
=
345.057
=
434.772
Source: 1Household Survey of Dhanmondi RA (2011); Dhaka WASA (2012)
2 Chambers, Child, Jenkin, Lewis, Vergoulas, & Whiteley (2005)
21
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
Waste
Food
CO2
Waste
Generation
Built-Up Land
Goods
Services
Land Use Category
=
annual
waste
generation
(tons)
×
tons CO2 /
tons of
waste
÷
Sequestration
tons CO2 /acre/
year
×
hectare
Equivalency Factor
gha/hectare
×
=
8,789.2001
×
0.4492
÷
1.6175
×
0.4047
×
1.26
=
annual acres →
=
annual
=
annual global
hectares
hectare
→
=
2,441.299
=
987.969
Source: 1Forecasted Population for 2011 (43,000) of Dhanmondi Residential Area
1Per Capita Waste Generation Rate (Enayetullah, Sinha, & Khan, 2006)
2Enayetullah, Sinha, & Khan (2006)
=
1, 244.841
22
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
Waste
Food
Built-Up Land
Goods
Services
Land Use Category
23
Food Consumption Footprint
CO2
Food Category
Sub Category
1
2
Meat
Dairy
Fruits &
Vegetables
Cereal
Confectionary
Drinks
Others
Poultry
Beef
Mutton
Cheese
Milk Powder
Condensed Milk
Fluid Milk
Butter
Margarine
Fruits
Vegetables
Rice
Pulse
Flour and Malt
Bread
Bakery
Snack
Ice Cream and
Frozen Desert
Noodles
Soft Drinks
Coffee and Tea
Juice
Oil
Egg
Others
1Annual
2tons
Cost
CO2/
(Millions U.S. $) Million U.S.
$
3
4
Sequestration
Equivalency Factor
tons CO2
tons CO2
Annual Acres
Annual
Hectare
Annual Global
Hectare
5 = (3×4)
6
(Total)
7 = 6×(1.6175
tons CO2 /acre/
year)
8 = (7×0.4047)
9 = 8×(1.26
gha/hectare)
4503.637
2784.320
1126.786
1419.751
897.756
1131.172
1117.078
1407.518
1671.209
2105.723
848.476
1069.079
2.119
2.042
2.154
0.876
1.987
0.044
1.784
0.735
0.106
3.114
3.069
4.323
0.591
0.616
1.396
1.302
3.898
0.823
668.1
735.7
735.7
689.8
608.4
608.4
665.6
665.6
665.6
722.2
722.2
1092
1092
1045.3
479.8
479.8
530
616
1415.949
1502.930
1584.758
604.729
1209.046
26.838
1187.743
489.454
70.418
2248.666
2216.167
4720.983
645.128
643.699
669.820
624.817
2065.929
507.069
0.365
0.296
0.436
0.544
1.630
0.858
7.015
530
543.6
678.2
311.2
1113.3
558.2
558.2
193.445
160.695
295.501
169.286
1814.208
479.021
3915.944
3568.228
2218.379
4464.832
2760.329
6679.631
4129.602
3391.260
2096.605
625.483
386.697
156.492
197.181
6209.173
3838.747
1553.502
1957.413
18, 214.678
7, 371.298
9, 287.835
Total 29, 462.242
Source: 1Household Survey of Dhanmondi RA (2011); 1"X" Supershop Dhanmondi (2012); 2GHG Emissions; EIO-LCA (2011)
24
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
1Annual
Goods
Category
Sub Category
Cost
(Millions U.S. $)
1
2
3
Paper and
Furnishing
Printing
and
Paint and
Equipments
Adhesive
Cleaning and
Chemicals
Furniture
Medicine
Light
Housekeeping
Electric
Spare Parts
Battery
Electric
Equipments
Tobacco
Others
Clothing
Others
2.192
Waste
Food
CO2
CO2/ tons CO2
Million
U.S. $
4
5 = (3×4)
2tons
827.900
Built-Up Land
Goods
Services
tons CO2
Sequestration
Annual Acres
6
(Total)
7 = 6×(1.6175
tons CO2 /acre/ year)
Land Use Category
Annual
Hectare
Equivalency Factor
Annual Global Hectare
8=
9 = 8×(1.26 gha/hectare)
(7×0.4047)
1814.706
1.437
915.850
1315.833
2.325
451.850
1050.607
2.881
1.965
0.188
0.293
401.350
265.300
378.100
416.700
1156.216
521.206
71.212
121.970
0.263
3.095
376.500
517.300
99.044
1601.123
2.301
9.512
0.066
236.200
591.360
546.600
543.381
5625.161 6204.796
36.254
Total 13, 956.713
3621.989
1465.783
1846.886
1170.540
473.706
596.870
3836.041
1552.407
1956.033
8 ,628.570
3, 491.896
4, 399.789
5858.568
1893.349
Source: 1Household Survey of Dhanmondi RA (2011);2GHG Emissions; EIO-LCA (2011)
25
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Service
Category
1
Education
Health
Entertainment
Technical
Administrative
Sub Category
2
Education
Health
Art and
Entertainment
Hotels and Food
Professional
Personnel
Payment
Technical,
Management and
Administrative
Waste Collection
Government
Payment
Water
Waste
Built-Up Land
Food
Goods
CO2
Cost
CO2/
tons CO2
(Millions U.S $) Million U.S. $
3
4
5 = (3×4)
1Annual
21.421
3.220
2.325
2tons
481.245
215.430
392.135
10308.946
693.762
911.534
4.638
442.200
2050.928
28.335
104.320
2955.928
4.753
166.283
389.100
790.370
1886.976
4.850
0.183
8.046
327.300
460.000
tons CO2
6
(Total)
Services
Sequestration
Annual Acres
Land Use Category
(7×0.4047)
Equivalency Factor
Annual Global
Hectare
9 = 8×(1.26
gha/hectare)
2579.244
173.575
3249.847
218.705
Annual
Hectare
8=
10308.946
693.762
7 = 6×(1.6175
tons CO2 /acre/
year)
6373.382
428.910
2962.462
1831.507
741.192
933.902
3746.299
2316.104
937.304
1181.003
5647.787
3491.677
1413.047
1780.439
5,844.363
7,363.897
59.876
3700.935
Total
23,359.255
14,441.579
Source: 1Household Survey of Dhanmondi RA (2011); 2GHG Emissions; EIO-LCA (2011)
26
Footprint Components
Carbon Uptake Land
Energy
Transportation
Water
Waste
Food
Built-Up Land
Goods
Services
Land Use Category
Built-Up Land Footprint
Land Type
1Area
2Equivalency
(Hectare)
Factor
Area
(of Built-Up Land)
Residential
28.956
×
Goods
9.906
×
Services
84.848
Transportation
49.455
Total
173.166
(Global Hectare - gha)
=
72.680
=
24.864
×
=
212.968
×
=
124.132
2.51
434.644
Source: 1DCC (2002-03)
2Ewing, Moore, Goldfinger, Oursler, Reed, & Wackernagel (2010)
27
Study Area and Sampling
Dhanmondi Residential Area
 Total no. of Population 430001 (2011)
 Total No. of HH 91102
 Sample size: 240 HH3
(6.53% confidence interval at 95% confidence level)
1 Forecasted
2
using 1991 and 2001 population data from BBS
Determined using average HH size 4.72 person (BBS, 2005)
3 Pilot
Survey = 20 HH ; Final Survey = 220 HH
Source: DCC (2002-03)
28